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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Coupled dynamic analysis of polyester flexible connector for a novel lattice-type floating photovoltaic array</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Solar energy is a highly prospective form of renewable energy, and the floating photovoltaic (FPV) is a potential solar power generation facility. A novel 4 × 4 lattice-type FPV array is proposed applied to water depth of 20 m. Polyester lines are adopted as flexible connector for assembling the multi-floating structures of the FPV array. The lumped mass method is utilized for modeling the connector and mooring lines. The coupled dynamic analysis model is established by using dynamic equations of multi-floating structure in time domain. Several key parameters are investigated on the tension distribution and tension response characteristics of connectors and mooring lines, such as wave height, wave period, wave direction and connector diameter. The connector breakage analysis is carried out to check the safety of the FPV array. Compared with wave height and wave period, wave direction has the greatest impact on the tension of connector and mooring lines. In case of connectors failure, the tension of the adjacent connector aligned with the wave direction will have a significant rise of 64.3%. The connector line has the characteristic of impact tension at the location of the center of FPV array.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:57:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of Stochastic Manufacturing Defects within Additively Manufactured Acoustic Liners</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688760</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The exploration of novel acoustic liner designs using 3D internal lattices has become a growing topic of interest within the field of additive manufacturing (AM). However, the comparison between the acoustic liner response of computational simulation and experimental testing tends to show significant deviation. A potential cause of this deviation is the inclusion of stochastic manufacturing defects within the part. This paper establishes a pipeline for systematically identifying and quantifying manufacturing defects in the printing of acoustic liners. This approach intends to offer up significant insight into the build quality of the printed lattice structures without the cost and time investment typically required of computed tomography (CT) scanning. The core of the liner design analyzed in this paper is made up of a Schwarz P lattice. Error distributions of several design variables are found by taking manual measurements of printed liners. Additionally, liners are scored using an automated screening method to detect significantly flawed prints. The potential for error distributions to be used in stochastic simulation studies could help predict what effect manufacturing defects have on the behavior of acoustic liners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 16:48:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688760</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Performance of Novel TPMS-Based Acoustic Liner Designs Suitable for Additive Manufacturing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688759</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Acoustic liners are integral to the noise management of aircraft engines. As such, acoustic liner designs and configurations are the subject of research and development to address the acoustic requirements of next generation engine layouts. Perforate sheet over honeycomb core, or single degree of freedom (SDOF) liners and double degree of freedom (DDOF) liners are traditional designs that have been used in turbofan engines for many years to reduce noise. Leveraging the design freedom of additive manufacturing, our current research explores the use of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices as an advanced core structure for acoustic liners. In this study, previously developed design exploration methods are applied to identify and compare the performance of novel TPMS acoustic liners to SDOF and DDOF liners. The comparisons are used to assess the viability of TPMS-based novel acoustic liner designs and justify the need to further explore through future research efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 16:48:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688759</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport Cascading Failure Modeling with Improved Coupled Map Lattice and Its Application to Robustness Analysis of Airport Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[“Cascading failure” is a critical concept for characterizing the structures and dynamics of complex networks, which describes the chain reaction triggered by a single failure or error in a system or process. In the field of airport networks, cascading failure refers to the airport cascading failure (ACF). In recent years, most studies on ACF only focused on the state changes of airport nodes with the cascading failure models and neglected the impacts of propagation of flight delay (PFD). To analyze the robustness of airports in the sense of ACF, the improved coupled map lattice (I-CML) model is proposed by combining the impacts of PFD and the throughput of the airport. As an illustration, the Chinese airport network (CAN) is classified into four categories with the K-means clustering algorithm and the airport classification indicator. Our exploration discovers two interesting results: firstly, the I-CML model is more robust than the original CML model when identical attacks exist; secondly, the critical nodes of CAN are more likely to cause cascading failures and the important node attack can be modeled effectively by the random attack. In the perspective of airport network operations, it is necessary to protect the critical airport nodes to ensure the stability of the airport network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 09:04:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UHPC-honeycomb-lattice composite structure for vessel collision fendering: Impact characterization and design framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vessel–bridge collisions impose multidimensional demands on protective structures, including efficient energy absorption, adaptive mechanical response, impact mitigation, and rapid configurability, which are rarely fulfilled concurrently by conventional structural frameworks. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a UHPC-honeycomb-lattice composite structure (UHLS), integrated with a mechanics guided machine learning (MGML) strategy. Drop-weight tests on representative components under non-uniform loading verified that the UHLS achieves ordered deformation and stable energy dissipation via multi-component synergy. Finite element simulations show that the structure offers high energy dissipation under 2000 DWT vessel–bridge collision loading, with localized damage control, dual-phase force evolution, and effective impact mitigation, outperforming conventional designs in comparative scenarios. The matching-effects analysis demonstrates the decisive role of honeycomb-dominated energy absorption, with superior mitigation achieved when the honeycomb absorption ratio exceeds 83 %. An MGML framework was developed by integrating displacement field theory, honeycomb direction-sensitive strength degradation theory, and Gaussian process regression. This framework enables high-accuracy prediction of system-level nonlinear responses and rapid inverse design under limited data conditions, while mechanistically revealing the honeycomb-dominated adaptive energy absorption behavior. Validation cases demonstrate that the proposed framework enables intelligent structural parameter decision-making tailored to multi-objective performance requirements. Compared to unprotected scenarios, the inversely optimized UHLS configuration reduces peak impact force by 36.19 % and improves crushing force efficiency by 44.68 %. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and methodological support for the intelligent and reliable design of protective structures under complex impact scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 16:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624270</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>V-PISL:Post-Quantum Identity-Based Signature Scheme over Lattice for VANETs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As intelligent transportation advances, the backbone of smart mobility is Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), which nevertheless remain vulnerable to security threats stemming from high node mobility, dynamic topologies, and open wireless channels. Traditional security frameworks grapple with cumbersome key management in VANETs’ dynamic ecosystems, while quantum computing poses a fundamental threat to conventional cryptographic protocols. Existing post-quantum signature schemes often suffer from oversized keys and signatures, coupled with reliance on complex operations like trapdoor generation, limiting their applicability to resource-constrained vehicular devices.We propose V-PISL, a lattice-based post-quantum identity-based signature scheme tailored for VANETs. Built on the Dilithium framework and algebraic lattices, it eliminates trapdoor mechanisms, with security grounded in the Module Short Integer Solution (MSIS) and Module Learning With Errors (MLWE) problems. Experimental results demonstrate V-PISL’s efficiency across 112-bit, 169-bit, and 241-bit security levels. Its 1312-byte system public key delivers more than 91.1% storage efficiency gains compared to the latest schemes (LB-IBS and PQ-ISS), with an overall storage efficiency improvement of 62.6%, and the response speed reaches the millisecond level. Thus, V-PISL provides a practical postquantum security solution for resource-constrained vehicular environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crashworthiness design of additively manufactured lattice-reinforced sandwich tube</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606425</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A body-centered cubic lattice reinforced sandwich tube structure is designed, and the specimens are prepared using Selective laser melting (SLM) technology with integrated printing and split assembly. The effects of inner and outer wall thickness, loading rate and interaction on the deformation pattern and crashworthiness of the structures were investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. The results indicate that when subjected to axial compression, the integrated printed lattice reinforced sandwich tube (IPLT) forms more folds, and its specific energy absorption increases by 17.61% in comparison to the split assembly lattice filled sandwich tube (SALT). Under transverse compression, the integrated printed lattice reinforced sandwich tube showed no separation of the lattice from the thin-walled tube, and the specific energy absorption increased by 103.78% compared with the split assembly structure. It is noteworthy that the specific energy absorption of the designed reinforced sandwich tube under axial compression (transverse compression) increased by 294.83% (1233.95%) compared with the outer thin-walled tubes. This paper provides new ideas for the production of energy-absorbing components that are light-weight and have good crashworthiness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 09:00:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606425</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equivalent continuum modeling and computational analysis of wave-induced hydrodynamics of large floating structures with lattice cores</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a novel large floating structure featuring face sheets and a lattice-core construction with interconnected slender members that exhibit adjustable lightweight and high-stiffness properties. The complex topology leads to multiaxial coupling anisotropic elasticity governed by interfacial continuity between the face sheets and core, which induces unrecognized wave–structure–member interactions. Conventional equivalent beam models fail to capture such coupled effects. To address these mechanical issues, we develop an equivalent anisotropic continuum model for this structure with a lattice core and an integrated computational fluid dynamic‒finite element (CFD‒FEM) computational framework, which is compared with numerical models and analytical solutions. Through quantitative numerical analysis, we reveal unique anisotropic stress transfer mechanisms and their effects on structural deformation and hydrodynamic characteristics. This framework provides a basis for developing anisotropic structures, enabling their future application in floating bridges and marine platforms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:36:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on crashworthiness of square frustum lattice structure under in-plane compression load</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582598</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The direction of load on the component in engineering applications is often uncertain, so the excellent crashworthiness and smooth load transfer of energy-absorbing structures in various directions is of great application value. Square frustum lattice structure (SFLS) was proposed based on the control of cell deformation mode and the improvement of in-plane strength without increasing the overall mass. Compared with multi-cell tubes commonly used in engineering and origami-patterned structure with excellent performance in research, it is found that the SFLS shows high and stable energy absorption capacity with the same structural parameters. The SEA and CFE of SFLS are 1.7 times and 3.5 times of origami structure and multi-cell tube, respectively, and the fluctuation indicator of the force displacement curve of origami structure and multi-cell tube are 1.7 times and 2.7 times of that of SFLS. In-plane quasi-static compression experiment was carried out and the finite element model was verified. The results of parametric analysis and sensitivity show that, compared with the change of cell number and cell height, the crashworthiness of SFLS under in-plane compression was most sensitive to the ratio of side length, in the range of parameters studied, the maximum SEA value of SFLS can reach 79.35 J/g for k value equal to 0.3, while the best indicator of smoothness of force-displacement curve of SFLS is found at k equal to 0.5.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2025 08:50:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582598</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vulnerability assessments of global liner shipping network based on extended coupled map lattices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liner shipping has become a vital part of global trade, and understanding its vulnerability characteristics is essential to ensure its stable transport. In this paper, the authors present the extended Coupled Map Lattice (CML) model to analyze the vulnerability and cascading failures in liner shipping networks (LSN). The model considers the dynamic interactions between nodes from the perspectives of network topology and transport dynamics, and proposes a new allocation mechanism for load transfer after node failures. The paper investigates through simulation studies the effects of various factors such as node capacity, external interference, and coupling strength on network vulnerability. The results indicate that increasing node capacity can mitigate cascading failures but may lead to increased local flow loss. The study emphasizes that the propagation of disturbances is influenced by network structure and transport relationships, and nodes with the highest topological characteristics may not necessarily result in the most severe cascading failures. Furthermore, simulations suggest that certain nodes, even when subjected to minor disturbances, can cause widespread network failures, highlighting the importance of understanding the dynamic propagation of interruptions in maritime liner shipping networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2025 16:42:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LRCPA: Lattice-Based Robust and Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication for VANETs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quantum-resistant authentication becomes crucial for securing vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, existing solutions fail to support pseudonym unlinkability, and lacks a mechanism to ensure public verification of tracing and avoid malicious accusations against innocent vehicles for ensuring tracing robustness. In this paper, the authors propose a lattice-based robust and conditional privacy-preserving authentication (LRCPA) scheme for VANETs, which enables anonymous authentication on vehicles and adopts the small integer solution problem to withstand quantum attacks. Specially, obfuscated expiration dates are set for vehicles' credentials and pseudonyms to guarantee the unlinkability of new and old pseudonyms. The public verification of tracing is ensured by adopting vehicles' commitments or signatures on their real identities and pseudonyms as the proof of tracing, and tracing robustness is provided by employing vehicles' credentials issued by a central authority as the proof of malicious accusations or framing behaviors by the corrupted authority during tracing. LRCPA not only achieves message authentication and integrity, non-repudiation, anonymity, conditional privacy, unlinkability, key escrow freedom, public verification of tracing, and tracing robustness, but also effectively withstands most known attacks. Comprehensive performance analysis and evaluation show the potential usability of LRCPA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2025 15:01:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LFT-FSI Modeling Approach for Transonic Flutter Prediction of Aeroelastic Systems Considering Uncertainties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, a linear fractional transformation–fluid structural interaction (LFT-FSI) approach is developed by coupling a low-fidelity robust flutter method with high-fidelity FSI solutions and applied on the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) wing for transonic flutter studies. Here, the uncertain aeroelastic equation is formulated in modal coordinates, considering low-fidelity aerodynamics based on the unsteady doublet lattice method. Uncertainties in unsteady aerodynamic parameters of the low-fidelity system are modeled in the LFT framework. A high-fidelity FSI approach based on coupled computational structural dynamics–computational fluid dynamics (CSD-CFD) technique is employed to accurately estimate the flutter behavior of the wing at limited transonic Mach numbers. The magnitudes of aerodynamic uncertainties are then estimated by a structured singular value (μ) based model updation technique, accounting for the aeroelastic damping obtained from high-fidelity FSI analysis. Finally, robust flutter analyses are performed based on the μ method to estimate the transonic flutter boundary of the wing using the low-fidelity model with updated aerodynamic uncertainty. The capability of the proposed LFT-FSI technique is demonstrated by comparing the flutter boundary of the wing with the available wind tunnel data in the whole transonic regime. It is observed that the proposed LFT-FSI technique provides an accurate prediction of flutter boundary in the transonic regime by reasonably estimating the bounds of aerodynamic uncertainty using limited subcritical (lower Mach) high-fidelity FSI data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Jul 2025 16:39:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>P-y curve models for laterally loaded lattice-shaped diaphragm wall as sea-crossing bridge foundations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lattice-shaped diaphragm walls (LSDWs) are novel foundation systems increasingly used in large-span, deep-water bridges for their exceptional rigidity, cost-efficiency, and adaptability to diverse geotechnical and marine environments. Despite their growing adoption, the lateral load-bearing behavior of LSDWs remains insufficiently studied. The 𝑝-𝑦 curve method is a widely used approach for analyzing the lateral behavior of deep foundations, relating lateral soil resistance to horizontal displacement. However, conventional 𝑝-𝑦 curve models, developed primarily for pile foundations, are not directly applicable to LSDWs due to differences in structural configuration and load transfer mechanisms. To address this gap, this study develops improved 𝑝-𝑦 curve models for single-chamber LSDWs, derived from comprehensive numerical simulations under horizontal static loads in cohesive and sandy soils. The models incorporate foundation dimension and depth effects, accurately predicting ultimate soil resistance and initial subgrade reaction modulus. Validation against published field tests and experimental data confirms their high accuracy in capturing lateral soil-structure interactions. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and analysis of LSDW foundations in marine bridge construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 May 2025 15:16:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Interruption Effect on Density Differences in Traffic Flow using a Lattice Model under Connected Vehicles Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the interruption effect in sensing the density differences (IESDD) in a traffic flow lattice model is introduced under the connected vehicles environment. By conducting both linear and nonlinear analysis, the impact of interruption on the phase space diagram is explored and the criteria for the existence of the “kink-antikink” soliton solutions in the modified KdV equation have been obtained. We perform numerical simulations using the lattice traffic flow model and simulate various scenarios with density differences and observe the resulting traffic patterns and flow characteristics. These simulations help us to understand the intricate dynamics of traffic interruptions caused by density differences and provide practical insights for traffic management and control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2025 09:14:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lightweight Construction Formed on the Basis of a Typical Reinforced Concrete Lattice Beam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407816</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The work of a lightweight structure, formed on the basis of a typical lightweight lattice beam, is investigated. The purpose of the work done is to substantiate recommendations on the possible lightening of typical lattice beams based on the study of their work in one-story industrial buildings and analysis of the feasibility of using them in construction in order to reduce the cost of producing such structures. The article provides an analytical overview of lightweight reinforced concrete structures, as well as an analysis of existing calculation methods. The method of calculation of lightweight reinforced concrete structure is presented. The assessment of the stress-strain state of the sections of the upper belt of a lightweight structure from the action of a uniformly distributed load in the elastic stage, taking into account the change in the geometric scheme and taking into account the change in stiffness and the geometric scheme, has been carried out. The calculation results are entered in the table for clarity and in order to simplify the analysis. Conclusions and recommendations are made for the production and design of a lightweight structure. It has been proven that the savings are up to 30% for concrete, and up to 14% for the labor intensity of manufacture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 16:02:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407816</guid>
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