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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation of polymer latex-modified asphalt emulsion and cold recycling mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2645718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture is an effective type of energy-saving and environmentally friendly road-building material. However, the base emulsified asphalt exhibits limited performance. Thus, polymer latexes, including Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene block copolymer (SBS), Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR), and their hybrid systems, have emerged as effective modifiers to enhance the performance of emulsified asphalt. This study provides a thorough comparison of SBS latex-modified, SBR latex-modified, and SBS/SBR hybrid latex-modified emulsified asphalts, evaluating their rheological properties, adhesion characteristics, and pavement performance of asphalt mixtures, including fatigue resistance. Three latex-modified emulsified asphalts were prepared using the post-emulsification modification process. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) analysis showed SBS-modified emulsions had a 300 % higher complex shear modulus at 60 °C than the base emulsion. Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests indicated SBR-modified emulsions had a 20 % lower complex modulus at − 24 °C. Boiling water adhesion tests revealed hybrid-modified emulsions had a 55 % lower gray scale value than single latex modifications. The radar chart evaluation system not only resolved the conflict between different test results for the same performance of the mixture but also enabled a quantitative analysis of comprehensive performance. Through this analysis, the SBR latex-modified asphalt mixture was identified as having the best overall performance. The findings were applied to lower course of the cold recycling test road, with core sampling tests verifying their stability and applicability in real service conditions. This work delivers a selection strategy for polymer latex-modified emulsified asphalts, offering tailored solutions for diverse pavement service environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 08:41:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2645718</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Microsurfacing with Natural Latex Modified Asphalt Emulsion: A Field Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an evaluation of the use of emulsified asphalt in a relatively new process called "Micro Surfacing". The process was developed in Germany and was first used in the United States in late 1980. This micro surfacing process incorporates natural latex rubber with the asphalt emulsion. It is mixed with aggregate and other additives in a traveling pug mill similar to but larger than that of a regular slurry seal machine. The test section that was selected for the micro surfacing application is a four-lane divided highway. It is three miles in length and in an urban area. The construction phase was completed in June 1983. The evaluation of data presented shows that the service life of the test section has been enhanced. It is recommended that the micro surfacing process be approved for routine use as a restoration item for flexible pavements to fill surface ruts and cracks, seal the surface, and/or restore skid resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 11:53:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Results of the Thirty-Six Month Evaluation of the Texas Supplemental Maintenance Effectiveness Research Program (SMERP) Sites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The SMERP (Supplemental Maintenance Effectiveness Research Program) study was designed to study the types of maintenance treatments typically used in Texas. Six maintenance treatments and a control section were applied at twenty test locations throughout the state. Treatments included: asphalt rubber chip seal, polymer-modified emulsion chip seal, latex-modified asphalt chip seal, asphalt chip seal, and a microsurfacing treatment. Researchers re-inspected the sites approximately thirty-six months after construction. The data were entered into ASCII files and is in the same format as the output from the SHRP NIMS (National Information Management System) data base. This report presents the preliminary analysis of the change in levels of distress.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 14:34:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570740</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable asphalt materials: Mechanistic-empirical design and economic evaluation of natural rubber latex-modified asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) as a sustainable material has gained significant attention owing to its potential to reduce environmental impacts. At a laboratory test scale, NRL as a biopolymer has been proven in increasing resistance to permanent deformation and fatigue cracking. However, comprehensive research has yet to be published on how NRL impacts the long-term performance of the pavement. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider the long-term financial viability of asphalt mixtures utilised in transportation infrastructure. Accordingly, this paper aims to evaluate the long-term performance of NRL-modified asphalt pavement by following the MEPDG and its economic aspect using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). The results show that the method predicts that NRL will significantly reduce permanent deformation compared to unmodified asphalt over a 60-year service period. In terms of LCCA, the NRL section exhibits the most economical total cost in comparison to the unmodified and SBS pavement sections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:31:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical behavior of cement-stabilized macadam materials coupled with recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and latex</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cement Stabilized Macadam (CSM) is known for its high strength but is prone to reflective cracking due to shrinkage. Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) materials have gained attention for sustainable road construction, yet the relationship between RAP characteristics and interfacial bonding with cementitious materials remains unclear.Therefore, this study investigates the mechanical behavior of CSM coupled with RAP and latex. Tests including unconfined compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, compressive resilient modulus, frost resistance, and dry shrinkage were conducted. Advanced microscopic techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) to elucidate the underlying microstructural mechanisms. Results showed that 30 % RAP content in CSM achieved optimal mechanical performance. Latex increased unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strength by 9.95 % on average and improved frost resistance, though the compressive resilient modulus decreased. SEM revealed that latex formed an elastic network that optimized the interfacial transition zone, reduced porosity, and mitigates crack propagation. This study links microstructural features to macroscopic properties, providing insights for optimizing RAP use in CSM and promoting sustainable road construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564685</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of incorporating latex glove fragments on the rheological and mechanical properties of a conventional asphalt matrix</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2537593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing concern for environmental sustainability has driven research into the reuse of industrial waste in construction materials. This study investigates the potential of latex glove fragments, predominantly composed of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene), as a modifier for asphalt binders and mixtures. The research evaluates the incorporation of these fragments into a conventional asphalt binder, optimizing the addition percentage based on engineering parameters. The performance of the optimized binder is subsequently assessed in the asphalt mixture through specific tests, including permanent deformation resistance, dynamic modulus, phase angle, and fatigue resistance. The incorporation of latex improved the rheological, mechanical, and aging resistance performance of the conventional binder. The optimal incorporation percentage was identified as 12 % by binder mass, balancing performance enhancements and compatibility with the matrix. The asphalt mixture with the binder modified with 12 % latex demonstrated a 38 % reduction in wheel track depth, an increase in dynamic modulus, and a decrease in phase angle at intermediate temperatures (10–30 °C). At lower temperatures (0–10 °C), a reduction in dynamic modulus and phase angle was observed. Lastly, no significant changes in fatigue resistance (20 °C; 10 Hz) were observed, although a slight improvement in this parameter was recorded. Latex glove fragments prove to be promising as modifiers for asphalt matrices, enhancing mechanical properties and performance while promoting the sustainable reuse of waste materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2025 09:46:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2537593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the Performance and Mechanism of SBS Latex–Modified Emulsified Asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Different modifier dosages affect the performance of emulsified asphalt. In order to analyze the action of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) latex dosing on the performance of emulsified asphalt and emulsified asphalt microsurfacing mixtures, this paper investigates the conventional properties, rheological properties, adhesion properties, and microscopic phase structure of emulsified asphalt modified with SBS latex of various dosages and the abrasion and rutting resistance of its emulsified asphalt mixtures. The results led to the following findings. The softening point and ductility of modified emulsified asphalt are enhanced, and the penetration decreased with the increase of SBS latex. The emulsified asphalt has enhanced low-temperature properties and exhibits excellent thermal stability. The addition of SBS latex caused the emulsified asphalt complex shear modulus and rutting factor values to increase and caused the phase angle to decrease. The rheological properties of modified emulsified asphalt also were improved. A stable three-dimensional structure was formed when SBS latex dosage was 8%. Digitized fluorescence images show a good correlation of the SBS with emulsified asphalt. The addition of SBS latex caused the emulsified asphalt thermal stability to be enhanced. The SBS latex caused a physical modification in the emulsified asphalt. The SBS latex also enhanced the viscoelastic properties of the emulsified asphalt, as confirmed using an atomic force microscopy test. The 1-h wet wheel abrasion value, width deformation rate, and rutting depth rate of the 8% SBS-emulsified asphalt were reduced by 77.7%, 91.6%, and 48.7%, respectively, compared with that of matrix asphalt. The optimum dosage of SBS latex was 8%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Apr 2025 09:21:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Performance of Natural Rubber Latex–Modified Asphalt Concretes with Various Types of Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2270299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The influence of aggregate properties and natural rubber latex (NRL) additive on the performance of natural rubber modified asphalt (NRMA) concrete mixtures was investigated. The NRMA mixtures were prepared using three types of aggregate (granite, limestone, and basalt), asphalt cement AC60/70 and NRL with different rubber to binder (R/B) ratios of 3%, 5%, and 7%. A series of laboratory tests including Marshall stability and flow, indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile fatigue, resilient modulus, wheel tracking test, dynamic creep, and skid resistance tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties and mechanistic performance of the NRMA mixtures. Statistical analysis was performed using the NLOGIT software program to evaluate the influence factors including strength, shape, and chemical properties of aggregate and R/B ratio. The R/B ratio of 3% was found to be the optimum value which provided the best mechanical properties and performance. The strength parameters and mineral compound were found to control the Marshall stability. As such, the NRMA mixtures with basalt and granite of high Marshall stability led to the high resilient modulus, rutting resistance, and permanent deformation. Because of the good strength and shape parameters of granite, the NRMA mixture with granite indicated a significant rate of improvement of fatigue life compared with the NRMA mixtures with other aggregates. Limestone’s predominant mineral compounds (CaO, MgO, and SiO2) were found to influence the indirect tensile strength and skid resistance of NRMA mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 09:10:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2270299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engineering characterization and environmental analysis of natural rubber latex modified asphalt mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2234030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) has attracted considerable interest as a resource for renewable paving materials due to its potential to lessen environmental impact. In order to gain a thorough understanding of the performance of NRL, this study evaluated the mechanical properties and environmental impact of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with a 6.6% binder content, 5% air voids content, and 5% NRL by weight of binder. The performance of this NRL asphalt mixture was compared to a control asphalt mixture using a commercially available polymer modified Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) binder. The performance of the asphalt mixtures, such as their tensile strength, stiffness modulus, and resistance to fatigue and rutting, as well as their Global Warming Potential (GWP) impact, were studied. The results indicate that the addition of NRL increased tensile strength, stiffness modulus, and fatigue life in comparison to a conventional, unmodified asphalt mixture but had slightly lower values in comparison to the SBS mixture. Moreover, in terms of environmental concern, life-cycle assessment reveals that NRL-modified mixtures are more sustainable than SBS-modified mixtures in terms of GWP value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Sep 2023 09:16:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2234030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of diluted methanol and water as foaming agents on the performance of latex foamed warm asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2193011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Latex as an asphalt modifier has gained popularity in the asphalt industry as it improves the durability of asphalt pavement. However, the elastomeric properties of latex stiffen the asphalt binders, resulting in additional energy consumption during the production of asphalt mixtures, which may cause a higher emission of greenhouse gases. This is undesirable for sustainable development and the environment. In this study, the applicability of diluted methanol and water was comparatively evaluated as foaming agents in the production of warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures incorporating latex. Diluted methanol was used because it has a lower boiling point and latent heat than water, allowing the asphalt mixture to be produced at a lower temperature and thus consuming less energy. The performance of the foamed asphalt mixture was investigated through service characteristics, mechanical performance, and moisture susceptibility of mixtures. The service characteristics, on the other hand, were measured in a laboratory while preparing and compacting the asphalt mixture, which refers to the amount of energy required during the production and construction stages in the asphalt plant and on the construction site, respectively. The degree of energy required was assessed based on the workability index, coatability index, and the compaction energy index. The mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures was characterized by indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep tests. The resistance to moisture damage was evaluated based on the common parameter, indirect tensile strength ratio. The findings revealed that the use of diluted methanol foaming agent helped improve the workability of latex modified asphalt mixtures. The foamed latex-modified WMA demonstrated better performance compared to asphalt mixtures prepared using water as the foaming agent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jun 2023 10:09:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2193011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt Binders for Climate Change</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1989505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Temperature variations over the last two decades coupled with increased traffic loads, have escalated the rate of defects in bituminous pavements. Trinidad and Tobago generally utilises flexible pavements with bituminous surface layers. Trinidad lake asphalt (TLA) is natural bitumen which can produce a binder material with high resistance. Polymer modified bitumen displays performance benefits for flexible pavements. In this study, conventional 60–70 refinery bitumen has been modified with varying percentages of TLA and rubber latex polymer (RLP). Several binder properties were investigated such as penetration and specific gravity. The rheological response of the modified and unmodified binder blends after short-term ageing was evaluated. Comparative analysis of the results from the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) indicate greater performance benefits for the polymer modified blends for the test temperature range of 40–50 °C.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2023 11:07:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1989505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Non-SBS Modified Binders using the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test can characterize polymer-modified asphalt binders and correlates well with the mixture rutting parameters. The MSCR is able to complement a suite of additional binder tests, namely Dynamic Modulus, Phase Angle, and “PG-Plus” tests. A recently-completed MSCR study conducted by the LTRC recommended that the DOTD switch from the PG-plus test to AASHTO T350 (MSCR based asphalt binder specifications). The previous research study focused on mainly elastomeric polymer (SBS) and some crumb rubber and latex modified (non-SBS) binders. However, due to the limited availability of crumb rubber binders, a specification was unable to be established for the non-SBS modified binders. The objectives of this research are to further support the initial MSCR study and to characterize the elastic response of non-SBS modified binders (i.e., crumb rubber and latex) used in DOTD asphalt mixtures using the MSCR test. Additionally, this research was tasked to review current PG 70-22 binder specifications as many SBS and non-SBS binders were unable to pass current DOTD MSCR specifications. This study found that the MSCR test has the capability to characterize the performance of non-SBS modified binders used in Louisiana. Furthermore, it was concluded that PG 70-22 binder specifications were too strict. The authors recommend an adjustment of PG 70-22 binder specifications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 10:56:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Performance of Natural Rubber Latex Composite–Modified Asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1926876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a polymer material collected from rubber trees with polyisoprene as the main component, which is a sustainable renewable material. With many excellent physical properties, it has been used to modify petroleum asphalt for paving roads very early to improve the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixtures. In order to prepare a modified asphalt with good comprehensive performance, this paper mixes NRL and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) latex to prepare a composite-modified asphalt and conducts the experimental test of the penetration grading system and the experimental test of the rheological index. To obtain a modified asphalt with good comprehensive performance, NRL and SBS latex are mixed in this study to prepare a composite-modified asphalt, and the penetration grading system and rheological index are tested experimentally. The experimental results show that the addition of NRL and SBS latex significantly improves the anti-aging performance of asphalt. Fluorescence microscopy observations show that when the ratio of NRL latex to SBS latex is 1:1 to 1:2, the microstructure of the modified asphalt appears as a bicontinuous phase that interpenetrates the asphalt and latex phases and forms a stable grid. The rutting experiment and low-temperature trabecular bending experiments show that both the high- and low-temperature performance of the NRL/SBS latex composite–modified asphalt mixture improve greatly compared with that of NRL latex–modified asphalt mixture. Furthermore, the water immersion Marshall test and freeze–thaw splitting test show that the NRL-modified asphalt mixture has good resistance to water damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 15:51:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1926876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rheological and performance characterisation of the bitumen recovered from different emulsions for cold mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, over-stabilized polymer-modified bitumen emulsions have been widely used to improve the mechanical properties of cold bituminous mixtures. However, the effect of the polymer modification process on the emulsion performance have not been investigated. The present paper deals with the analysis of the binders recovered from a reference unmodified bitumen emulsion and two polymer-modified emulsions, respectively including SBR-latex added after bitumen emulsification (post-blending) and SBS added before bitumen emulsification (pre-blending). The laboratory investigation included the linear viscoelastic characterisation and the evaluation of the resistance to permanent deformations and damage. The results showed that the polymer-modified bitumen emulsions have a more pronounced elasticity with respect to the unmodified emulsion, allowing achieving a higher performance against permanent deformations and fatigue. In addition, the SBS modified bitumen emulsion (pre-blending) has better properties than the latex modified emulsion (post-blending), as a consequence of the different chemical structure that the modification process produces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jul 2021 13:49:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of diluted methanol to allow the production of latex modified asphalt mixture with lower energy consumption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The modification of asphalt mixtures using latex has gained popularity in the asphalt industry as it improves the durability of road pavement. However, the elastomeric properties of latex stiffen the binder, resulting in more energy consumption during the asphalt mixture production. It would consequently cause a higher emission of greenhouse gases, which is undesirable for the human health and environment. This study aims to assess the applicability of diluted methanol as a foaming agent in asphalt mixture incorporating latex produced at a lower temperature. In this study, two designated amounts of diluted methanol (1% and 3% of the weight of asphalt binder) were successively injected with 6% latex into pre-heated asphalt binder at 135 °C in the preparation of foamed binders, while the control and latex modified asphalt mixtures were prepared at 160 °C. Tests of rotational viscosity, expansion rate, and torsional recovery were conducted to study the rheological properties of the mixtures. Service characteristics were evaluated through the indices of workability, compaction energy, and coatability. Moreover, mixture performance tests were carried out to identify the tolerance of the mixtures towards moisture damage, shear force, and permanent deformation. Through the rotational viscosity test, diluted methanol was found to reduce the viscosity of the asphalt binders, which is vital in the production processes at intermediate temperatures. The enhancement in viscosity using 3% diluted methanol had facilitated in higher workability, lower compaction energy, and better aggregate coating, which are the crucial criteria for a better mixing and compaction process. Whereby, a superior foaming quality was exhibited from the 3% diluted methanol application through the assessments of expansion ratio, half-life and foaming index. The moisture and shear resistances of the diluted methanol foamed asphalt mixtures are comparable to the control mixtures even though they were prepared at a lower temperature. Finally, the 3% diluted methanol foamed asphalt mixture promoted a better rutting resistance due to its ability to recover to the initial form which was demonstrated through its torsional recovery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:16:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718578</guid>
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