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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Do car-free initiatives enhance urban diversity? Causal evidence from CicLAvia in Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car-free initiatives are increasingly recognized for boosting public transit use, retail sales, and physical activity. However, there remains a gap in research exploring such initiatives on diversity and social segregation, particularly within urban ethnic enclaves characterized by cultural, linguistic, and ethnic isolation from the broader society. This study delves into CicLAvia in Los Angeles, the largest car-free street program in the United States. By analyzing five million geotagged tweets, three-year Point-Of-Interest (POIs) data, and five-year community survey data, we aim to quantify the initiative's impact on urban diversity, measured by the entropy of language types expressed on Twitter, POI categories in proximity to Twitter users, the lexical richness within tweets themselves, and the ethnic diversity by American Community Survey. We adopted a quasi-experimental Difference-In-Difference analysis, seeking to ascertain the causal impact of nine CicLAvia events held between July 2016 and December 2018 on diversity metrics. Findings revealed that CicLAvia events, in general, significantly enhanced the diversity of the experiment groups, measured by language, surrounding POIs, and lexical richness expressed on Twitter, with consistent findings on ethnic diversity at the census tract level. Such effects were found to be insignificant in low-density suburbs away from the downtown, especially the Latino and Southeast Asian communities, indicating limitations of such initiatives in alleviating segregation. The study offers data analytical protocol and insights for planners and policymakers interested in fostering inclusiveness and diversity through car-free initiatives in the era of political polarization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:56:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647542</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>What Are the Best Ways to Organize, Coordinate, and Deliver Public Transit Service in Large Metropolitan Areas? A Research Synthesis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report analyzes the optimal organization of public transit service in large U.S. metropolitan areas—like Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area—where multiple operators serve overlapping markets. We synthesize over 50 international and U.S. studies of: (1) regional transit governance and coordination, (2) economies of scale and scope in transit operations, and (3) service contracting. We find that regions gain the most from coordinating front-end, customer-facing functions such as marketing, fares, information, and service planning through a regional association or authority, while leaving back-end service-production and delivery decentralized among sub-regional operators. This approach enhances riders’ travel experience, increases ridership, and improves cost efficiency. Conversely, large-scale transit agency mergers rarely save money and often introduce diseconomies of scale due to increased organizational complexity and higher labor costs. For some large agencies, contracting certain services coupled with strong oversight and performance-based incentives can lower costs. We conclude that combining regional coordination of front-end, customer-facing functions with decentralized back-end service production offers an optimal blend of service coordination and cost-effectiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681384</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The social life of the sidewalk: tracing the mobility experiences of youth in Westlake, Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although many young people travel independently in the city, transportation research seldom considers the experiential qualities of their routes, focusing instead on the functional aspects of mode choice. More in-depth understanding of how adolescents experience, negotiate, and perceive everyday mobility can support informed design, policy, and planning interventions to make these journeys safer and more enjoyable. This study explores the mobility experiences of 28 youth aged 11 to 15 as they travel to after-school activities in Westlake: a dense, underserved Los Angeles neighborhood. We use the concept of ‘sidewalk ecologies’ to investigate the spatially-situated social and material features that shape mobility experiences, and employ a range of interdisciplinary, youth-centered, mobile methods including thick mapping and walk-along interviews. We uncover how youth negotiate travel through adaptation rather than avoidance, how they develop agency to travel without supervision, and how social and material conditions create a lack of continuity between safe and enjoyable spaces. These insights inform design and programmatic interventions to enhance mobility for young pedestrians; five propositions for urban planners and designers include tending to the social determinants of safety, reinforcing familiar routes, and demonstrating care for people and place.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impacts of LA Metro’s K-14 Fareless Transit Initiative on Youth Travel Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In October 2021, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro), in collaboration with other regional transit operators and multiple school districts across the county, launched the GoPass pilot program to offer free transit passes to K-14 students, which became permanent in early 2024. Students in a high school district in the Greater Los Angeles area were surveyed to determine the reasons students decided to participate in GoPass and how the students subjectively valued their travel preference. Students were less likely to participate in the GoPass program if they had the use of a car for trips to school but more likely if they had the option to take transit for trips leaving school. Student demographics did not play a large role in whether they participated in GoPass. Students highly value cars and trip amenities, such as onboard Wi-Fi. They subjectively value reduced travel time at $71/hour, similar to other studies among adults, but valued reduced waiting time at $98/hour, again consistent with other studies that find a high relative value for shorter waiting time. Students are not likely to be persuaded to take transit merely by making it free. Instead, school districts may consider increasing the cost for campus parking permits and reducing the number of campus parking spaces to encourage greater use of transit and shared travel modes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 08:41:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welcome to Little Tokyo! Please Take off Your Shoes. A Case Study on the 2018-2020 Little Tokyo Arts District Station Joint Development Process in Los Angeles, California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report aims to investigate the community engagement process so planners can more effectively work with communities and reckon with the historical trauma caused by planners in the past. Planning as an industry is responsible for the forceful removal of communities under the name of “urban decay” and is a direct cause of why some communities remain impoverished today. This history has not been long forgotten; it continues to live on in the communities directly affected, and trust when working with public agencies is low. Public agencies must understand this trauma as they work with these communities to build a better future. This report chronicles the Little Tokyo/Arts District Station joint development process by interviewing Little Tokyo residents and other stakeholders involved with the process and examining archival documents. While relatively small, Little Tokyo has a long history of asserting its autonomy in community development issues. I highlight the history of community-based organization and planning that has sustained Little Tokyo into the community it remains today. Through my findings, I recommend a history-informed planning process among public agencies. A holistic approach to planning must be taken that considers the community context in historical and contemporary terms. While the process of community engagement can be long and expensive, it is a way for public agencies to repair their relationship with communities that have been wronged in the past.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 14:18:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UAM-enabled Multimodal Analysis of Transportation Systems for LA28 and beyond</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Los Angeles region has long been projected as a testing ground for urban air mobility (UAM), comprised of air taxis and drone delivery, given the region’s favorable climate, traffic problems, and tech-savvy ecosystem. The LA28 Olympic and Paralympic Games present an opportunity to make such a testing ground a reality. This project will model the potential for mode shifts, from ground to air taxi modes, with the LA28 Games as an initial case study. Modeling mode shift requires modeling the operation of an air taxi system. For that reason, this project will develop algorithms for optimal dispatch operation of a network of air taxis during LA28 and thereafter, and use those results to study the resulting mode shift from other ground-based modes of transportation. The results of this research can inform the work of the White House Task Force on the 2028 Summer Olympics (Established by Executive Order 14328), which includes the Secretary of Transportation. The results will also be relevant to both the public and private sector entities planning Olympic Games travel. By developing improved dispatch operation models for air taxis in a major urban area, and then predicting mode shifts from/to other ground modes, this research will also develop knowledge that will be helpful throughout Region 9 and the U.S. and which can help accelerate the maturing of the air taxi sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 16:34:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Event Travel Dynamics for the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics Using Large-Scale Mobility Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 2028 Los Angeles Olympics will require innovative transportation strategies to move hundreds of thousands of travelers reliably to and from events. The challenge is that mega-events, such as the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics, produce travel behaviors that differ from routine patterns and which exceed the scope of existing planning models. Traditional data sources, such as travel surveys and long-term regional transportation models, cannot capture short-term behavioral changes in response to major events. Large-scale human mobility data from smartphones, which continuously updates, now enable direct observation of how millions of people adjust their travel in and around major events in high spatial and temporal resolution, and can form the basis for forecasting models for future events. This project will leverage large-scale mobile data to build a foundation for modeling mega-event travel. The 2028 Olympics present an obvious application, and this research can inform the work of the White House Task Force on the 2028 Summer Olympics (established by Executive Order 14328). This project’s results will also inform innovations in transportation planning models well beyond the Olympics, pioneering adaptations of mobile data that with follow up work could model travel patterns from novel events such as evacuations or changes to infrastructure to accommodate safety, health, economic, or seasonal needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 16:26:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digital twin for managing the curb and reducing congestion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Curb space in dense urban cores is under intense pressure from e-commerce deliveries, service vehicles, ride-hailing, and passenger pick-up/drop-off. Without a data-driven view of curb regulations and heterogeneous delivery demand, cities face double-parking, spillback congestion, and safety conflicts. This project addresses the gap by creating an open-data-based digital twin that links curb regulations, observed curb activity proxies (differentiating between commercial and residential delivery behaviors), and network performance to support actionable curb management decisions.

This project is part of a larger project. The larger project is developing a proof-of-concept strategic curb digital twin to analyze curb demands and test curb management solutions. The digital twin will act as a virtual replica of a portion of downtown Los Angeles (DTLA), built using publicly available data to ensure the model is transparent, replicable, and directly useful to public agencies. This approach is centered on a transparent, agent-based simulation model. The research team will construct a high-fidelity virtual environment by integrating multiple open datasets and agency records, including geographic information system (GIS) road networks from the LA GeoHub, land use and business listings from DataLA, LADOT signal timing charts for realistic traffic control, and network details from OpenStreetMap. This allows the team to simulate crucial behaviors, such as a delivery driver’s search for parking calibrated using parking citation data, or a private car's decision process calibrated using open-source global positioning system (GPS) Exchange Format (GPX) data. This creates a reliable virtual testbed to evaluate various management strategies. The team can introduce and assess policies such as dynamic pricing for loading zones and passenger car parking, or time-of-day restrictions, and observe their combined effect on delivery efficiency and overall traffic congestion. The prototype will serve as proof-of-concept for this multi-agent simulation, establishing a foundational tool for holistic curb management.

This Phase 1 project focuses on freight deliveries and expands the larger project by introducing heterogeneity into freight delivery demands. Retail establishments may receive relatively large shipments and restaurants may receive daily shipments from multiple suppliers. Residents receive small package deliveries. Different types of deliveries imply differences in delivery vehicle dwell time, demand for a nearby parking space, and delivery route configurations. The team will use land use, employment, and demographic data to generate freight delivery demands. The team then classify these demands based on stop dwell times and commercial vs residential, because of the temporal differences in these demands. The different demands are operationalized as different agents within the model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 16:23:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing nighttime homeless shelter accessibility and its socioeconomic associations in Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Equitable access to homeless shelters is a critical urban and transportation challenge, particularly for vulnerable populations who often rely on non-motorized travel. This study introduces a Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (G2SFCA) method to evaluate nighttime shelter accessibility across the City of Los Angeles. We then utilize Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to investigate the spatially varying relationships between accessibility and neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors. Results reveal distinct spatial inequality, with “service deserts” concentrated in the city’s affluent western and northern areas, while shelter services are clustered in historically disadvantaged southern communities. The GWR results confirm that the influence of key predictors, such as housing costs, public assistance enrollment, and demographic composition, is not uniform, but spatially heterogeneous, with some relationships even inverting across the city. These findings suggest that shelter access is shaped by a complex set of local socioeconomic conditions, highlighting the limits of global models. These findings offer empirical support for developing place-based, spatially sensitive policies to address service gaps for vulnerable urban populations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:24:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Near-Fault Adjustment Factors for Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria (SDC)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report covers analyses of Caltrans’ near-fault adjustment factors as recommended in the Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria. The report has two large chapters. Chapter 1 builds on prior the University of California Los Angeles studies that performed probabilistic seismic hazard analyses at numerous California sites across a range of return periods and multiple site classes. Using that dataset, the chapter develops simplified, distance- and period-dependent models that quantify directivity amplification of elastic response spectra statewide. Because many bridges are expected to respond inelastically during major earthquakes, the models are further adapted to capture period elongation consistent with typical bridge ductility demands. In Chapter 2, the impacts of the near-fault directivity factors proposed in Chapter 1 were evaluated on the seismic performance of two Caltrans ordinary long-span bridge configurations: a single-column bent and a two-column bent. Using nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA), three-dimensional bridge models were evaluated under 20 bidirectional near-fault ground motions, scaled to three different target spectra. Analyses were performed for return periods of 1000 and 2475 years at two sites, Los Angeles and Oakland, and included an investigation of the influence of ground-motion directionality on bridge responses. Finally, the results obtained from elastic and inelastic analyses of single-degree-of-freedom systems, and NTHA were compared.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:19:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From images to insights: ChatGPT and Google Street View for walkability assessments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A better understanding of walkability in minority neighborhoods requires close attention to route quality, which includes diverse streetscape features, but comprehensive large-scale assessment remains challenging. This study introduces a novel approach that integrates ChatGPT with Google Street View (GSV) to conduct scalable, fine-grained walkability evaluations in Los Angeles, California. For each GSV image, ChatGPT generates both numeric walkability scores and narrative descriptions of negative aspects. LDA topic modeling is used to uncover latent walkability topics in these narratives. Spatial analyses of both outputs reveal that minority neighborhoods consistently exhibit lower walkability scores and face disproportionate challenges, such as unkempt streetscapes. Validation against human ratings and computer vision models is conducted to assess the reliability of ChatGPT-based evaluations. The findings demonstrate that ChatGPT can capture nuanced microscale features and social cues beyond the capabilities of existing off-the-shelf computer vision methods. This approach provides a context-rich, scalable tool for targeted and equity-focused interventions in minority neighborhoods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:11:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Uncertainties in Seismic Risk Assessment of Highway Transportation Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263792</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper aims to assess the uncertainty involved in the estimated seismic risk of highway transportation systems. For this purpose, the highway transportation network in the area of Los Angeles and Orange County in California is considered. A set of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hazard-consistent future earthquakes are used that approximately represent the regional seismic hazard. Post-earthquake network damage is assessed through the predictive simulation of damage states of all highway bridges under these future earthquakes. An integrated traffic assignment model is utilized to evaluate the post-event performance of the network in terms of social cost arising from driver delay and opportunity loss. Seismic risk curves are developed that show the annual exceedance probabilities of various levels of total social cost in the network due to future seismic events. Uncertainty associated with these seismic risk curves is then investigated by quantifying uncertainties involved in various components of the risk assessment framework. Such investigation is extremely important for a reliable evaluation of system risk under extreme natural hazards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:53:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263792</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Modeling of Climate Change Impacts on Transportation Embankments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655576</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Embankments are essential components of transportation infrastructure, providing crucial support for long stretches of highways, railways, and other routes in California and around the world. Clay embankments are susceptible to weather-related deterioration processes that can gradually compromise their stability and, in some cases, lead to unexpected failures. Climate change, along with the associated shifts in weather patterns, is projected to adversely impact the weather-related deterioration processes, leading to exacerbated failures and/or shorter service life. Additionally, climate change is projected to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation events, leading to an increase in embankment failure potential. This study evaluated (1) the effect of future climate scenarios on the long-term performance of clay embankments, and (2) the effect of extreme precipitation events brought about by future climate scenarios on the hydromechanical response of clay embankments to these extreme events. This study examined areas in central Los Angeles, California. Multi-phase hydromechanical geotechnical models were developed for exemplary high plasticity and low plasticity clay embankments with varied side slope angles. Overall, it was concluded that climate change is generally projected to adversely affect the performance of clay embankments both in the longterm and during extreme events, which can negatively impact critical national transportation infrastructure and disrupt the movement of people and goods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2026 14:42:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655576</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is Just Growth Smarter Growth? The Effects of Gentrification on Transit Ridership and Driving in Los Angeles’ Transit Station Area Neighborhoods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Los Angeles in is in the midst of a dramatic transformation of its transportation systems and land use patterns. In 2008, the county passed Measure R, which will pump $16 billion dollars into 11 new transit lines and more than 70 light rail stations over the next several decades. This investment will catalyze striking changes for the neighborhoods surrounding these stations. The private sector, the City of Los Angeles, and Metro, the region’s transit operator, have targeted station areas for new, dense, mixed-use development, or transit-oriented development (TOD). By placing more people within close walking distance of transit and making non-automotive travel more attractive, planners contend that TOD can increase transit ridership, decrease automobile trips, and build toward a more sustainable city. While these environmental goals are admirable, there is mounting empirical evidence nationally that TOD, as typically practiced, can have significant human and environmental costs. Recent research suggests that transit stations appear to be contributing to the gentrification of surrounding neighborhoods, forcing current residents to move away from their current neighborhoods, schools, work and social and cultural networks. In addition, it appears that gentrification can decrease transit ridership in the neighborhoods around transit stations. As communities increase in value, they tend to show decreases in low-income transit riders and influxes of new, wealthier residents—many of whom bring and use cars. To date, no work has been done in Los Angeles to assess whether these national trends are taking place here. Additionally, I am aware of no researchers in this country who have used statistical methods to quantify the relationship between station area gentrification and travel. This report aims to fill these gaps, asking: Over the past two decades, has gentrification had an effect on commute mode for residents living near rail stations? Specifically, has it increased or decreased driving and/or transit use?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Dec 2025 17:26:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616207</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>To Live and Ride in LA: Do New Bike Lanes Make Angelenos Safer?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Between 2009-2014, bicyclists in the City of Los Angeles were involved in 6% of roadway injuries and 4% of roadway deaths. Given recent increases in the number of bicyclists, it is important to examine how safety can be improved. This study analyzes crash rates along routes with newly added bicycle lanes or shared lane markings (aka sharrows) in the City of Los Angeles to assess how these bikeway treatments affect bicyclist safety. The study relies on four years of bicyclist count data from the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition (LACBC), bicyclist-involved collision data from the Statewide Integrated Traffic Record System (SWITRS), and bikeway maps from the City of Los Angeles to determine the effect of these new facilities on crash rates. These data are used to analyze changes in crashes as a function of total ridership on 17 sites that installed bikeways and 18 control sites. The study finds that the rate of crashes per bicyclist declined by 43% after the installation of bikeways. With respect to the control sites, ridership levels remained constant, while the number of crashes increased by 22%. These findings suggest that bicycle infrastructure investments are valuable not only for achieving higher levels of active transportation, but also for improving the safety of bicyclists. The City of Los Angeles can use these findings to inform their Vision Zero plan, a road safety policy intended to eliminate all roadway fatalities by 2020, and marshal the political will necessary to create additional bikeways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 11:19:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613669</guid>
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