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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Seater or Sleeper? Analyzing and Modeling Passenger Preferences for Intercity Buses in India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores seat-type preferences (seater vs. sleeper) in intercity bus travel in India using a two-stage modeling framework. An emission-attraction model first estimates intercity bus demand based on socio-economic indicators and travel impedance. Subsequently, a Nested Logit (NL) model examines hierarchical mode and seat-type choices using data from 2,130 valid survey respondents. Results indicate a clear preference shift toward sleeper buses beyond approximately six hours or 300 kilometers, particularly among older and female passengers, emphasizing comfort and privacy. Findings support distance-based pricing and seat differentiation strategies. Despite higher initial investment and reduced flexibility, sleeper buses align closely with long-distance travel demand and provide substantial environmental advantages over private cars and short-haul flights. Beyond the Indian context, the model can support demand forecasting and fleet optimization in markets with existing sleeper services, such as Southeast Asia and South America. In Europe, where sleeper buses are largely absent, the results highlight a policy opportunity to complement night trains with professionally operated sleeper buses, enhancing long-distance connectivity in a sustainable and flexible manner.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unleashing the Potential: Analyzing Modularity Aspects for a 40-Ton Fuel-Cell Powered Long Haul Truck</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This abstract presents a concise analysis of the modularity aspects associated with the 40-ton fuel-cell-powered long-haul truck. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential benefits and challenges of modular design in fuel cell-powered heavy-duty vehicles. The integration of fuel cell technology in heavy-duty trucks offers promising potential for decarbonizing the transportation sector and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. However, achieving efficient and cost-effective deployment of fuel cell-powered long-haul trucks require careful consideration of modularity aspects. This study examines the key modularity aspects specific to a 40-ton truck with a full fuel cell-driven propulsion system. The analysis encompasses various components, including the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell modules, hydrogen storage tanks, and battery system. Outlined high-level requirements, presented challenges, suggested strategies, and envisaged future directions are pinpointed as the principal outputs of this paper, establishing a coherent framework and pragmatic insights for fortifying the modularity and standardization in electric freight transport systems. The discoveries underscore the merits of a modular design in its scalability and adaptability, offering capabilities to modulate the power output of the fuel cell system and the hydrogen storage capacity, thus customizing the truck’s performance to adhere to particular operational demands, while also promoting simplified maintenance and component substitution, culminating in reduced downtime and elevated availability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580017</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Breakeven levelized cost of hydrogen for the zero-emission freight transition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The California Air Resources Board (CARB) Advanced Clean Fleets (ACF) regulation mandates a complete transition to zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) sales by 2042, posing significant challenges for the heavy-duty trucking sector. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are promising for long-haul freight due to their extended range and fast refueling. This study builds upon the Integrating Market Penetration and Cost Technologies (IMPACT), a closed-loop simulation framework used to evaluate the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and to identify the breakeven conditions under which FCEVs can achieve total cost of ownership (TCO) parity with diesel trucks. The model integrates vehicle cost evolution, market adoption dynamics, and hydrogen infrastructure deployment across a 2025–2050 horizon, projecting fleet sizes, hydrogen demand, and refueling station utilization. Under a mature-network benchmark (UR = 1.0) representing operation at rated design throughput, LCOH declines from $11.51/kg in 2025 to $4.26/kg by 2050. The breakeven threshold for 5-year TCO parity falls within $4.90–5.85/kg, intersecting modeled cost trajectories around 2040–2045 for heavy-duty fuel-cell trucks. By 2050, statewide hydrogen demand reaches 3200 metric tons per day under the high-adoption scenario, requiring 516 high-throughput stations to refuel 145,000 heavy-duty FCEVs. These findings indicate that hydrogen cost convergence is primarily driven by utilization scaling effects within coordinated vehicle–infrastructure dynamics, rather than being solely attributable to production cost reductions. By quantifying time-varying breakeven LCOH thresholds, this study reframes hydrogen competitiveness as a systems-level scaling challenge in zero-emission freight transitions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 09:16:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilot Duty Time Policy Measures: a Meta-analysis Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flight safety is critical for commercial aviation operation. According to statistics, 80% of aircraft incidents or accidents are attributed to human factors. Within human factors, fatigue is one of the key aspects to investigate, using pilot duty time as a proxy variable. This study conducted a literature review and utilized data from studies to redefine variables and apply a meta-analysis approach. The results reveal that mental and physical health have a positive correlation with duty time, while short- to medium-haul flights negatively impact duty time. In summary, this study highlights the significant influence of pilot duty time on fatigue, emphasizing the need for better fatigue management and updated regulations, particularly for short- and medium-haul flights. Future research should expand its focus to underrepresented regions, such as Asia and Africa, and explore alternative analytical methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:21:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674214</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stochastic modeling and design of truck platooning strategies considering platoon dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road transportation via trucks is a dominant mode for long-haul freight transport across countries. However, due to their significant dependence on fossil fuels, trucks are a large contributor to carbon emissions. Hence, new technology-driven solutions such as truck platoons are gaining momentum. While platoons promise to reduce fuel costs and emissions, they may increase transportation time due to additional coordination delays, such as the time required for platoon formation. In this research, we examine the performance trade-offs between platoon fuel savings and excess delay costs resulting from waiting for platoon formation among three platoon formation strategies: intermittent, continuous, and opportunistic. We develop a novel Closed Queuing Network model that captures the dynamics of platoons, as well as the stochasticity in truck travel times, and provides realistic estimates of platoon wait times and vehicle throughput. The platoon formation delays and size-dependent travel times are modeled using merging and load-dependent nodes, respectively, and analyzed through a continuous-time Markov chain. Our study provides key insights into the impact of increasing platoon size on performance measures, including system throughput and mean waiting time. With platooning, the network throughput capacity is reduced; however, fuel savings are realized. For a given network topology, we can identify an optimal platoon formation strategy that maximizes the throughput and fuel efficiency, while simultaneously minimizing vehicle waiting costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 17:10:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Powering long haul freight: hydrogen refueling station siting using pipeline infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen fuel cell trucks (HFCTs) are a promising alternative to diesel trucks (DTs) for decarbonizing long-haul freight while retaining comparable operational performance. This study investigates a large scale HRS siting problem with the aim of minimizing the capital investment in HRS construction and hydrogen delivery cost. A hybrid delivery method is considered: hydrogen is delivered from production hubs by the existing natural gas pipeline network to storage reservoirs, then by truck to HRSs. Assuming 10% of the 2050 Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) truck flow as HFCTs on the U.S. continental interstate highway network, results show that pipeline-based delivery offers major economic advantages over truck-based delivery. Findings highlight the strategic value of leveraging existing pipeline infrastructure and suggest that targeted policy support for hydrogen delivery and refueling infrastructure is essential for facilitating the cost-effective adoption of HFCTs in long-haul freight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 12:00:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comprehensive methodology for the assessment of decarbonization strategies in transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Among the challenges to decarbonize the transport sector are inconsistent methodologies and unclear emission scopes. We present a comprehensive and transparent methodology that integrates life cycle assessment and total cost of ownership to calculate the levelized cost of carbon abatement as a harmonized metric. Through methodological extensions such as the emission saving potential indicator and the emission and cost delta diagram and by incorporating key factors such as infrastructure needs, vehicle characteristics, and energy supply pathways, the methodology enables consistent comparison of technological and behavioral decarbonization strategies. The methodology is applied to a case study on the German heavy-duty long-haul transport, assessing four decarbonization scenarios involving battery-electric and fuel-cell-electric vehicles. Results show that battery-electric vehicles using electric road systems are most economically feasible and have the lowest global warming potential with 62% emission savings compared to the diesel baseline. The approach supports transparent, data-driven policymaking for effective climate-aligned transport strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:11:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of factors predicting quality of life of drivers working on long-haul transport: pain, fatigue, stress and work role functions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the factors that affect the quality of life of drivers. Data were collected from 62 drivers working on long-haul transport who completed the short form-12 (SF-12), perceived stress scale (PSS), Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ), work role function questionnaire-27 (WRFQ-27) and visual analog scale (VAS). According to the regression analysis, the physical health-related quality of life of drivers was predicted by age, marital status, unemployment, having an extra job, pain and stress (R2 = 0,663). Due to intense working conditions, employers need to take various precautions against drivers’ stress, fatigue, pain and job requirements. In addition, it is important for these people to be directed to occupational therapy services in order to increase their occupational balance and quality of life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:58:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electricity Demand Assessment and Charging Infrastructure Planning for Long-Haul Electric Vehicle Operations in Ontario, Canada</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As Canada advances toward its target of zero-emission heavy commercial vehicle sales by 2040, the success of long-haul electric vehicle (LHEV) adoption will depend on the availability of well-placed, high-capacity public charging infrastructure. This study evaluates how two critical real-world constraints, namely daily utilization time and site space capacity, affect the optimal design of Ontario’s future on-route charging network by simulating a total of 63 scenarios. The results show that modest utilization thresholds (e.g., 8 hours per day) can reduce the number of required stations by up to 20% with minimal impact on service coverage. In contrast, restricted space capacity leads to steep declines in the number of supported trips unless more locations are added. When both constraints are applied together, their impacts are largely additive, increasing the need for infrastructure expansion while shifting grid demand across space and time. The study highlights the need to align transportation and electricity infrastructure planning, prioritize high-demand freight corridors, and support regulatory frameworks that promote efficient, high-utilization, and grid-resilient charging solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jan 2026 09:27:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643981</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The periodic vehicle routing problem with multi-day trips</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work proposes the Periodic Vehicle Routing Problem with Multi-Day Trips, a new routing problem variant that is inspired by regional distribution operations in the industrial gases sector. In this problem, customers provide multiple visiting patterns, a.k.a. schedules, comprising specific days within the planning horizon when they expect to receive product. The goal is then to assign each customer to one valid schedule and design the corresponding routes for each day such that the distribution costs are minimized across the horizon. In our setting, we allow for long-haul routes that cannot be concluded within the course of one shift and the driver must have one or more layovers, in conformance to applicable hours-of-service regulations. To that end, we introduce a set partitioning model and propose a branch-price-and-cut algorithm, extending the classical periodic vehicle routing solution approach to accommodate the multi-day trips. Our approach is able to properly capture the connections between the time periods such that, along with the normal daily routes, the pricing subproblems and their dynamic programming solver also generate routes that extend across multiple days and are compliant with the regulations, all the while ensuring that customers are visited in accordance to their offered schedules. Instances with schedule-dependent demands, a.k.a. service choice, are also supported. We extend literature benchmark instances as well as use an industrial case study to assess the performance of our approach, which we show can routinely solve to guaranteed optimality instances with 20 customers along a 6-day planning horizon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 09:46:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Examining the association between driver perceptions with clinical tests and simulated driving performance in Canadian long-haul truck drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Long-haul truck drivers (LHTD) routinely navigate challenging driving environments, which requires high levels of visual, cognitive, and physical functioning. While prior studies in older adults have demonstrated significant associations between functional abilities, self-perceptions, and driving performance, these relationships have not been examined among LHTD. The objectives of this study are to: (1) describe LHTD perceptions; (2) examine the associations between clinical test scores and driver perceptions; and (3) examine the associations between driver perceptions and simulated driving errors. LHTD were recruited from various provincial and federal trucking associations and trucking companies across Canada. A sample of 36 LHTD completed a demographic questionnaire; objective health measures; Driving Comfort Scales (DCS) and Perceived Driving Abilities Scale (PDA); cognitive, visual, and motor tests; and two simulated drives with different environmental conditions. The mean age of the sample was 47.9 ± 12.3 years (range 22–69); 94.4 % were men. LHTD were highly comfortable driving during the day (DCS-D: 85.3 ± 9.2) and at night (DCS-N: 80.8 ± 12.3), however, their DCS-N scores were significantly positively associated with vehicle position, speed regulation, and adjustment to stimuli errors. Poorer scores on the RPWT, TMTA, and TMTB were significantly associated with lower driving comfort in scenarios that require quick decision-making (e.g., heavy traffic, other drivers not signaling). The study highlights the significant role of physical and cognitive abilities in shaping LHTD self-perceptions, particularly in challenging conditions. To improve cognitive and on-road driving performance, future research should explore the development of a continuing education course for LHTD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 13:37:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle routing and scheduling under hours of service regulations: A review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hours of Service (HOS) regulations establish maximum limits on truck drivers’ working and driving hours, and demand compulsory break and rest periods. Many countries adopt such regulations as a means to enhance road safety and improve working conditions. In this work, we present a systematic literature review of vehicle routing and scheduling problems that consider HOS regulatory constraints in their models and algorithms. We examine how these driver restrictions are addressed and solved in the transportation science literature by analyzing and discussing 41 papers published between 2000 and 2024. In our review, we identified five different regulations from distinct countries that are addressed in the literature. The papers were analyzed and discussed from multiple perspectives, including modeling, solution methods, and problems variants, as well as specific aspects of the regulations considered in each work, such as the different sets of legal rules considered. Finally, we identify opportunities for further research concerning HOS regulations in routing and scheduling problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishing the requirements to support improved adoption of alternate technologies for the long-haul road freight decarbonisation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The UK has a target of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, which will require the decarbonisation of road transport. However, in the long-haul road freight segment, the optimal pathway to achieving net-zero is uncertain. This review paper explores and evaluates existing approaches to building decarbonisation pathways for heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). The search and review methodology, utilising the frameworks SALSA, PRISMA, and PESTEL, found gaps in three main aspects of pathway building. While a number of the studies considered vehicle or energy systems, a few took a broader system-level view. The parameters used for measuring the utility of the alternate technology required to achieve net-zero were not comprehensive. Further, the pathways lacked a socio-technical approach. The findings from the research have been used to provide insights and a conceptual framework that can be used for building a comprehensive model for improving technology adoption for the HGV decarbonisation pathways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:50:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Swappable green hydrogen trailers as an additional energy source to electric minibus taxis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In light of global net-zero emission ambitions, the potential electrification of Sub-Sahara Africa's (SSA) paratransit with an electric alternative to the traditional minibus taxi (MBT) has received increased attention in recent studies. However, this has mainly focused on urban paratransit. As the same vehicle is used for long-distance paratransit on a weekly basis, the planning for the electrification thereof needs to include all aspects of the vehicle's use. In this paper, the authors focus exclusively on evaluating long-distance paratransit for electrification. Various routes between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape region in South Africa are analysed to determine their suitability for electrification. To address battery-electric minibus taxis' (eMBTs) extended charging time and limited range, the authors suggest a supplementary energy source to the vehicle: a hydrogen trailer (eMBT+H2). This addition, equipped with a swappable hydrogen tank and fuel cell, both increases range and enables swift energy replenishment. To address environmental concerns, green hydrogen used by this system is to be produced by an electrolyser using solar power. In contrast to conventional internal combustion engine MBTs with trailers, the new suggested model leads to a 2% reduction in travel time, while also reducing the number of required stops by up to 66%. In addition, operational emissions are 100% eliminated. The results indicate the possibility of electrifying long-haul paratransit by delving into a supplementary energy reservoir, without the need to acquire dedicated electric vehicles designed for long-distance purposes. Furthermore, the integration of solar energy renders this shift not only achievable but also a promoter of eco-friendly operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548201</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methodology for Optimizing Charging Infrastructure Distribution for Long-Haul Freight Traffic based on Multi-Agent Simulation and Evolutionary Bi-Objective Optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation established by the European Union sets ambitious targets for expanding charging infrastructure to support the operation of battery-electric trucks, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive charging network. The authors' study introduces a new methodology to optimize the public charging infrastructure along Germany’s major roadways based on multi-agent simulation data to incorporate the perspectives of logistics companies and charge point operators. To achieve this, an evolutionary multi-objective optimization approach is employed. At varying levels of long-haul truck traffic electrification, the proposed method can reduce the demand for high-power charging points by up to 50% and increase charger utilization rates by up to 88%, all while maintaining moderate waiting times. These results are based on comparisons with reference scenarios designed to ensure charging without any waiting times.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 17:00:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543652</guid>
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