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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The Multi-Mode IoV Communication Performance Test and Verification in Closed Test Field</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475368</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the closed test field, three kinds of IoV communication network test platforms of 5G, EUHT, and LTE-V are constructed, and four kinds of test scenarios are designed, including the full-field performance test, the dynamic and static performance test, the V2I communication performance test, and the V2V communication performance test. Taking delay, packet delivery rate, and throughput as evaluation indicators, the performance of the above three communication networks in typical application scenarios such as different communication distances, different vehicle driving speeds, V2I communication uplink, downlink, and hybrid transmission, and end-to-end V2V communication is verified and comparatively analyzed in real-vehicle tests. The results show that all three networks can meet the requirements of vehicle-connected applications in general dynamic traffic environment, among which 5G has the best performance, EUHT is second, but in terms of deployment cost and difficulty, LTE-V has a greater advantage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2024 09:57:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475368</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of 4G LTE Throughput in Vehicles Using LSTM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444736</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reports on the prediction of 4G LTE uplink throughput in vehicles using LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) networks. To make accurate predictions, data was collected less than two years in Japan, enriching the dataset. LSTM was chosen for model selection due to its proficiency in time series processing. The prediction method used the last 15 seconds of data and historical data of the location in the next 20 seconds to predict the throughput in the next 20 seconds. The relatively intuitive MAE and MAPE were used as the prediction evaluation metrics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Nov 2024 15:50:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444736</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Tutorial on V2I Communication: Evaluating the LTE-V2X for Day-1 V2I and V2V Integration in Congested Scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of the growing interest in LTE-V2X, there is a need to describe its performance under various conditions and scenarios. This article explores the deployment of long-term evolution vehicle-to-everything (LTE-V2X) technology for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication and delves into the deployment of LTE-V2X communication in three major global regions: the United States, Europe, and China. The authors begin with an overview of the functionality of LTE-V2X and highlight the objectives of V2I communication in terms of safety and mobility applications—and describe why it will be the predominant type of V2X in the first few years of deployment. They also examine the specific Day-1 V2I message sets standardized in each region, along with their potential applications and benefits. The technical details and use cases using these messages are discussed, along with the benefits they offer in improving the accuracy, reliability, and safety for surface transportation. Additionally, the field trial and simulation results demonstrate why, from a technical basis, LTEV2X is the technology of choice in North America and China. In particular, the performance of V2I and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in a single 20 MHz channel (Channel 183) is highlighted. The results show that LTE-V2X technology can support both V2V and V2I communication and that Day-1 V2I messages can be effectively transmitted and received in a congested urban environment. Overall, the authors highlight the potential of LTE-V2X technology for V2V and V2I communication in enabling safety and efficiency in the current and next generation of transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Feb 2024 11:32:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on risk assessment and factors ranking of the LTE-M communication system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To assess the operational safety risk of long-term evolution for the metro (LTE-M) communication system more accurately, the guide maintenance strategy, the improved evidence theory and the multi-attribute ideal reality comparative analysis (MAIRCA) approaches are proposed. According to the features of LTE-M system, the risk evaluation system is established. The enhanced structural entropy weight method is used to obtain the weight. Furthermore, it is combined with nine-element fuzzy mathematics to transform the degree of membership, modifying the conflict and fusion rules to solve the confidence degree clashed problem of evidence theory. Then, the system risk grade assessment result is obtained. For the purpose of forming the ranking of indicator importance, the MAIRCA is introduced and the ranking is three-dimensional. The operational state of the metro line is used as the data source in various ways based on the test and calculation. The results show that the method is effective; compared with others, the confidence degree of the obtained risk grade increased by 7.12%. It is verified that MAIRCA can be applied to the field of urban rail transit because it has excellent stability and the ranking result of risk factors is reasonable. The influencing indicator with the highest importance is the 'equipment failure rate'.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:47:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Detection and Localization of DoS Attacks in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicular communication has emerged as a powerful tool for providing a safe and comfortable driving experience for users. Long Term Evolution (LTE) supports and enhances the quality of vehicular communication due to its properties such as high data rate, spatial reuse, and low delay. However, high mobility of vehicles introduces a wide variety of security threats, including Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. In this paper, the authors propose effective solutions for real-time detection and localization of DoS attacks in an LTE-based vehicular network with mobile network components (e.g., vehicles, femto access points, etc.). The authors consider malicious data transmission by vehicles in two ways- using real identification (unintentional) and using fake identification (intentional). This paper makes three important contributions. First, the authors propose an efficient attack detection technique based on data packet counter and average Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Next, the authors present an improved attack detection framework using machine learning algorithms. The authors use some ML-based supervised classification algorithms to make detection more robust and consistent. Finally, the authors propose Data Packet Counter (DPC)-based, triangulation-based and measurement report based localization for both intentional and unintentional DoS attacks. The authors analyze the average packet delay incurred by vehicles by modelling the system as an M / M / m queue. The authors' experimental evaluation demonstrates that the authors' proposed technique significantly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2023 13:50:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cooperative Ramp Merging Design and Field Implementation: A Digital Twin Approach Based on Vehicle-to-Cloud Communication</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ramp merging is considered as one of the most difficult driving scenarios due to the chaotic nature in both longitudinal and lateral driver behaviors (namely lack of effective coordination) in the merging area. In this study, the authors have designed a cooperative ramp merging system for connected vehicles, allowing merging vehicles to cooperate with others prior to arriving at the merging zone. Different from most of the existing studies that utilize dedicated short-range communication, they adopt a Digital Twin approach based on vehicle-to-cloud communication. On-board devices upload the data to the cloud server through the 4G/LTE cellular network. The server creates Digital Twins of vehicles and drivers whose parameters are synchronized in real time with their counterparts in the physical world, processes the data with the proposed models in the digital world, and sends advisory information back to the vehicles and drivers in the physical world. A real-world field implementation has been conducted in Riverside, California, with three passenger vehicles. The results show the proposed system addresses the issues of safety and environmental sustainability with an acceptable communication delay, compared to the baseline scenario where no advisory information is provided during the merging process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2022 17:19:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948138</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of LTE-M Adjacent Channel Interference in Rail Transit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1971053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Long Term Evolution-Metro (LTE-M), as a special communication system for train control, has strict requirements on adjacent channel interference (ACI). According to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, this paper presents the required isolation degree for LTE-M systems to resist ACI. Aiming at the scenario of leaky cable transmission and antenna transmission adopted by the underground LTE-M system of the subway, the isolation degree required for LTE-M system deployment is deduced by combining the channel description with the principle of ACI. For the coexistence of a LTE-M system and an adjacent cellular system in a subway ground scenario, the Monte-Carlo (MC) method is used to simulate several conceivable scenarios of the LTE-M system and the adjacent frequency cellular system. In addition, the throughput loss of the LTE-M system is estimated by considering signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Simulation results demonstrate that adjacent frequency user equipment (UE) has negligible small interference with the LTE-M underground system when using the leaky cable radiation pattern, whereas for the LTE-M ground system, the main interference comes from the adjacent frequency UE to the LTE-M base station (BS). Finally, interference avoidance solutions are presented, which can be utilized as a reference in the design and deployment of LTE-M systems in the rail transit environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2022 17:06:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1971053</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parameter Adaptation and Situation Awareness of LTE-R Handover for High-Speed Railway Communication</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the evolution of railway mobile communications from Long Term Evolution for Railway (LTE-R) to the future 5th Generation Wireless System (5G), the rapid increase in the number of low-power base station nodes along the railway has brought more frequent handovers. The current handover parameter selection mechanism often relies on the on-site measured results in a limited number of discrete scenarios. It cannot deal with the continuous changing characteristics of the high-speed railway mobile communication environment, which leads to a serious lack of accuracy, adaptability and intelligence. This article hopes to construct a parameter-adaptive handover mechanism suitable for 5G in the high-speed railway dedicated LTE-R communication system. The mechanism first uses the interaction of Temporal-Difference (TD)-learning-based reinforced agents to obtain high-speed railway handover performance and network performance in different combinations of speeds and handover parameters, and continuously updates the accumulated rewards used to target optimization, obtaining a Discrete TD value cube with closely related handover performance. Further, based on the Discrete TD value cube, the authors use the approximation function method for the completion of “continuous” situation of handover parameter selection, and construct a continuous TD value cube and the corresponding performance cubes. The authors' experimental results prove that TD learning agents with function approximation can accurately estimate and predict the handover performance and network performance of state combinations with different speeds and handover parameters, and further show that the handover parameter adaptation mechanism based on the Inference ability can find the optimal handover parameters to improve the handover performance and network performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 09:16:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Distributed V2X Sidelink Communications With Receiver Grant MAC Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1965130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the development of new radio (NR) technologies, sidelink (SL) transmission plays a more vital role in supporting low latency, higher reliability vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. Compared with the Long-Term Evolution (LTE), NR V2X aims to support enhanced V2X use cases with more stringent latency and reliability requirements. 3GPP introduces NR V2X distributed resource allocation to fulfill the low latency requirement to reduce the delay caused by requesting transmission resources from gNB. In distributed mode, UEs autonomously select resources without the scheduling from gNB. NR V2X introduces the physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) to enhance transmission reliability. This paper presents the resource allocation mechanism for NR V2X distributed mode. Since the SL feedback channel is a new feature different from LTE V2X, the authors discuss the potential enhancements on resource allocation utilizing SL feedback channel to improve the reliability. This paper proposes a Receiver Grant-based resource allocation, which allows the receiver to send the grant with the feedback channel. By allowing the transmitter to indicate the pre-selected resources before the end of the previous reservation, the receiver can inform the transmitter about the collided resource selection through the PSFCH. The analytical models for NR V2X distributed mode with the feedback channel are also provided for UE to estimate the collision ratio. The simulation results and the analytical model show that the proposed Receiver (Rx) Grant-based resource allocation improves transmission reliability in terms of collision ratio. For future advanced V2X use cases, the analytical models provide an evaluation method and help UE make decisions to meet the reliability requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 09:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1965130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LTE/GNSS IOT TECHNOLOGY AS A BACKBONE FOR AIRPORT GROUND HANDLING OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1922951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The necessity of a positioning service for various ground handling assets is key to improving airport performance. Reported in this article is a system named "Ground Eye", designed to be a test of a possible implementation of the independent LTE-based communication system and GNSS-based location services. The test campaign used a total of nine prototype devices for a period of one month at Gdansk airport (Poland). The main goal of this demonstration was to verify the possibility of using the GNSS/LTE system as a fast-deployment option in the airport environment, as well as to evaluate its positioning and communication capabilities in conjunction with React.JS/Deck.GL/Node.JS dedicated application. The test campaign verified that even with simple processing and relatively simple single-frequency measurements, multi-constellation GNSS receivers, it is possible to obtain location with precision reaching better than 2.5 metres. This precision should be good enough for all ground handling operations at modern airports, without the need for additional fixed infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2022 10:29:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1922951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving the Security of LTE-R for High-Speed Railway: From the Access Authentication View</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Security and efficiency are crucial considerations for Long Term Evolution for Railway (LTE-R) which bears real-time transmission of train control information for future high-speed railway. In this article, the authors first analyze the vulnerabilities of LTE-R access authentication protocol, and then propose a proxy signature based authentication scheme to enhance the security of LTE-R without sacrificing efficiency. The proposed scheme consists of three main security mechanisms: a novel Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem based Certificateless Proxy Signature (ECC-CLPS) designed for authentication security, a hash-based puzzle introduced to defend against denial of service (DoS) attack and a key pre-generation mechanism used to improve the efficiency of fast handover authentication. The security analysis and performance simulation show that the authors' scheme has advantages over existing LTE-based authentication schemes in terms of security, functionality, computation and communication costs. Moreover, the authentication requirements for security and efficiency in different LTE-R communication scenarios are fully considered, which makes their scheme more suitable for the access authentication in the future LTE-R based high-speed railway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:53:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Connected Vehicles: V2V and V2I Road Weather and Traffic Communication Using Cellular Technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918818</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a continuous need to design and develop wireless technologies to meet the increasing demands for high-speed wireless data transfer to incorporate advanced intelligent transport systems. Different wireless technologies are continuously evolving including short-range and long-range (WiMAX, LTE, and 5G) cellular standards. These emerging technologies can considerably enhance the operational performance of communication between vehicles and road-side infrastructure. This paper analyzes the performance of cellular-based long-term evolution (LTE) and 5GTN (5G Test Network) in pilot field measurements (i.e., vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure) when delivering road weather and traffic information in real-time environments. Measurements were conducted on a test track operated and owned by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Finland. The results showed that 5GTN outperformed LTE when exchanging road weather and traffic data messages in V2V and V2I scenarios. This comparison was made by mainly considering bandwidth, throughput, packet loss, and latency. The safety critical messages were transmitted at a transmission frequency of 10 Hz. The performance of both compared technologies (i.e., LTE and 5GTN) fulfilled the minimum requirements of the ITS-Assisted Road weather and traffic platform to offer reliable communication for enhanced road traffic safety. The field measurement results also illustrate the advantage of cellular networks (LTE and 5GTN) with a clear potential to use it heterogeneously in future field tests with short-range protocols, e.g., IEEE 802.11p.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Feb 2022 08:51:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918818</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trusting LTE Communications for Over-the-Air Updates in Automobiles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1834068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modern vehicular systems rely on millions of lines of code that must occasionally be updated to add new functions or to patch flaws to ensure safe and secure operation. Updates accomplished through a compromised cellular base station could lead to an update process that may be vulnerable to attack. The authors have been investigating techniques for determining whether an LTE base station (known as an eNodeB) appears to be suspicious, so that an update could be paused or terminated until a trusted eNodeB is available. The authors describe a detector the authors developed as part of the authors research that scans LTE signals for anomalies and provides an alert when an anomaly is found.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:16:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1834068</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An overview of the 3GPP identified Use Cases for V2X Services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, the telecommunication standard development body reported LTE support for V2X services-based use cases along with their potential requirements. However, these requirements overlap and require a huge effort to understand. Therefore, it is imperative to know the outcomes of the use cases and categorization of the potential requirements. In this paper, the authors provided an overview of the use cases, their potential outcomes, and a comparison between the potential requirements based on their categorization i.e. latency, message size, mobility performance, response time, message frequency, anonymity and integrity, reliability, and communication. The outcomes help in knowing about the response envisioned by the identified use cases for V2X services. The comparison of potential requirements describes three important requirements: latency, message size, and mobility performance for realizing the V2X service-based use cases. In future work, the authors aim to provide a holistic overview of realizing enhanced use cases in real-world scenarios to accomplish V2X service communication.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:16:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Artificial Intelligence-Based Network Selection and Optimized Routing in Internet of Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a network of vehicles communicating with each other by exchanging road traffic information via radio access technologies. Two potential technologies of V2X that have gained attention over the past years are DSRC and cellular networks such as 4G LTE and 5G. DSRC is suitable for low latency communications, however provides a shorter coverage range whereas, 4G LTE offers a wide coverage range but has high transmission time intervals. In contrast, 5G offers higher data rates, low latencies but prone to blockages. Single technology might not fully accommodate the requirements of vehicular communications. Hence, it is required to interwork with more than one radio access network to satisfy the requirements of safety vehicular applications. One issue identified when working with multiple radio access networks is the selection of the most appropriate network for vertical handover. Usually, in the previous works, the network is selected directly or will be connected to the available network due to which the handover had to take place frequently resulting in unnecessary handovers. Hence, in the existing state-of-the-art, the need for handover is not validated. In this paper, the authors have proposed a dynamic Q-learning algorithm to validate the need for handover, and then, appropriate selection of network would take place by using a fuzzy convolutional neural network. Besides, a modified jellyfish optimization algorithm is proposed to select the shortest paths by forming V2V pairs that take into account channel metrics, vehicle metrics, and vehicle performance metrics. The proposed algorithms are then evaluated using OMNET++ and compared with the existing state-of-the-art concerning mean handover, HO failure, throughput, delay, and packet loss as the performance metrics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2022 09:50:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899726</guid>
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