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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Partnering with transportation network companies (TNCs) for low-demand service: is it viable and beneficial for transit agencies?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In low-demand areas or during off-peak hours, fixed-route bus services often show low productivity when maintaining regular headways. Reducing headways further decreases service quality, presenting a challenge for transit agencies. This paper proposes a novel approach to solve the low productivity issue, by forming a partnership between transit agencies and Transportation Network Companies (TNCs), where TNC vehicles substitute fixed-route buses in certain segments. The study introduces a decision-making framework to help transit agencies assess when and where such partnerships are operationally feasible and financially sustainable. It identifies key factors that influence the viability of TNC substitution, including vehicle hours, mileage, and passenger loads. Based on these factors, the paper explores various compensation schemes and determines the cost of TNC operations—a critical component of the framework. The proposed framework is evaluated using a real-world case study in Long Beach, California, USA. Findings suggest that in low-demand scenarios, specifically when the number of passengers per stop is fewer than 0.5, replacing buses with TNC services reduces operating costs. The results also indicate that transit agencies should consider both cost savings and passenger experience while making substitution decisions, as truncating longer route segments may yield lower savings but may improve service for additional passengers. Overall, this research provides valuable insights for transit practitioners seeking to reduce expenses and enhance service quality in low-demand areas and off-peak hours through innovative public–private partnerships with TNCs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606313</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Survey of Electric Truck Technologies and Infrastructure Support</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heavy-duty diesel trucks contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, while battery electric trucks (BETs) offer a potential solution to zero emissions while providing high energy efficiency and low operating noise. However, the widespread deployment of BETs is faced with the challenges of range anxiety and insufficient infrastructure support when it comes to charging. This article offers a comprehensive survey of the recent developments in BET technology, presenting information on regenerative braking, motors, battery technologies, and charging as well as future prospects of BET adoption. The current status and future expectations of BETs are also discussed by considering the ongoing market developments and potential advancements in batteries and charging technologies. We use a simple example of a 410-mi route from Long Beach, CA, USA, to San Francisco, CA, to highlight the importance of charging scheduling and strategic planning for infrastructure to reduce operating costs and position BETs as feasible alternatives to diesel trucks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2025 15:01:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598755</guid>
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      <title>Increasing Access to Groceries at the Century Villages at Cabrillo</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608507</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of my research was to understand the transportation needs for residents living at the Century Villages of Cabrillo (CVC) in terms of increasing transportation access to groceries, and recommend interventions that would improve grocery access for residents. CVC is a 27-acre residential community located in the western part of Long Beach that caters to formerly-unhoused folks and veterans. The surrounding land uses and existing transportation conditions make it potentially challenging for community members without access to a car to get groceries. My research question therefore was ‘what are the transportation needs of community members of the Century Villages at Cabrillo to ensure they have access to groceries’. To answer this question, I used a quantitative approach where I surveyed 69 residents throughout the community about how they got to the grocery store, transportation challenges that they faced, and solutions they wanted to see CVC implement. The results revealed several key findings: the majority of CVC respondents traveled greater than two miles to get to the grocery store, and most respondents visited the same grocery stores. Most respondents primarily took the bus or drove on their last trip to the grocery store regardless of race or ethnicity, with people aged 55 and over, white people and men overwhelmingly taking the bus. On the other hand, people aged 35-54, Black people and women had similar rates of taking the bus and driving. Common transportation challenges when traveling to the grocery store could be broken down into three categories: personal mobility issues, public transit issues, and car-ownership/lack of car-ownership issues. Another finding was that most survey respondents never or rarely experienced food insecurity within the month that they took the survey. Finally, in terms of solutions residents desired, when controlling for the most vulnerable CVC residents with the greatest need for increased grocery access (people who do not own a vehicle and people who face food insecurity), more of these people wanted a free grocery shuttle or grocery delivery service.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 09:24:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608507</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Stress-Free Connections: A Best-Practices Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bicycle boulevards, also known as neighborhood greenways, are low-speed, low-volume residential streets with traffic calming measures designed to help pedestrians and less-confident bicyclists feel comfortable sharing the road with vehicles. The Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) aims to incorporate best practices from other cities’ bike boulevards to incorporate into their “Stress-Free Connections” project, an effort to enhance the bicycle and pedestrian network citywide. This research analyzed the bike boulevard planning and implementation process in three cities, Long Beach, Minneapolis, and Albuquerque, by conducting nine interviews with practitioners and community advocates in combination with a review of associated plans, city council minutes, news articles, blogs, and social media posts. This research found that popular design treatments for vehicle speed and volume management as well as the facilitation of safe crossings included mini traffic circles, traffic diverters, and pedestrian hybrid beacons. Commonly cited challenges across the three case study cities included consistent data collection and evaluation of the effectiveness of design treatments on bike boulevards as well as community pushback. This research provides several recommendations for LADOT, such as assessing the feasibility of incorporating popular design treatments in their South LA project area, evaluating the effectiveness of design treatments at regular intervals, and supporting group bicycle tours after design treatments are implemented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 09:23:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606650</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Design and Construction of POLB Fireboat Station 20: A State-of-the-Art Facility for Firefighting, Life Safety, and Emergency Response</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As one of the busiest and most diverse ports in the United States, the Port of Long Beach (POLB) faces a wide range of potential hazards. To enhance port safety and ensure business continuity, POLB has constructed the new Fireboat Station 20 at Berth D50. This state-of-the-art facility includes a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold-certified, two-story Fire Station Building and a 75-ft-tall Boat Bay to harbor the new fireboat. This paper describes the multifaceted challenges the design team had to resolve, including seismic resilience, sea level rise, underground obstructions, existing quay wall repairs, sustainability, and low-impact development. It addresses the challenges of selecting and designing key components, such as operational planning for the Station Building, foundation selection and installation, Boat Bay wharf and roof enclosure seismic design, quay wall underwater repairs, floating dock design and construction, and the implementation of LEED and low-impact design initiatives. Additionally, it explains the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of natural ventilation in the Boat Bay for fireboat exhaust.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic and Construction Challenges for Modern Fireboat Station 15 Compound at the Port of Long Beach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past two decades, the shipping industry has evolved with the consolidation of shipping lines and increased vessel sizes. The Port of Long Beach (POLB) aims to maintain financial strength and asset security, investing in new terminal facilities for larger vessels and higher container volumes. To ensure business continuity and emergency response, POLB upgraded its fire safety facilities, including the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Fireboat Station No. 15. This modern fire security compound features a landside station building, a waterside boat bay, an access bridge, and other structures, designed to be operational after significant earthquake events. Given the waterfront site’s susceptibility to liquefaction and slope movement, various seismic design and construction methods were implemented. These included ground improvements, moment frames for the boat bay, performance-based design, and seismic isolation of structures. Challenges included installing building foundations on buried rock dikes, using steel moment frames for the boat bay’s large span and high clearance, enhancing the boat bay wharf’s seismic design, and designing a seismically isolated access bridge. The paper discusses the unique site and subsurface conditions, seismic design challenges, safety, cost, code regulations, and design procedures. It compares force-based and performance-based design criteria and shares lessons learned from construction challenges such as jet grouting, pile driving, and large-span framing. Innovative engineering solutions ensured the project’s success, enabled POLB to provide robust waterborne safety and extensive landside firefighting coverage, and protected a major commercial gateway for the nation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559474</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Why GIS? The Pier B Program’s Solution to Managing Large Quantities of Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559450</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large Programs like the Pier B on Dock Rail Support Facility Program (Program) need to make quick, important, and strategic decisions daily; manage complicated schedules; identify priorities and assign resources; and organize large quantities of data to be easily accessible. A well-defined GIS information management and digital delivery strategy for data transparency, analysis, and review purposes is paramount for a project of the scope and scale of the Port of Long Beach (POLB or Port) Program. Working with the Port, the authors have developed a custom program management tool that provides a central datastore for all the team members, including project design, program management, third party utility coordinators, real estate, and construction management to share all of the essential information and latest data. With this tool, team members can easily find the latest project design information and quickly provide as-built conditions from completed projects to future stages of the Program. The project team can easily view and track the utility relocation design, permitting, pipeline license agreement issuance, and construction progress for the entire Program or for each individual project. This GIS Management Tool will help to monitor property/easement acquisition status to make sure the Program is still on track with the proposed schedule. POLB management will be able to use this GIS tool to be proactive on any potential delays or risks to the Program schedule, which will help save time and money while delivering this Program on time and within budget.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559450</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wharf Inspection, Repair, and Resilience at the Port of Long Beach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Port of Long Beach (POLB) is a major seaport serving as a “Gateway to the Pacific” for Southern California and the nation. The POLB operates as a land-lord port with a variety of tenants, including container terminals, dry bulk terminals, liquid bulk terminals, oil terminals, break bulk, roll-on/roll-off (RO-RO) terminals, and an auto terminal. The POLB Engineering Design Division (EDD) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the assets on the piers, wharves, waterways, and backlands. These include the underwater surface, wet and dry utilities, roadways, rail, buildings for administration and life safety functions, and the wharf/waterfront structures with all accompanying elements. The paper will focus on the POLB’s wharf inspection, repair, rehabilitation, and upgrade program that will be part of the POLB’s overall Asset Management Program (AMP) and Cathodic Protection Program (CPP). The authors will discuss POLB’s Port-Wide Fender and Bollard Upgrade Study. The authors will outline policies to employ operational constraints, repairs requested, maintenance costs, and upgrades to port tenants. In addition, the authors will provide a framework on how it ties into the Port Climate Adaptation and Coastal Resiliency Plan (CRP).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559397</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Port of Long Beach Pavement Management System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Port of Long Beach (POLB or Port) owns and maintains approximately 37 centerline miles of roadways that are heavily used by terminal trucks, including those carrying overweight or oversized loads, as well as commuters and other traffic within the Long Beach Harbor District. These roads provide crucial access to all POLB terminals and are essential for the movement of cargo in and out of the port. Therefore, it is vital for the Port to keep these roadways in optimal condition to prevent adverse impacts on POLB operations and its tenant businesses. Currently, POLB uses MicroPaver to manage its pavement database. To enhance and streamline the management of roadway pavement conditions, POLB is upgrading its pavement management system (PMS). The new PMS will facilitate the development of both short- and long-term capital improvement programs for the upgrading and maintenance of existing pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559396</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning of the Pier Wind Floating Offshore Wind Port Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The offshore wind industry on the United States (US) West Coast is set for significant growth. In August 2022, California set goals of 2–5 GW of offshore wind by 2030 and 25 GW by 2045. In September 2022, the federal government aimed for 15 GW of floating offshore wind by 2035. These deployment goals drive the development of the offshore wind industry and emphasize the critical need for purpose-built port infrastructure to support offshore wind projects. The Port of Long Beach is addressing this need by planning Pier Wind, a new 400-acre offshore wind port terminal, set to be the largest of its kind in the nation. This paper explores the project need and key planning decisions to develop the project to meet industry needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Deep-Learning Approach to Detect and Classify Heavy-Duty Trucks in Satellite Images</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heavy-duty trucks serve as the backbone of the supply chain and have a tremendous effect on the economy. However, they severely impact the environment and public health. This study presents a novel truck detection framework by combining satellite imagery with Geographic Information System (GIS)-based OpenStreetMap data to capture the distribution of heavy-duty trucks and shipping containers in both on-road and off-road locations with extensive spatial coverage. The framework involves modifying the CenterNet detection algorithm to detect randomly oriented trucks in satellite images and enhancing the model through ensembling with Mask RCNN, a segmentation-based algorithm. GIS information refines and improves the model’s prediction results. Applied to part of Southern California, including the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach, the framework helps assess the environmental impact of heavy-duty trucks in port-adjacent communities and understand truck density patterns along major freight corridors. This research has implications for policy, practice, and future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 10:32:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jet Grouted Settlement Isolation Wall at the Henry Ford Avenue Grade Separation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2187753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The grade separation included a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) approach embankment 9.5 meters high and located two to five meters away from State Route 47 bridge approach foundations. Even with ground improvement, beneath the MSE embankment, unacceptably high static settlement influence was calculated along SR47. To reduce this influence, a settlement isolation wall (SIW) was conceived, designed, and constructed between the two. The SIW consisted of a 100- to 300-mm wide, 15-meter deep weakened plane constructed using jet grouting. During construction, settlement monitoring points established on the SR-47 improvements and MSE wall panels confirmed reasonable effectiveness of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 10:56:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2187753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of Port Operation on Urban Low-Carbon Development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2384879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that considered the impact of port operations on urban low-carbon development in cities.  The study focuses on the ports of Antwerp-Bruges (Belgium), Los Angeles (California), Long Beach (California), and those in Tianjin-Hebei (China).  The authors compare port operations in these cities, using a two-stage model based on the project correlation index (PC Index) and functional data analysis (FDA).  Port operation factors include cargo throughput, container throughput, wharf length and berth, and cargo throughput growth rate.  Low-carbon development factors include forest cover rate, industrial waste reuse rate, carbon emission intensity, and carbon emission per capita.  The study found that high economic growth does not necessarily lead to excessive carbon emissions.  In addition, different size port operations have varying effects on the different types of urban areas. The authors conclude by offering policy recommendations in three areas: the use of coherent and continuous LCD policies; the need for cross-regional cooperation to form combined ports; and regulations regarding the transmission chain of carbon emissions from ports to cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2024 14:35:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2384879</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating near-roadway air pollution from multi-frequency noise measurements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2393688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air pollution is a major environmental problem and its monitoring is essential for regulatory purposes, policy making, and protecting public health. However, dense networks of air quality monitoring equipment are prohibitively expensive due to equipment costs, labor requirements, and infrastructure needs. As a result, alternative lower-cost methods that reliably determine air quality levels near potent pollution sources such as freeways are desirable. The authors present an approach that couples noise frequency measurements with machine learning to estimate near-roadway particulate matter (PM₂.₅), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and black carbon (BC) at 1-min temporal resolution. The models were based on data collected by co-located noise and air quality instruments near a busy freeway in Long Beach, California. Model performance was excellent for all three pollutants, e.g., NO₂ predictions yielded Pearson's R = 0.87 with a root mean square error of 7.2 ppb; this error represents about 10 % of total morning rush hour concentrations. Among the best air pollutant predictors were noise frequencies at 40 Hz, 500 Hz, and 800 Hz, and meteorology, particularly wind direction. Overall, this method potentially provides a cost-effective and efficient approach to estimating and/or supplementing near-road air pollutant concentrations in urban areas at high temporal resolution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jul 2024 17:40:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2393688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from cargo handling equipment operating at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366435</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reports in-use emissions from eight pieces of diesel or natural gas cargo handling equipment (CHE) moving containerized freight at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Equipment had engines certified to the legacy on-road model year (MY) 2010 or the off-road Tier 3, Tier 4 Interim, or Tier 4 Final emission standards. Overall, load factors were about half of the values in the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) current CHE emissions inventory, oxides of nitrogen (NOₓ) emissions were 2.7 times higher than certification standards, and tailpipe-emitted fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) emissions were 2.2 times higher than certification standards. This is yet another study, the first dedicated to in-use operations by CHE at a large commercial seaport, showing elevated in-use emissions from combustion-powered mobile sources compared to certification levels. These results underscore the need to perform routine surveillance emissions testing of any off-road mobile source fleet when developing emission inventories and air quality programs for any jurisdiction worldwide. The Energy Economy Ratio (EER) – or ratio of increased efficiency from converting combustion to zero-emission battery-electric equipment – ranged from 2.8 to 3.7, which highlights potential energy savings and therefore greenhouse gas benefits of transitioning CHE and other freight sectors to zero-emission technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 16:51:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366435</guid>
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