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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Can spatial indicators fully explain car dependence? Evidence from Lombardy (Italy)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing car dependence is a critical challenge for transport and environmental policy, requiring a thorough understanding of its multidimensional nature. However, existing research often struggles to assess car-dependence’s complexity comprehensively. This paper addresses that gap by applying Sensitivity Analysis (SA) techniques to a rich spatial dataset deployed across the Italian region of Lombardy, which encompasses diverse territories and mobility patterns. The proposed methodology combines moment-independent and variance-based SA methods to better suit observational data and identify key factors shaping car dependence. The resulting SA models show that car dependence cannot be fully explained by numeric variables alone and reveal unexpected causing factors that might point to deeper, underlying patterns. These findings highlight the limitations of purely quantitative approaches in comprehensively capturing the complexity of car dependence, reinforcing the need to complement them with context-based and qualitative approaches. In this way, the study contributes to a more robust understanding of the phenomenon across diverse territorial contexts, supporting more accurate strategies for developing or evaluating policies aimed at reducing car dependence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:40:58 GMT</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the factors affecting electric vehicle charging stations demand prediction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a pivotal sustainable mobility solution for urban decarbonization. This work investigates how proximity to main urban attraction points, such as restaurants, supermarkets, tourist sites, schools, and hospitals, influences EV charging demand within a fixed service range. Given the critical role of charging accessibility in mitigating EV range limitations, the study proposes a stepwise linear regression to quantify the relationship between charging station utilization and driving distances to nearby points of interest (POIs). Our analysis identifies statistically significant demand predictors, providing practical insights into strategic infrastructure planning. Applied to the Lombardy region, Italy, findings can support data-driven optimization of charging station placement, balancing urban accessibility with equitable spatial distribution. The results can contribute to sustainable urban mobility frameworks by integrating POI-based demand modelling into EV infrastructure expansion strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682141</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The impact of geographical context on Bikeability perception: A gender-difference analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bikeability, defined as the perceived quality of a bike trip, is gaining increasing attention due to the growing focus on active mobility in sustainable urban mobility plans. The higher the bikeability, the more attractive cycling becomes for short- to medium-distance urban travels. However, this relationship may depend on user profiles, trip characteristics, and the geographical context. This study explores these factors from a gender perspective (men and women) with a focus on context: large, medium and small cities; urban, extra-urban, or dedicated bike paths. To this aim, revealed preference data from the Lombardy Region (sample size: 745, observations: 1017) were analysed using Hybrid Choice Models. The results indicate that bikeability is influenced by four latent constructs, namely the perception of ‘Conflict with Other Vehicles’, ‘Quality of Urban Space’, ‘Quality of Bike Path’, and ‘Physical and Mental Fatigue’, alongside variables such as ‘Presence of Other Cyclists’ and ‘Ambient Temperature’. Gender differences emerge in evaluating these constructs. For instance, women cycling in highly populated cities perceive a higher level of conflict with other vehicles compared to both men and women cycling in less populated areas. The findings provide insights for tailored policies that take gender differences and geographical contexts into account to enhance overall bikeability levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:24:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647656</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Dependent in their own way: Spatial analysis of car dependence patterns in Lombardy region using bivariate classification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car dependence is an increasing concern in the current urban and territorial challenges, generating significant environmental and social impacts. As a complex, multidimensional, and processual phenomenon, it requires analysis through interrelated, place-based indicators that reveal the driving forces behind its various dimensions. While existing literature offers a solid framework of predominantly quantitative approaches, it also highlights the need for interpretative methods that consider socio-spatial contexts, the system of preferences, and opportunities. To deal with the processual and multi-dimensional nature of car dependence, this paper explores the drivers and outcomes of car dependence across diverse socio-spatial settings in the Lombardy region (Italy) through two key concepts: car dependence level, which measures the alignment between driver and outcome variables (e.g., low density with high car use); and car dependence dissonance, which captures deviations from expected literature patterns. Using bivariate classification and spatial analysis of its maps, the study identifies the regional and multidimensional nature of car dependence, followed by a cluster analysis that categorises different territorial dynamics. The findings show that while major urban centres tend to display consistent low car dependence, scattered or peripheral zones present greater heterogeneity, challenging common assumptions and suggesting the need for nuanced, context-sensitive mobility strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647648</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Developing the New Local Railway Concept in Lombardy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264204</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Italian public transport reform act draws a new scenario for local railways. In early 2001 a decentralisation process — called "regionalisation" — took place and the local railway services now are to be regulated by the Regional Administration. This paper tries to outline the key factors of the local railway concept, as regards the services, the infrastructures and the regulation policies, chosen by the Regional Administration for Lombardy, one of the major region of Italy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 11:32:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264204</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An ex-ante economic and environmental assessment of railway intervention: A case study in Regione Lombardia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488325</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present case study aims to enrich the discussion on Conventional Rail (CR) interventions, investigating two types of solutions, a frequency increase and a new station construction, in two different contexts, respectively, characterised by high and low demands. The area of investigation is Regione Lombardia (Italy). The authors combine a Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to estimate economic and environmental viability. They find different performances according to the scenarios. In the high-demand area, a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) larger than 1 is observed in both interventions, while in the low-demand area, the BCR is significantly lower than 1. For the emissions, the implementation of the interventions shows almost a net balance of zero between the emissions saved and the additional emissions produced. Sensitivity analyses varying the critical variables (i.e., demand diverted, investment costs, and emission factors) are performed. The diverted demand results in being critical to improve both performances, whereas a mutually beneficial approach that combines environmental and transport policies is essential to reduce transport emissions. The following study contributes to academia by comparing the expected effects of different railway interventions in a CR system, using a combined economic and environmental assessment for their evaluation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jan 2025 17:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488325</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applications of Decision Support Systems to Environmental Impact Evaluation of Road Transport Infrastructures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses Decision Support Systems for Environmental Impact Assessment of road transport infrastructures. Points to follow in practical applications are described, and key features of the impact analysis phase and decision phase are illustrated making reference to two case studies, the Pedemontana highway in Lombardy and Mantua ring-road. These case studies were carried out by means of SILVIA, a specific Decision Support System to manage the different phases of an Environmental Impact Assessment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2025 16:59:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264064</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Definition of a Common Framework for Public Local Transport: Tools to Support Transport Planning in the Lombardy Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264097</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In line with European Union regulations, the Italian government started the reform of public transport, aiming to liberalise and to privatise the public transport market and to transfer competence from central government to regions for railway networks and from regions to local administrations for bus services. Beginning from 2001 each local administration will be called upon every three years to define or to update the strategies about its own bus network. In the Triennial Services Programme each Administration will have to redesign the bus services in order to answer the citizens needs in the best way and to split each network in different areas to set up tenders. This paper introduces the activities and tools that Poliedra developed to support the Lombardy Region in governing and in co-ordinating Local Administrations with Triennial Services Programmes tasks. The main activities are the definition of a common framework where Local Administrations can operate and the development of some software tools to support the analysis of the bus network and its critical situations. All the activities and software tools are supported by a quantitative methodology, based on the definition of some meaningful indicators which can be used to measure and to compare the different local situations and to quantify the targets Local Administrations have to achieve. Software tools, integrated within the Regional Information System for Local Public Transport Services (MISTRAL), support the redesign of the bus network in strong co-ordination with railways and also identifying potential low demand areas which could be better dealt with an innovative transport system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264097</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decision Support Systems for Transport Planning and the Management of Tenders: The Case Study of Lombardy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Lombardy in the last ten years, public subsidies to bus companies have increased, while the market share and quality of public transport have declined. Lombardy Region initiated a reform of public local transport to improve the effectiveness of the public transport through competition and economic incentives. The reform calls for tenders for a network divided into areas. In this paper a methodology developed to support the grantor both in the choice of the areas and the management of the tenders is described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation of dynamic Origin–Destination matrices in a railway transportation network integrating ticket sales and passenger count data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2432975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurately estimating Origin–Destination matrices is a pressing challenge in transportation management and urban planning. However, traditional methods like travel surveys have limitations in availability and comprehensiveness, which have been further exacerbated by the recent changes in mobility patterns induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this issue, the authors focused on the Trenord railway network in Lombardy, Italy, and developed an innovative pipeline to integrate ticket and subscription sales and Automated Passenger Counting data using the Iterative Proportional Fitting algorithm. By effectively navigating the complexities of diverse and incomplete data sources, the authors' approach showcases adaptability across various transportation contexts. The authors' research offers a valuable tool for operators, policymakers, and researchers, bridging the gap between data availability and the need for precise OD matrices. Additionally, the authors emphasise the potential of dynamic OD matrices and showcase methods for detecting anomalies in mobility trends, interpreting them in the context of events from the last months of 2022.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2024 09:15:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2432975</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing veracity of big data: An in-depth evaluation process from the comparison of Mobile phone traces and groundtruth data in traffic monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2404461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Veracity is a critical dimension of Big Data, as it is related to the quality of data. Its role is even more important when Big Data are supposed to be a counterpart or a substitute of official data. While the former is usually unstructured and the collecting procedures are unsupervised, the latter is collected in accordance to strict and rigorous methodologies. Mobile phone traces, alternatively called Cellphone Big Data (CBD), can be ascribed among the most popular Big Data typology in transportation analyses, even if they are affected by some biases. This research effort is aimed to contribute to the discussion on Big Data and to shed light on the need of a rigorous assessment of the dataset quality. An in-depth evaluation process was carried out with the comparison of CBD to groundtruth data, namely traffic-related data collected by Anas S.p.A. – Gruppo Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane along a major Italian trunk road. What emerges from this paper is the sensitiveness of CBD to some variables related to both cinematic characteristics of traffic, mobile phone network characteristics and the traffic condition, namely the vehicle occupancy rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 2024 10:48:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2404461</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridge structural monitoring: the Lombardia regional guidelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2018 a collaborative project between Politecnico di Milano (PoliMI) and Regione Lombardia (RL) was launched to join forces and expertise toward the improvement of the regional transport infrastructures maintenance management. One of the project goals was the development of regional guidelines aimed to support the design and implementation of monitoring systems for bridges. The focus of this paper is on the illustration of the Monitoring Regional (MoRe) guidelines and of their implementation on nine pilot monitoring systems designed and deployed within the project. The (MoRe) guidelines tackle the entire monitoring process from the analyses of the monitoring goals and the preliminary investigations needed to the identification of the phenomena and relevant indicators to monitor, up to the selection of monitoring devices and the presentation of results. A short illustration of the permanent monitoring systems installed on nine exemplary bridges in the Lombardia region concludes the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:14:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338866</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring Safety Performance in the extra-urban Road Network of Lombardy Region (Italy)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2121807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road Network Screening (RNS) is a process to evaluate the safety performance of the whole road network and identify worst performing roads. Currently, literature provides many models and methods for RNS. Moreover, several frameworks of RNS were issued at the European National Level over time. However, even if sophisticated models and methods could be preferable for their computational accuracy, they may be far from the capabilities of practitioners. In addition, other issues such as availability of operative attributes and data quality and processing persist. For instance, accurate crash location, which is crucial for detailed analyses of high crash rates at some locations, is still an issue: many road administrations pointed out that coordinates miss or are inaccurate in many cases. Within this context, this paper proposes a straightforward operational framework to evaluate safety performance for RNS, using a flexible rationale that integrates crash, traffic, and road data, respectively. More precisely, this framework: (a) handles crash location data without using spatial coordinates; (b) computes the crash rate index at different administrative levels; (c) shows results by Geographic Information System (GIS) maps. This framework is applied to the whole extra-urban road network of the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy) using 30.000+ crash data provided by the Regional Institute for Lombardy Policy Support (PoliS). Road authorities could adopt this framework to perform an accurate safety screening on the road network aimed at rational planning of safety interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 May 2023 17:15:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2121807</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cross-border critical transportation infrastructure: a multi-level index for resilience assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2121811</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Today, more than ever before, our society depends on interdependent infrastructure systems, such as transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications networks. These systems are often considered critical because they are necessary for the organization, functionality, and stability of a modern industrialized country. However, these infrastructures are vulnerable to accidents, malicious failures, and disruptions that could generate consequences impacting on the economy, health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of a country or of several neighboring countries. The disruption of critical cross-border transportation infrastructure, road or rail, as a result of a major event can affect the area where the event occurs and a wider area. Depending on the type and duration of an event, which can be natural or anthropogenic in origin, it is possible to estimate the impacts on the mobility of people and goods in terms of delays (alternative routes), increased traffic (congestion), and a potential increase in accidents. For instance, in 2019 there was an accident in Rastatt (Germany) that affected rail traffic on the Karlsruhe-Basel line of the Rhine-Alpine corridor in Europe. The rail line was disrupted for more than 50 days, causing disservices and about 2 billion Euro in economic losses in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. The extended disruption of road and rail sections can have consequences (impacts) not only on the transport system but also on the socio-economic system in a macro-regional context. The research is part of the SICt project - Resilience of Critical Cross-Border Infrastructure developed in the Interreg VA Italy-Switzerland Programme 2014-2020. The work aims to define a RI - Resilience Index for the road and rail transport network falling within the study area. The RI index describes the capability of each network element (i-th link) to cope with a relevant event. The formulation of the index involves the calculation of three independent indicators: i) RIRM - Rescue Management related to the resources that can be activated and used to cope with an event; ii) RIPP - Plans & Management related to the speed with which the necessary resources can be activated and in fact, considers management aspects such as the presence of plans and procedures; iii) RIRN - Network & Traffic related to the robustness of the elements of the transport network. This work aims to present the proposed model and its application to the project area that includes the Lombardy Region (Italy) and the Canton Ticino (Switzerland) within the SICt Project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 16:39:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2121811</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relationship between railway stations and the territory: Case study in Lombardy - Italy for 15-min station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Europe, urban areas represent the "engine"of economic growth and employment in a territory: About 85% of the EU's GDP (gross domestic product) is generated in European cities. Several European cities, due to the extensive economic activities in urban areas, have to deal with and manage issues related to or caused by transport and mobility such as congestion, air pollution, safety and noise pollution. In 2010, for example, about 73% of European citizens lived in urban areas; this percentage is estimated to increase to more than 80% by 2050. In addition to the direct impact generated by traffic, urban mobility can also influence social development, social exclusion, and accessibility for people with reduced mobility. Consequently, the need to adopt sustainable transport systems is now a global goal that can no longer be postponed. To promote sustainable mobility models, current planning strategies have used smart growth interventions to move from mono-centric city structures to poly-centric, more localized configurations. For example, the idea of the 15-minute city is gradually growing in importance from both a policy and social perspective. The basis of the idea is the promotion of interventions to increase the supply of local services, such as schools, public transportation systems, health care facilities, dining facilities, jobs, recreation areas, and retail stores. In this way, local areas are created that are sustainable, inclusive, and walkable within a small radius on foot or by bicycle. Starting from these considerations, the aim of this work is to apply the idea of the city in 15 min to railway stations: In this perspective, the railway station becomes the starting point of the analysis as it represents the "door of the house", from where users start their last mile trips after getting off the train. For some railway stations located in northern Italy, an analytical index has been defined that summarizes the characteristics of the station in relation to the territory in which it is located. In this way, it is possible to classify the stations on the one hand and, on the other, to identify and propose improvements aimed at relaunching the role of a railway station in a territory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906151</guid>
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