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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Framework Behaviour Depending on the Selected Material in Permafrost and Seismic Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Difficult construction conditions arise in areas of combined permafrost and high seismic activity. The difficulties do not only arise in the selection of foundations and structural substrate but also in adopting the appropriate structural building system being very varied. Frame systems are known to be the most common in the construction of buildings, with significant advantages. These systems, however, have serious drawbacks most pronounced during earthquakes in the form of damage to frame joints. The article assesses the earthquake resistance of the framework with permafrost soils in its base. Five-story frame buildings made of reinforced concrete, metal and wood were selected for the study. Permafrost soils are represented by loams. Soil thawing has been found to have an effect on the earthquake resistance of the frame. A steel frame was found to be the most stable of the frame types examined. The stress-strain state of the different frame types, however, varies in the process of soil thawing, indicating the need to provide for monitoring of the building structures and, if necessary, to apply additional structural measures to increase their seismic resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2025 13:58:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of energy dissipation of off-road vehicles using smoothed-particle hydrodynamics techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studies the energy dissipated during experimental and simulated procedures for the pressure-sinkage and shear-strength test. These tests are performed using a clayey-loam soil and modelled as smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique in Visual Environment's Pam-Crash software. The hydrodynamic elastic plastic material is used to define the equation of state for the clayey-loam soil. The soil is modelled at five different levels of compaction to represent multi-pass of a tyre over soil. The soil calibration is performed using the pressure-sinkage and direct shear-strength test and validated using experimental data from a soil bin facility. The energy dissipation is calculated using the soil sinkage values at every pass of wheel. Finally, the results of experimental and simulation dissipation energy are discussed and the effect of the tyre multi-pass on dissipated energy is investigated and presented. This research will further continue to model an agricultural finite element analysis (FEA) tyre over the clayey-loam soil to compute tyre performance and interaction characteristics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2021 10:24:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Linear Shrinkage Behaviour of Compacted Loam Masonry Blocks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1465155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Walls of wet loam, used in earthen houses, generally experience more shrinkage which results in cracks and less compressive strength. This paper presents a technique of producing loam masonry blocks that are compacted in drained state during casting process in order to minimize shrinkage. For this purpose, loam masonry blocks were cast and compacted at a pressure of 6 MPa and then dried in shade by covering them in plastic sheet. The results show that linear shrinkage of 2% occurred which is smaller when compared to un-compacted wet loam walls. This implies that the loam masonry blocks compacted in drained state is expected to perform better than un-compacted wet loam walls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 10:39:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1465155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Moraine Loams’ Filtration Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1403551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Lithuania, surface moraine loam, clay and other lithologic varieties with low permeability take around 60% of the territory. Roads, railway tracks, bridges, dumps intended for keeping waste of different level of danger and other overground structures are built in these areas. Moraine formations with low water permeability become the foundation for earth bank, roads, bridge supports, dumps and other engineering structures. Through these foundations water filtration, infiltration, movement of capillary water and evaporation to the atmosphere continue during the entire period of operation. In wintertime, the volumetric changes of water, contained and freezing in these soils, and water migration in soil towards the surface of freezing determine deformations of foundations or road surface and the occurrence of frost cracks. All the mentioned water migration processes in the layers take place in various directions and in different intensity. This determines the change in geomechanical and geofiltration properties of foundation soils. Foundation soil deformations are likely also due to the processes of drying, bloating and filtration of clayey soils. Thus, the goal of the present work is to evaluate the evolution of filtration features and evaporation intensity of moraine loam in time. The continuous duration of laboratory investigations was over 10 months. For filtration, the filtrometer was used containing the Proctor Standard moulds, water deaeration device and pressure measuring stand with three tubes of different diameter (piezometers). Water and air temperature and relative humidity of the laboratory were measured during each experiment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 May 2016 15:53:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1403551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Contribution of Loamy Soil Treatment to Improve Embankments Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/899703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper shows, for a loamy soil, the benefits of lime treatment on the evolution of the geomechanical properties governing the slope stability and the resistance against erosion of embankments. The main results indicate that the effective internal friction angle (φ’) is quite unchanged through time, while the effective cohesion (c’) strongly increases. Furthermore, erosion tests using the LCPC erodimeter on slopes between 0 and 30 degrees, and for a curing time up to 112 days, have shown that the treated soil becomes insensitive to erosion after a few days. These results clearly establish the benefits of lime treatment in safety and serviceability of embankments for highways and high speed trains and, consequently, have an important impact on the reduction of their life cycle costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 07:08:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/899703</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Handling Characteristics of All-Wheel-Drive Off-Road Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An off-road vehicle 14-DOF mathematical model is presented in this paper which integrates terramechanics of vehicle dynamics and tire-soil contact. All other important subsystems, such as suspension and steering systems, driveline and the engine are also included in the model. Based on standard test maneuvers, different simulations are performed to investigate of 4 x 4 vehicle handling performance under both steady-state and transient conditions. Better handling performance on clay than on sand and loam is shown in the results, primarily due to the high shearing strength of clay soil, in comparison with sand and loam.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2009 09:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Subsurface Drainage on Soil Temperature in a Cold Climate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/849205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil temperature during springtime is an important factor for crop establishment and growth in poorly drained soils of northwest Minnesota. Shallow water tables causing spring planting delays and excess water conditions in this region during the growing season may have contributed to significant unplanted cropland and yield reductions in recent years. Temperature is a regulating factor for many biological and chemical processes in the soil. One of the most commonly cited benefits of subsurface drainage on poorly drained soils is faster soil warm-up in the spring. Prior studies of this phenomenon do not provide definitive conclusions concerning the influence of soil drainage on soil temperature. Results of 3 yrs of on site field observations of soil temperatures from drainage research plots at 2 locations in northwest Minnesota are presented. Replicated soil temperature and water table depths were measured continuously at 5 depths for 2 drain spacings and an undrained treatment. Subsurface drainage was found to significantly increase soil temperatures in both a coarser textured Vallers loam soil and a finer textured Hegne silty clay loam soil. Up to 4°C temperature increases occurred primarily between May and July with the greatest increases at 30–60 cm depths. Treatments with narrow drainage spacing showed a greater spring temperature increase than treatments with wider drainage spacings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 14:38:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/849205</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing the Performance of Concrete Subjected to Salty Seawater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/849099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental investigation intended to increase the compressive strength of concrete under normal conditions and to enhance the performance of hardened concrete to resist the aggressive mediums of salty seawater by adding loam and shallow to the concrete mix. Large numbers of concrete cubes were prepared with some changes in the mix proportions used for each batch. The variables were the percentage opf loam and shallow materials added to concrete mix. Two groups of cubes were tested in this investigation. One group of cubes were left in the salty water of the Dead Sea for 7 to 180 days, while the other group was left in ordinary drinking water. The test results indicated that adding loam and shallow to concrete mixes has a good effect on increasing the compressive strength of the concrete in both normal and salty seawater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2008 08:19:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/849099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A RESILIENT MODULUS PREDICTION MODEL FOR CEMENT-TREATED COHESIVE SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/754440</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The resilient modulus represents the dynamic stiffness of pavement materials under repeated loading of vehicles.  It is used to characterize base and subgrade soils and to design pavements.  The resilient modulus of cement treated soils varies with the cement content.  The objective of this study was to develop a correlation between the resilient modulus test results and the physical properties of soils.  Resilient modulus and physical property tests were performed on two cement treated soil types: clay loam and clayey silt.  Cement contents used in these tests were 2, 4, and 8 percent.  As expected, the resilient modulus of cement treated soils increased with an increase in the cement content.  A preliminary estimation model was developed for the prediction of the resilient modulus from the  cement content, confining pressure, deviater stress, and soil properties.  A good agreement was observed between the predicted and the measured resilient modulus values.  This model successfully predicted the resilient modulus of separate data sets that were not used in the modeling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Mar 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/754440</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PROBABILISTIC LOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATE CODES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper outlines the principles governing the derivation of load combination formulae for Australian limit states codes.  Probabilistic models for dead, live and wind loads are given.  The problem of overall building stability is analysed to illustrate the application of the models. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Aug 2004 02:44:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS ON THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS OF SEVERAL SURFACTANTS ON THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS ARE REPORTED. THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF PACHAPPA SANDY LOAM AND OF A WATER-REPELLENT SOIL WAS MEASURED USING SALT SOLUTIONS TO WHICH VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF SURFACTANT HAD BEEN ADDED. THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE FOR A RANGE OF SALT CONCENTRATIONS. THREE NONIONIC, ONE CATIONIC AND ONE ANIONIC SURFACTANT WERE USED. NONIONIC SURFACTANTS AT CONCENTRATIONS OF 100 PPM. OR LESS DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TO SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS. HOWEVER, CONCENTRATIONS OF 500 AND 5000 PPM. DECREASED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY CONSISTENTLY DECREASED AS THE SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION WAS DECREASED FOR ALL NONIONIC SURFACTANT TREATMENTS. WHEN CALCIUM SOLUTIONS WERE USED, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF NONIONIC SURFACTANT ON THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF PACHAPPA SANDY LOAM. ADDITION OF 5000 PPM. OF CATIONIC SURFACTANT KEPT THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY RELATIVELY CONSTANT OVER A WIDE RANGE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS. AT LOW SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 5000 PPM. OF CATIONIC SURFACTANT PRODUCED A HIGHER HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY THAN WAS OBSERVED FOR ANIONIC SURFACTANTS OR FOR THE CONTROL. THERE WAS A CONSISTENT INCREASE IN HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AT HIGH SALT CONCENTRATIONS FOR A WATER-REPELLENT SOIL AS THE CONCENTRATION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANT WAS INCREASED FROM 5 TO 100 PPM., ALTHOUGH THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. ON THE BASIS OF THE DATA FOR PACHAPPA SANDY LOAM, THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT WATER FLUX THROUGH NORMAL SOILS CAN BE INCREASED BY ADDING NONIONIC SURFACTANTS TO THE PERCOLATING SOLUTION. IN FACT, THE REVERSE IS TRUE IF HIGH SURFACTANT CONCENTRATIONS ARE USED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON THE USE OF HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT SOILS IN HIGH FILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON THE USE OF HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT SOILS IN HIGH FILLS IS DESCRIBED. THE PURPOSES WERE TO INVESTIGATE (1) THE EFFECT OF THIXOTROPY, INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY, AND CONSOLIDATION ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAY-LIKE SOILS WITH MOISTURE CONTENTS UP TO 8 PERCENTAGE POINTS ABOVE OPTIMUM, (2) THE EFFECT OF INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY ON THE CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE SOILS, AND (3) THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THESE SOILS IN HIGH FILLS AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY SHOULD BE USED. TWO SOILS - A DUNMORE SILT LOAM AND A CLARKESVILLE CLAY LOAM - WERE INVESTIGATED. SOIL SPECIMENS WERE FABRICATED BY STATIC COMPACTION AND LATER INVESTIGATED FOR SHEAR STRENGTH BY THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST AND FOR CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS BY THE CONVENTIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT, WHEN A SOIL IS CONSOLIDATED UNDER HIGH PRESSURES, THE INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON THE FINAL SHEAR STRENGTH. THIS LEADS TO THE CONCLUSION THAT HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT SOILS CAN BE USED IF THEY ARE PLACED IN THE LOWER PART OF A HIGH FILL AND IF SUFFICIENT TIME IS ALLOWED FOR THEM TO CONSOLIDATE. A PROCEDURE FOR USING THESE SOILS IN HIGH FILLS IS ALSO SUGGESTED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:43:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122468</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPORTANCE OF MIXING WATER CONTENT IN STABILIZATION OF SOILS USING CUT BACK BITUMEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT TO STUDY THE ROLE OF MIXING WATER CONTENT IN STABILIZATION OF SANDY AND LOAMY SOILS (P.I. VARYING BETWEEN 0 AND 3) USING CUTBACK BITUMEN OF THE GRADE MC SUB 2. THE OBSERVATIONS MADE AND THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ARE PRESENTED. AS SOIL CONDITIONS VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT WHILE DESIGNING STABILIZED SOIL BASES FOR ROAD PAVEMENT, THE DESIGNER MAY CARRY OUT EXPERIEMNTS AS INDICATED IN THIS PAPER INSTEAD OF FOLLOWING ANY EMPIRICAL FORMULA. /RRL/(A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:42:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122054</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TESTS MADE WITH SOIL-CEMENT CYLINDERS FROM SANDY LOAM, SANDY CLAY LOAM OR A CLAY LOAM AND 5, 7, 9, OR 11% OF CEMENT AND CURED FOR 28 DAYS INDICATED THAT (1) THE INITIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOIL HAVE MORE EFFECT UPON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF A SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURE THAN ANY OTHER FACTOR, (2) INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF CEMENT IN A GIVEN SOIL FROM 5 TO 11% PRODUCES A GREATER INCREASE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH THAN DO THE FACTORS OF VARYING DENSITY AND VARYING MOISTURE CONTENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122054</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRYING PHASE OF SOIL-ASPHALT CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A LABORATORY STUDY WAS MADE OF THE RATE OF DRYING OF WATER AND HYDROCARBON VOLATILES FROM A SOIL-ASPHALT MIXTURE AND THE EFFECT ON THE STABILITY AND OTHER BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE COMPACTED MIXTURE. THE SOIL WAS A SANDY LOAM WITH A LIQUID LIMIT OF 21, A PI OF 5, AND A FLUFF POINT RANGE FROM 6 TO 12 PERCENT. THE ASPHALT USED AS THE STABILIZING AGENT WAS MC-3 CUTBACK. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY INDICATE THAT SOILS STABILIZED WITH CUTBACKS NEED TO BE DRIED OUT BEFORE COMPACTION TO PROVIDE HIGH INITIAL STRENGTH. AFTER COMPACTION, ADDITIONAL CURING RESULTS IN EVEN MORE STRENGTH. THE INDICATIONS ARE THAT SOIL STABILIZED WITH CUTBACK CANNOT BE COMPACTED TO A DENSITY REQUIREMENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122023</guid>
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