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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Effects of Recycled Plastics on the Performance of Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polymer modified bitumen (PMB) has been widely used in asphalt mixtures as it provides better performance and durability as compared to unmodified binders. Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) is one of the most common additives used in PMB. With the advent of bitumen technology, PMB can be further enhanced to improve its performance in terms of properties such as viscosity, ageing resistance, stiffness etc. This study aims to evaluate the effects of recycled plastics on the performance of SBS-modified binder. The recycled plastics involved in this study as partial substitute of SBS are low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE). The analysis was conducted using a series of tests which include elastic recovery, dynamic shear test (before and after short term ageing), viscosity test, multiple-stress creep and recovery test and storage stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2025 08:49:28 GMT</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Interaction of Intensive and Low-Density Lines: Management Approach and Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A complex problem of effective functioning and development of the methodology for managing transportation on low-density railway lines when interacting with intensive highways is considered. The formulation of the complex problem and the study of theoretical provisions have been completed. The problem of the low-density railway lines functioning, their interaction with intensive and projected (modernized) lines has been solved. The principles of interaction of intense and low-density lines were developed, on the basis of which a generalized conceptual scheme of interaction of intense, low-density and projected lines was built. For a comprehensive assessment of quantitative indicators, technical, technological and economic indicators are identified, on the basis of which the target function of the system state is presented. A cognitive map, taking into account the value of the factor at the previous time of the change in the values of the factors-causes and external influence in an impulse form, has been developed. The function of the factors’ values at the moment of time, taking into account the impulse action on the vertices corresponding to the reciprocal value of the station class and having the reciprocal value of the line class, is presented. Scenarios for the functioning development of the low-density lines have been developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 11:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407866</guid>
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      <title>Long-term Transportation Management Strategies in the context of Low-density Development at the Urban Fringe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban sprawl, marked by the extensive growth of low-density development at the edges of cities, has been heavily shaped by factors like population growth, rising incomes, and the expansion of highways since the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. This growth has altered transportation patterns, particularly leading to a decline in public transportation usage as more people move to suburban areas. Managing sustainable urban growth presents challenges due to the diverse functions of urban areas and the uncertainties associated with urban expansion. This research introduces a scenario-based approach combined with the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method to develop transportation management strategies that address the primary drivers of urban sprawl. The study identified 46 political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) factors, which were further refined through expert surveys and fuzzy DEMATEL analysis to pinpoint the key influential factors and their cause-effect relationships. The results highlight ten critical factors, such as Government Budget and Land Use Planning, essential for creating scenarios and strategies for sustainable urban growth. Using the scenario planning method in a Delphi survey, the research developed long-term transportation management strategies by evaluating extreme scenarios of critical uncertainty factors. The scenarios developed in this research offer crucial insights for government transportation agencies, enabling informed decision-making to support sustainable urban growth. They help agencies proactively manage risks, optimize resource allocation, and engage the public in discussions about urban futures. Additionally, the scenarios foster interagency collaboration, facilitating a coordinated approach to complex urban challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 18:16:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434177</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Statistical analysis of low-density and high-density polyethylene modified asphalt mixes using the response surface method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The common use of plastics in daily life has engendered gigantic amounts of waste plastics, which have a detrimental influence on the environment. Researchers have proposed several strategies for the recycling of waste plastics and their products. Among these, one strategy is to use them in the construction industry, particularly in asphaltic pavements. This study thus focused on the utilization of waste plastics, specifically Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), as an additive in Asphalt Concrete (AC) mixes. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), Flow Time (FT), and Dynamic Modulus (DM) tests were used to investigate the moisture damage, permanent deformation, fatigue performance, and DM of the LDPE and HDPE modified AC mixes. According to the laboratory test results, the LDPE and HDPE modified AC mixes offer more resistance to moisture damage compared to the Control AC mixes. It was also concluded that asphalt mixes modified with the LDPE and HDPE attained 2.07 times and 1.26 times superior resistance to permanent deformation than the Control mixes. Furthermore, the LDPE and HDPE modified AC mixes outperformed the DM values of the Control mixes by 2.06 times and 1.41 times, respectively. In addition, it was determined that the LDPE and HDPE modified AC mixes exhibit 1.72 times and 1.39 times greater fatigue parameter values than their counterpart, suggesting superior fatigue resistance performance. The statistical models developed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) revealed the highest values of the Coefficient of Determination (>0.80), adequate precision (>4.0), and lack-of-fit tests, indicating the model’s adequacy for predicting the response.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Sep 2024 10:35:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing an Autonomous Service to Cover Transit’s Last Mile in Low-Density Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transportation provides a safe, convenient, affordable, and environmentally friendly mobility service. However, due to its fixed routes and limited network coverage, it is sometimes difficult or impossible for passengers to walk from a transit stop to their destination. This inaccessibility problem is also known as the “transit last-mile connectivity problem.” Such a lack of connectivity forces travelers to drive, thereby increasing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on roads. The autonomous mobility-on-demand (AMoD) service, with characteristics such as quick fleet repositioning and demand responsiveness, as well as lower operational cost due to the elimination of operators’ wages, has the potential to provide last-mile coverage where fixed-route transit can only provide limited service. This study presents research on designing an AMoD service to solve the transit last-mile problem in Greater Minnesota. After selection of the Miller Hill Mall (MMH) area in Duluth, MN, as the case study site, analysis on local transit services and demand data show that passengers may have to spend significant time walking and cross multiple streets to access stores from transit stops. To address this issue, an AMoD system for last-mile service was designed and integrated with the fixed route transit service. Novel mathematical models and AMoD control algorithms were developed, and simulation experiments were conducted for evaluation of the AMoD service. Simulation results showed that the AMoD service can improve transit quality of service and attract more riders to use transit to the MHM area, and therefore reduce the VMT in the region. These findings were consistent with the literature in that mode choice and first-/last-mile access were highly interdependent and AMoD can improve transit quality of service and reduce VMT. Research on riders’ perception of AMoD service and field testing of the AMoD system using the developed models and algorithms are recommended to help agencies prepare for application of AMoD system in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2024 09:32:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370945</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of spatiotemporal transit accessibility and transit inequity of essential services in low-density cities, a case study of Nashville, TN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Evaluating the accessibility and equity of transit services to essential services that fulfill people’s fundamental needs is critical, especially in lower-density areas with limited transit services. Although numerous studies have analyzed the inequity of transit accessibility in dense, urban areas with robust transit networks, few of them evaluated transit inequity across multiple essential service categories (e.g., food stores, healthcare facilities, schools, etc.). This paper fills this research gap by focusing on a low-density, automobile-oriented city (Nashville, TN) to evaluate spatial transit inequities across essential service deserts and sociodemographic groups. The results of the case study show that many areas with higher transit-dependent demand (i.e., populations with limited personal vehicles, those living in poverty, and minority populations) tend to experience more restricted transit access to food, healthcare, school, and childcare facilities; interestingly, this is not the case for transit access to green space (specifically, parks). This study further identified essential service deserts by Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) clustering and analyzed the correlation among them. The correlation results suggest that food deserts, healthcare deserts, school deserts, and childcare deserts are highly correlated with each other, while they have a lower correlation with park deserts. The findings of spatial transit inequity and the identification of essential service deserts provide crucial policy implications that can be used by transit agencies and local planning departments to prioritize their resources and target interventions to improve transit equity. This study contributes to the existing literature by proposing a systematic process that utilizes publicly available datasets to measure spatiotemporal transit supply, identify essential service deserts, and explore the correlation among these areas in a low-density city.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 2024 10:02:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Density Cellular Concrete as a Sustainable Replacement for Granular Fills in Bridge Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2141941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional construction of bridge approaches requires an enormous volume of aggregates. Because the materials needed for many of these projects require hauling from long distances, larger amounts result in increased construction costs and associated carbon footprint. Additionally, quarrying these huge volumes of aggregates has a destructive impact on the environment. As the push for sustainable construction increases, there is a need for more environmentally friendly construction materials. This study aims to assess the environmental benefits offered by using low-density cellular concrete (LDCC) as a substitute for granular fill materials for mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls used for bridge approaches. The life cycle assessment (LCA) technique is applied to appraise the global warming potential (GWP) for six LDCCs and two granular fill materials. LCA is conducted across three phases: material extraction, transportation, and construction of the selected fill material life cycle. The GWP is estimated for 250 cubic meters of fill materials. The estimated GWP of six LDCCs ranges from 46 to 118 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), whereas the aggregates fill released 186 tons of CO2e, and the soil fill caused 191 tons of CO2e. Overall, the GWP reduction by substituting granular fill with LDCC is between 37% and 75%. LDCC construction requires lower transportation of raw materials to the construction site, resulting in a reduction of 80% of truck loads when compared to granular fills. The results from this work indicate that LDCC can be a sustainable replacement for the traditional granular fills; however, some design adjustments for MSE walls are necessary. The conclusions and outcomes generated from this paper will support practitioners in quickly assessing the environmental impacts of using different fill materials for MSE walls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 May 2023 13:28:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2141941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long‐term Transportation Management Strategies in the Context of Low‐density Development at the Urban Fringe
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2006263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to develop informed management strategies for urban transportation systems, incorporating exhaustive, essential factors affecting urban transformation scenarios due to low‐density development at the urban fringe. This project will apply a standardized SBA that will be developmentally applied by integrating a decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL). The standardized SBA is multidisciplinary and top‐down approach for this project to forecast important and uncertain factors related to transportation management strategies for sustainable urban growth under different future urban transformation scenarios. DEMATEL is used to analyze the cause effect relationships among factors and accounts for the inherent fuzziness of survey results to improve the reliability of project results (e.g., scenarios and strategies for each scenario). The specific objectives of the proposed project are: (1) develop a list of factors that influence the uncertainty of optimal transportation management strategies related to urban growth; (2) create urban transformation scenarios, assessing the performance impacts and uncertainty degrees of the factors; (3) determine the optimal transportation management strategies for each scenario; and (4) develop a decision‐making support tool for a transportation agency to utilize to determine the best‐fit transportation management strategies.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Aug 2022 13:22:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2006263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decision models for the procurement of subsidised air services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Small communities or remote regions are usually ignored by airlines because they have insufficient passenger demand and the air services to and from these regions are unprofitable. Free market conditions would lead to the lack of air connectivity to and from remote regions, hence transportation authorities intervene by procuring air services to guarantee improved accessibility for these regions. The procurement of air services is done through subsidy schemes where the transportation authorities pay subsidies to airlines that provide these air services along the routes to and from remote regions. These routes are commonly referred to as subsidised routes. The procurement of subsidised air services (subsidised routes) involves two major tasks—the selection of routes to subsidise and the selection of airlines to serve these routes. These are the focus of this thesis. The overall aim of this thesis is to design decision support models that can be used by transportation authorities to select the routes to subsidise and to select airlines to serve these routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 14:45:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Changes of mechanical properties of protective polyethylene films applied in transport bottles and containers for liquid media after exposure to selected liquid media</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polymers have effectual applications in many industrial branches. Especially in the automotive and food industry polymers are frequently applied. Thermoplastics can be used also including the transport of specific liquids. This study deals with an investigation of the mechanical properties of polyethylene film made of low-density polyethylene (LD-PE), which has a low density and high degree of chain branching. LD-PE film was exposed to chemical influences of selected liquid media (Savo disinfection, Savo Saponate, and Coca-Cola) for three months. Those media have a different value of potencia hydrogeni (pH). Degradation of mechanical properties of LD-PE film by selected media was monitored. Using tensile test important parameters: σB, εB and E for polymers were evaluated. After exposure, those values of parameters increased in comparison with values of original LD-PE film in the longitudinal direction. The increase of tensile stress at break (σB) in comparison with original LD-PE film was as following: for Savo disinfection - increase of 83.43 %, Savo Saponate - increase of 68.60 %, and Coca-Cola - increase of 67.63 %. In the transversal direction, the exposure in media has a different impact on investigated parameters. The increase of tensile stress at break (σB) in comparison with the original LD-PE film was as following: for Savo disinfection - increase of 14.06 %, and Savo Saponate - increase of 33.02 %. For Coca-Cola was recorded a reduction of 36.90 % in comparison with original LD-PE film. Savo disinfection and Savo Saponate have the most suitable influences on the mechanical properties of LD-PE film for the transport of those liquids after three months.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Aug 2021 11:16:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simplified Transport Modelling in Low Density Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1730369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At a time when institutions are involved with the issue of energy transition, the policy of controlling energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been applied at all levels. In particular, small towns and sparsely populated areas are now involved in drawing up a climate-air-energy plan, and in the development of green, shared mobility. As the transport sector is the largest emitter of GHGs, the study of travel needs and transport offerings is a key asset for the implementation of energy transition measures. However, dwindling public finances make it increasingly difficult to purchase data to support these studies. Large urban areas can get together the funds needed for a large-scale, thorough investigation of travel needs. These data collections then allow tried and tested modelling tools to be used. Outside this type of area, data resources are very limited: no cordon surveys, no or only partial household surveys, etc. In general, building a travel model requires a long, unique and non-replicable approach, because it is specific to the area and the needs expressed. The objective of this work is therefore to develop systematic modelling methods and tools that are easy to use, and especially sparing in the use of expensive data, for the less urbanized or rural areas. For the needs of the study of a road infrastructure near Vesoul (an urban area of 35,000 inhabitants), a collection of traffic data was ordered in the region. This consisted of a counting and flow measurement campaign by means of number plate readings (NPR). This data made it possible to reconstruct the demand for road trips in the urban area. The authors took advantage of the data collected in the Vesoul area to make it into a case study for a "simplified" modelling approach. The present work includes methodological proposals to reconstruct the demand, reducing the use of expensive data, such as the NPR survey as much as possible. The matrices obtained in "depleted" data situations are compared with the matrices obtained using all the available data, with the aim of assessing this simplified model. This assessment is complemented by the road infrastructure test using the simplified model, the results of which are compared with those of the assessment produced with the "conventional" model. The results of this work provide a development basis for modelling solutions in less urbanized areas. The Vesoul case study shows the potential and the limits of such a "simplified" modelling approach. It helps to determine the extent to which these solutions can be replicated in similar areas, and produce sufficiently reliable and robust assessments. Ultimately, this exploratory approach aims to provide new tools for decision-making support. The stakes are diverse, but one example that can be mentioned is the emergence of mobility projects as alternatives to single-occupancy cars in sparsely populated areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2020 11:19:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1730369</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crushing behavior and crushing strengths of low-density foam concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Foam concrete is a highly cellularized cementitious material that undergoes extensive plastic deformation when loaded to failure. Under compression, the microstructure of low-density foam concrete gets progressively crushed at a steady stress stage, accompanied by substantial energy dissipation. Understanding foam concrete crushing behavior is of special importance for its engineering applications. However, the current studies are insufficient to define key attributes that are important for material characterization and design. This study focuses on low-density foam concrete ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 g/cm3 (25 to 50 lb/ft3), with the crushing behavior investigated using a penetration test and dynamic Young's modulus determined using a resonant frequency test. Four distinct crushing phases-linear elastic, transitional, plateau, and final densification-are observed for the samples. Furthermore, the yield strength and plateau strength are identified to characterize the foam crushing behavior. Using the experimental inputs, the modulus-strength constitutive relationship is established for predicting the crushing behavior with fundamental material properties. The findings significantly facilitate subsequent foam concrete studies, as well as the engineering design of this material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 10:17:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on Improvement of Flexural Behavior of Low-Density Cellular Concrete through Fiber Reinforcement for Non-Structural Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1629058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the last decades, cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), or foamed concrete, has been experiencing greater interest in geotechnical, structural, and non-structural applications. The low density and high flowability makes it a favorable construction material in relation to handling, placing, and construction costs. However, the applications of low-density cellular concrete (LDCC), the category of CLC with a unit weight less than 50?pounds per cubic foot (801?kg/m3) and generally without fine aggregates, are limited mostly to backfill applications in geotechnical engineering. The main reason lies in the brittleness of the material and low to zero resistance to flexural loads. Fiber-reinforced LDCC may be a reasonable solution to improve mechanical properties and expand the application range of the material. This study investigated the effects of adding polypropylene and hybrid fibers on physical and mechanical properties of LDCC and the feasibility of expanding LDCC utilization to non-structural applications. Results showed that although there is a slight reduction of flowability and compressive strength, the flexural behavior of LDCC can be significantly improved with the incorporation of fibers. The flexural strength and flexural toughness of LDCC was found to increase from 26.8?pounds per square inch (psi) (0.18?MPa) to 217.5?psi (1.48?MPa), and from 5.67?lb-in. (0.64?kN-mm) to 292?lb-in. (33.0?kN-mm) respectively at a 1.0% addition rate of a fibrillated polypropylene fiber selected in this study, which makes it a feasible material for non-structural applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2019 15:13:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1629058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of plastic wastes from greenhouse in asphalt mixes manufactured by dry process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work assesses the applicability of low density polyethylene (LDPE), recycled from greenhouses used in agriculture, as a modifier of asphalt mixes manufactured by a dry process. To that end, a comprehensive laboratory study was conducted to design different asphalt mixes, formulated with recycled plastic, according to the European standards. Additionally, recycled plastic (LDPE<sub>R</sub>) has been modified by compatibilizing agents (bitumen and oil), as a way to facilitate plastic incorporation into the mix. Results showed unmodified and modified plastics lead to bituminous binders with enhanced viscous and viscoelastic properties at medium-high in-service temperatures compared to a reference sample (PMB45/80-65). Plastic (and modified plastic) addition to AC asphalt mixes has enhanced mix behaviour associated to water sensitivity and rutting resistance. For high modulus asphalts MAM, the incorporation of plastics considerably improves the water sensitivity and fatigue resistance. Finally, BBTM mixes with added LDPE met technical requirements requested by Spanish regulations. However, compared to a mix manufactured with a PMB 45/80-65, plastic addition led to a poorer mix performance in term of particle loss and, above all, fatigue resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2019 16:51:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607360</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Properties of ultra-low density lightweight cellular concrete containing slag</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The suitability of using alternative material in the pavement structure was investigated. The approach considered the use of lightweight cellular concrete incorporating more environmental friendly alternatives. This was accomplished by partial replacement of cement with blast furnace slag. The purpose of this study, was to provide a protection layer over a weak subgrade in a Canadian pavement structure. Three different densities of lightweight cellular concrete were considered. These were: 400, 475, and 600 kg/m³, containing 80% of Portland cement, 20% of slag, water, and pre-foamed foam. Properties investigated included compressive and tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and water absorption. It was determined that the material has adequate compressive strength for pavement application for all considered densities. It was also found that it exhibited higher stiffness than typical granular material. Tensile strength ranged from 14% to 18% of its compressive strength for the respective densities. Water absorption also indicated an increase with decrease in density. Failure criteria analysis assessing the structural capacities of the LCC densities found that the LCC layer could allow more than twice the traffic loading than the conventional granular material in terms of fatigue crackings. For rutting, it could allow between eight to thirty four times more traffic. Although the mechanical properties of lightweight cellular concrete reflect that it could be considered as a potential pavement material, it is recommended that further assessment of lightweight cellular concrete in terms of durability and functionality is required.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2019 15:50:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572288</guid>
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