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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Romania-Lng Import Terminal Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1249562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active studies have been made on the offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminal by many people around the world. LNG infrastructure consists primarily of tankers, import terminals, and inland storage plants. Many actual LNG receiving terminal projects are under progress and some are under engineering and construction stages. Considering most of the feed gas for LNG is imported via sea, it might be natural that many people in LNG industry would consider offshore LNG facilities as alternatives for the land-based ones. Two major sectors of the offshore LNG facility would be LNG Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) and LNG Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 13:07:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1249562</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FIRE PROTECTION WHEN STORING, TRANSPORTING, AND DISTRIBUTING LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document presents notes on firefighting criteria for personnel responsible for the safety of LNG installations, so that adequate materials and equipment can be made availabe at the right place.  Both storage and transport of LNG are covered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154022</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thirty years ago, in 1964, the first LNG chain started up, with three tankers carrying 1.4 . 109 (s)m3/year of LNG (1 Mt/year) of natural gas from Algeria to England and France.  Today, 73 tankers navigate between 12 liquefaction plants and 29 regasification terminals, carrying 83 . 109 (s)m3/year (61 Mt/year) of LNG, equivalent to about one third of the natural gas consumed in Western Europe in 1993.  This article describes the economic and political conditions that have allowed this new means of energy transport to develop; it also presents the typical features of a LNG chain and the most recent technological advances in liquefaction, storage and tanker transport, and attempts to predict how the LNG market will evolve in the future, based on its past development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456946</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PIPELINES VS LNG CARRIERS, THE CHOICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/443151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/443151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LNG, 8</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/388901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These proceedings contain 45 papers from four sessions (1) LNG trade, worldwide energy supplies, and the financing of LNG plants; (2) onshore and offshore liquefaction processes for natural gas; (3) receiving terminals and LNG storage; and (4) LNG transportation, handling and supply. It also contains 20 shorter poster session papers on LNG topics.  For selected individual papers, see AN 1343- A1 through AN 1343-A9]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/388901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NEW LNG ALTERNATIVE: THE 'FLOATING LNG RECEIVING TERMINAL' CONCEPT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of out-of-service crude oil tankers as floating oil storage facilities is well accepted. The authors propose that surplus- tonnage methane tankers, taken out of service in the early 1980s and available at extraordinarily low prices, be put to similar use for LNG storage. They present a synthesis of the aspects involved, as jointly studied by four companies: Sofregaz, Gaz de France, Gaz Transport and Total CFP. A number of drawings are presented to clarify the implementation of the concept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401819</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATING EXPERIENCE AT THE LNG TERMINAL OF FOS-S/MER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The LNG terminal of Fos-S/Mer was commissioned in 1972, with the aim of regasifying 40,000 million kWh per year of LNG, originating at Skikda in Algeria, and of supplying the South-Eastern region of France with natural gas at a pressure of 67.7 bar; surplus gas from the region being put at the disposal of the national network.  It is the second terminal to be set-up in France; the first came into service at Le Havre in 1965 with an annual nominal capacity of about 6,000 million kWh.  The purpose of this paper is to consider what has been learnt over the 7 years during which the methane terminal has been in operation at Fos-S/Mer.  The paper points out how operation and maintainance were improved as well as reduction of losses and higher vaporisation rates.  Finally the paper gives some data on the terminal reliability which was substantially increased.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE RECENT SCHEME OF LNG RECEIVING TERMINALS IN JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Japan, introduction of LNG was started in 1969 from Alaska with an annual quantity of 960,000 tons in cooperation between the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. and the Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.  After then, many LNG import projects followed this.  As a result, seven (7) LNG terminals have been established in Japan up to the present, and total receiving quantity amounts to 14 million tons/year as of 1979.  In addition, according to the Government's "Temporary Prospect of Long Term Energy Demand," another introduction of LNG is scheduled with a quantity of 29 million tons for 1985 and 45 million tons for 1990, and thus, the relative importance of LNG is expected to be further increased.  As the background of the above prospect, there are plans, which are showing steady progress toward realization, to introduce LNG in the future from Indonesia (additional supply), Malaysia, Australia, Quatar, the Soviet Union, etc.  In order to cope with such projects, some LNG receiving terminals are under construction in Japan.  This report will describe the basic consideration of the Sodegaura Terminal Expansion Project of the Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. and will briefly introduce the Ogishima Terminal Establishment Project of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. the Senboku Terminal II Expansion Project of the Osaka Gas Co., Ltd., and the Himeji Terminal Expansion Project of the Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. and the Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON THE STRENGTH OF LNG STORAGE TANK MADE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the experiments carried out in relation to a feasibility study of Offshore LNG processing and storage plant using prestressed concrete (PC) as structure material.  The experiments consist of the tests to study the physical properties of PC at cryogenic environment, to observe the structural behavior of PC and to investigate the thermal effect on constrained cylindrical PC structures.  From the results of the experiments, the following conclusions may be made regarding the applicability of PC to the secondary barrier of the LNG storage tank.  The strength of concrete increase as the temperature falls, and consequently the structural design based on concrete strength at room temperature is on the safe side.  In the event of LNG spillage on the concrete surface, sudden change of temperature takes place.  This thermal shock will generate to hair cracks on the concrete surface which can not be suppressed by prestressing.  Hair crack occuring on the surface due to thermal shock does not affect compressive strength, but decrease tensile strength on which the cracking strength of PC depends.  Hence, thermal shock reduces the cracking strength of PC, but its ultimate strength is almost unaffected.  As far as the findings of the present tests can bear out, PC is basically adaptable to the secondary barrier of a LNG storage tank.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOATING TERMINAL FOR STORAGE AND SENDOUT OF LNG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes a floating terminal for the storage of 125,000 cubic meters of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and its regasification and sendout.  Model tests were conducted to measure seakeeping characteristics.  Results are used to prove the feasibility of cargo transfer from berthed ships.  A downtime analysis based on these data was prepared.  Safety and reliability of the terminal is examined in detail.  Major components and operating characteristics are listed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN OF AN LNG TERMINAL IN CANADA'S HIGH ARCTIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/161827</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Arctic Pilot Project involves natural gas from the Sabine Peninsula on northern Melvile Island, which will be pipelined to a liquefaction plant and port facility on the south coast of the island where it will be liquefied.  From there, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) will be transported to Southern Canada in ice-breaking LNG ships capable of operating on a year round basis.  The LNG plant and associated storage facilities will be constructed on barges and towed to the site.  The terminal area is composed of deltaic sands and silts.  The soil is in a permafrost condition up to a depth of six feet below mean sea level.  This paper deals with the various foundation and logistics problems faced in the evaluation of alternatives prior to final design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/161827</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE STRATIFICATION AND MIXING OF LNG IN STORAGE TANKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The addition of LNG of different densities to partially filled LNG tanks may form stratified layers, and it's consequent mixing can sometimes lead to roll-over. Although there have been some reports concerning the studies and experiments for the prevention or prediction of the stratification and roll-over, most of them were found out on the basis of test results using LNG substitutes, especially tap water and brine, because of difficult experimentation by LNG.  We have gone so far as to get the marginal density difference in stratification by experimentally making it by various density difference in LNG tanks.  Furthermore, we have succeeded in making clear the process of the consequent mixing of LNG through an elaborate measurement of LNG temperature and the advanced methods of sampling and analysis of stratified LNG, etc.  Some of these results have proved much different from those of the previous reports. Based upon these results, we, having worked out our manual for the prevention of stratification and roll-over, now have safely received LNG with different densities in our tanks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160457</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTS OF OFFSHORE LNG PLANT USING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes a feasibility study of offshore LNG processing and storage plant using prestressed concrete structures and experiments to solve the technical problem raised in the study.  The plant consists of two gravity installed cylindrical LNG storage tanks each having a storage capacity of 75,000 cu m and a LNG process plant barge of column supported gravity type with processing capacity of 1.25 million tons per year.  The experiments consist of the tests to confirm the property of the prestressed concrete at low temperatures for the LNG containment system and the tests to investigate the thermal effect on constrained concrete structure by using cylindrical model tanks with 3 m diameters.  The studies concluded that the the LNG processing and storage plant using prestressed concrete will be feasible from both technical and economical point of view.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160447</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT AND MODEL TESTING OF A FLOATING NATURAL GAS LIQUEFACTION PLANT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Offshore natural gas production by liquefaction on floating structures, followed by unloading and transportation in LNG carriers, promises to be advantageous over conventional methods for conveying natural gas to consumers in pipelines. This is especially so for marginal offshore gas fields, or offshore oil fields with associated gas or even for onshore fields where there is a lack of infrastructure.  The proposed systems fill a market gap where fixed platform/subsea pipeline methods or onshore LNG plants have reached the limit of economic viability.  The processing of natural gas on floating platforms presents many challenging problems associated with the motions of the platform, the need for maximum gas recovery, minimum space and weight requirements for the processing plant and maximum safety for men and equipment.  Two groups of companies, ARGE 76 and CONSORTIUM 76, have developed several alternatives of of floating LNG plants for different applications and have formed the common OLS marketing group to market offshore LNG plants.  This paper presents the CONSORTIUM 76 design, a natural gas liquefaction system integrating LNG plant, LNG storage tanks and LNG unloading system on one single platform. The CONSORTIUM 76 design has been developed by the companies Linde, Preussag, Technigaz, Dyckerhoff & Widmann, Blohm and Voss and Bilfinger and Berger.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRUCIAL PARTS OF OFFSHORE LNG PLANTS FOR THE NORTH SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160458</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although floating offshore natural gas treatment and liquefaction facilities are still waiting for a first realization, interest in this challenging innovative technique continues on a high level.  In specific cases, these plants can offer economic advantages compared to conventional gas conveying methods by subsea pipelines. Particularly for the North Sea, with its numerous marginal offshore natural or associated gas reservoirs, LNG plants on semisubmersibles can be proper tools for early exploitation.  In order to prove the technical feasibility of such systems, indepth theoretical and experimental studies have been performed during the past five years. Results of these investigations and designs will be presented with stress on the process with prime move configuration, the floating carrier platforms, LNG transfer pipeline systems, safety aspects and model testing of scrubbers under roll motions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160458</guid>
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