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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF RISK BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS FOR POLICY FORMULATION (WITH ANALYSIS OF LNG OPERATIONS AS A CASE STUDY). APPENDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/163639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report comprises two appendices of detailed information about various aspects of liquefied natural gas (LNG).  It constitutes the basis of an analysis of LNG operations as a case study of the development of risk-benefit cost analysis for policy formulation.  Appendix A tabulates U.S. LNG peak-shaving facilities, receiving terminals, base loan liquefaction plants, and above-ground storage facilities with respect to company, location and facility.  The same format presents information above-ground and underground storage facilities for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Appendix B contains descriptive information and data on the physical nature of LNG and associated risks.  Major topics discussed include the chemistry and thermodynamics of LNG in storage and rollover, and distribution of LNG.  The latter includes a description of hazards from spreading LNG, tornadoes and hurricanes, fire hazards, tanker collision, internal failure of LNG tankers, meteorites, land spils and tsunamis.  An extensive bibliography is included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/163639</guid>
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      <title>THE STRATIFICATION AND MIXING OF LNG IN STORAGE TANKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The addition of LNG of different densities to partially filled LNG tanks may form stratified layers, and it's consequent mixing can sometimes lead to roll-over. Although there have been some reports concerning the studies and experiments for the prevention or prediction of the stratification and roll-over, most of them were found out on the basis of test results using LNG substitutes, especially tap water and brine, because of difficult experimentation by LNG.  We have gone so far as to get the marginal density difference in stratification by experimentally making it by various density difference in LNG tanks.  Furthermore, we have succeeded in making clear the process of the consequent mixing of LNG through an elaborate measurement of LNG temperature and the advanced methods of sampling and analysis of stratified LNG, etc.  Some of these results have proved much different from those of the previous reports. Based upon these results, we, having worked out our manual for the prevention of stratification and roll-over, now have safely received LNG with different densities in our tanks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160457</guid>
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      <title>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS SAFETY RESEARCH OVERVIEW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/83835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a growing factor in the United States' energy supply situation, both for periods of high demand (peak shaving) and for daily supply (base load). Safety has been a major issue in its acceptance by the public, the government, and industry.  Perhaps because of this, industry and government have undertaken programs of research, development, testing, and evaluation that are more extensive than those for most other new hazardous materials. This paper records the experimental and theoretical work performed with the goal of increasing LNG safety, and has been organized in fourteen divisions: land storage tank studies, rollover, dispersion from spills on land, land spill fire studies, land spill fire protection, ship studies, flameless explosion, dispersion from spills on water, underwater releases, water spill fire studies, vapor cloud deflagration, vapor cloud detonation, physical properties, and gelation.  Examining the record of the LNG research effort leads inevitably to the conclusion that there is a basic understanding of the material, sufficient to design, operate, and regulate LNG transportation and storage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/83835</guid>
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      <title>LNG ROLLOVER-UPDATE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/46433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper gives guidelines on how to prevent LNG rollover in the storage tanks. The rollover phenomenon is explained in thermodynamical terms of mixing LNG of various density. It is demonstrated that hazards from LNG rollover can be minimized by good operations. Rollover can be avoided most of the time by loading LNG from the top, knowing when to expect rollover and doing things to prevent it before it happens. However, when rollover is unavoidable, severity will be lessened by filling from the top. The subject is discussed under the headings-what is rollover; effects preceding a rollover; rollover time prediction; heat storage; and examples.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 04 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/46433</guid>
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      <title>PHENOMENOLOGY OF LNG ACCIDENTS - A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/31170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This bibliography is the results of a request by four researchers of The Rand Corporation.  It covers the chemical, and environmental aspects of liquified natural gas and its transportation.  The references extend from 1965 to September 1974 and were culled from a literature search.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/31170</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROLL-OVER AND THERMAL OVERFILL IN FLAT BOTTOM, LNG TANKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a result of the numerous LNG-facilities presently under study in Germany, design aspects and operating experience of LNG tanks are of interest not only to companies with immediate plans for such facilities, but also to the gas industry in general.  One phenomenon, the sudden venting of gas from LNG tanks, has elicited varying interpretations with the result that "roll-over" and "thermal overfill" phenomena have not been well understood.  This article provides a better understanding of the phenomena and the terminology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19313</guid>
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      <title>PREVENT LNG 'ROLLOVER'</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Definition of LNG "rollover" is given which is a sudden release of vapor that takes place when LNG is added to a storage tank partially filled with LNG of a different composition.  General considerations of LNG physical and chemical characteristics and storage dynamics are accompanied by persentation of results of studies performed and solutions to the problem.  Recommendations for practice are included which show how to avoid any unsafe conditions after loading an LNG tank with liquids from various sources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12985</guid>
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      <title>EFFECTS OF STRATIFICATION ON BOIL-OFF RATES IN LNG TANKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roll-over is a term that has been used to describe a phenomenon in which a bottom portion of the liquid in a cryogenic storage tank is superheated, as a result of heat leak, and then migrates suddenly to the surface accompanied by the evolution of a large quantity of vapor.  Studies have shown that roll-over cannot occur in large cryogenic storage tanks containing nearly pure liquids.  Roll-over has not been observed in cryogenic tanks that have been used for storing LNG of essentially uniform composition and density, ammonia, liquid oxygen, or liquid nitrogen.  The addition of LNG of different densities to partially filled LNG tanks can lead to the temporary formation of stratified layers.  Mathematical model of roll-over is developed and safety in LNG tanks is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12376</guid>
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