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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS: SAFETY ISSUED, PUBLIC CONCERNS AND DECISION MAKING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/55774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several studies have tried to estimate the small likelihood of large LNG accidents, and a number of tests have been performed to understand the behaviour of LNG when it is spilled.  (Despite this attention to engineering safety details, the threat of sabotage may well represent the largest risks to the public from LNG facilities.)  The intent of this report is to present a description of the risks and impacts presented by LNG operations n the near future, summarize the safety issues, examine the origins of public concern in two LNG facilities siting disputes, and to suggest some of the important criteria which need to be evaluated for responsible decision making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/55774</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MORE DETAIL ON THE HAZARDS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A discussion covers the trend to increasing traffic in LNG; the existence of hazards during the three basic operations of loading, transportation, and discharging of LNG at a marine terminal; safety measures for dealing with accidental gas releases; and the possible need for some form of ship operational control in certain ports to achieve the desired level of safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19637</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LNG AND LPG-VIEWS AND PRACTICES, POLICY AND SAFETY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The following article consists of excerpts from the Coast Guard publication "Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Views and Practices, Policy and Safety" (CG-478), which was recently revised to present current U.S. Coast Guard views, practices and policies for the transportation by water of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).  This publication answers a number of questions frequently asked by those interested in water transportation of these important bulk cargoes.  It covers the properties and hazards of LNG and LPG, LNG and LPG carriers, operational controls and facilities, and personnel training and qualifications, and includes a question and answer section and recommendations for selected readings in the event a more thorough and technical knowledge of LNG and LPG is desired.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154034</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES' COMPUTERIZED CARGO OPERATION AID SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/450017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A shipboard expert system has been developed that strongly supports the crew on LNG carriers using a personal computer to simplify cargo operations.  The system has been installed on a 125,000-m3 LNG carrier.  The personal computer gathers cargo- related information on-line from the monitoring and control system. It is then used to simulate and provide information that will enable the operator to carry out cargo operation economically and effectively by inputting necessary commands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/450017</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF GAS DISPLACEMENT IN CARGO TANK OF AN LNG CARRIER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/443379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Gas displacement operations in cargo tanks are carried out before and after an LNG carrier goes to a dry-dock.  The tank atmosphere is exchanged from flammable natural gas, to air with sufficient oxygen concentration, or vice versa, without producing an explosive atmosphere by inserting inerted conditions.  These operations are very important from a safety point of view.  Care must be taken to ensure that impurities such as moisture or carbon-dioxide which will deteriorate the LNG cargo quality, do not remain in the tanks after the operations.  A series of numerical simulations of gas displacement operations using a 3-dimensional finite differential method are presented, for a scale model tank of a large LNG carrier.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/443379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPOSAL FOR A LIQUID HAZARDOUS CARGO TRAINING REQUIREMENTS STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/388373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This proposal deals with defining the content of a training course in the handling of liquefied natural gas or other hazardous cargo.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/388373</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LNG, 8</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/388901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These proceedings contain 45 papers from four sessions (1) LNG trade, worldwide energy supplies, and the financing of LNG plants; (2) onshore and offshore liquefaction processes for natural gas; (3) receiving terminals and LNG storage; and (4) LNG transportation, handling and supply. It also contains 20 shorter poster session papers on LNG topics.  For selected individual papers, see AN 1343- A1 through AN 1343-A9]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/388901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIQUEFIED GAS HANDLING PRINCIPLES ON SHIPS AND IN TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/393066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This textbook deals with the safe handling of bulk liquefied gases and emphasizes the importance of understanding their physical properties in relation to the practical operation of gas-handling equipment both on ships and in terminals. This book has been written primarily for serving ships' officers and terminal staff responsible for cargo-handling operations, or for personnel about to be placed in positions of responsibility for these operations. Consideration is given to LNG, LPG and chemical gases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/393066</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TEST RESULTS OF MITSUI-MOSS TYPE LNG CARRIER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/387638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[S.S. SENSHU MARU, the first Mitsui-Moss Type LNG Carrier of 125 000 m3 capacity built by Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., was delivered to the owners in February 1984 soon after her successful gas trial.  To check the quality and performance of the cargo containment system, the cargo piping and the cargo handling equipment, various tests were performed during her construction period.  At the same time, many useful test data contributing to future development were obtained.  In this report, the temperature stress and displacement of the cargo tank system, measured at the hydro-pneumatic test, LN2 trial (cool down test with liquid nitrogen) and gas trial, as well as during her first laden voyage, are reported in conjunction with the corresponding theoretical analyses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/387638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LNG OFFSHORE HANDLING-FLEXIBLE UNDERWATER HOSE AND SUBMERGED MOORING BUOY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the inner tube of the submarine LNG hose a low-temperature-resistant flexible material was selected and a unique method of shrinkage compensation developed. Flexibility and strength requirements apply to temperatures ranging from 300 to 111 K.  The submerged mooring buoy has to provide for the free movement of the LNG tanker.  The buoy is the interconnecting point for the flexible LNG lines, one coming from the seabottom and the other going to the product exporting tanker.  Order from NSFI as No. 22194.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPENT OF RISK BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS FOR POLICY FORMULATION (WITH ANALYSIS OF LNG OPERATIONS AS A CASE STUDY)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/163638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The methodology developed and presented in the report focuses on broad public policy issues related to the management of risks.  Chapters 1 and 2 examine the usefulness of economic tools for dealing with societal risks, particularly those with a low probability of occurrence and high consequence in terms of morbidity and mortality, and provide a theoretical framework for application of a cost/benefit analysis.  Criteria are established for evaluating decision processes concerned with these risks.  The transport of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is used as a case study.  Chapters 3 to 6 examine current policies and regulations of hazardous materials handling by the Federal government; present the salient functions of LNG operations and associated risks; apply the established criteria to LNG operations; and contrast the current LNG risk management practice with these criteria.  Also included are the names and addresses of individuals interviewed during the study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/163638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAINING OF CREWS FOR DEALING WITH HAZARDOUS CARGOES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The best safety equipment cannot prevent disasters if the crew is not trained and organised to prevent accidents and to contain their effects when they do occur.  The need for the education of crews to enable them to understand sophisticated operating techniques has been well recognized by many major companies for some time, but the attitude nevertheless prevails in some fleets that a seaman is capable of safely transporting any cargo that is thrust upon him, irrespective of any inherent dangers.  If disasters are to be avoided, there must be a firm commitment on the part of management, both ashore and afloat, to ensure that seafarers are educated to be aware of the risks involved in the handling and carriage of hazardous cargoes. This article reviews the need for training in this field, in the light of recent IMCO and MNTB proposals, with particular reference to the transport of LNG and LPG and bulk cargoes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166205</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION. 1970-JUNE, 1980 (CITATIONS FROM THE ENGINEEING INDEX DATA BASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/161983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Worldwide journal research is cited on transportation of hazardous chemicals, gases, and explosives.  The majority of studies concern liquified natural gas transportation. Tanker ships, containers, and pipelines for these materials are discussed.  Descriptions of accidents, spills, handling, loading, and equipment design are covered.  Mathematical models and simulations are included.  (This updated bibliography contains 263 citations, 25 of which are new additions to the previous edition.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/161983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SERVICE EXPERIENCE WITH 125,000 CUBIC METER LNG VESSELS OF SPHERICAL-TANK DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/157678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development and record of start-up of the Indonesia-Japan liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade are described.  Characteristics of the eight U.S.-flag 125,000 cubic meter LNG vessels used in the trade, seven of which are dedicated to the project, are provided. Preparations to place these vessels in service included extensive crew training and proper outfitting of the vessels.  The procedures for gas trials, which were conducted in England and Massachusetts, are discussed. Voyage characteristics of the vessels in the trade are provided.  Improvements to the vessels based upon service experience include relocation of cargo discharge line check valves, extension of cargo tank fill lines, modification to cargo pump motor insulation, and several other modifications to cargo and ballast system components, the main reduction gear lube oil spray system, and internal components of the boilers.  Design of the cargo control system and reliability in electronic control systems are the most critical factors in determining the operational effectiveness of LNG vessels.  The service experience of these vessels reinforces the experiences of other operators, demonstrating that LNG vessels can be operated safely and reliably.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/157678</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY ASPECTS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/157221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the safety issues associated with the marine transportation, handling, and storage of LNG. The panel concluded that the first concern should be the prevention of an accident that would lead to a large, uncontrolled release of LNG in or near populated areas. This concern was addressed by reviewing the design principles of LNG transportation systems, the operational principles involved in the shipment of LNG, and other factors that might reasonably be expected to improve further the safety of the system.  The panel concluded that the second concern was the development of ways to mitigate the consequences of potentially hazardous LNG releases  in the event that, contrary to all expectations, measures to maintain tank integrity should fail.  Development of these methods requires an understanding of the underlying physical and chemical principles governing large LNG release, including spill dynamics, dispersion on water as well as on land, ignition, and resulting fire and blast effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/157221</guid>
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