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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>THE CHALLENGE OF LNG IN THE 1980S</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Presents technical highlights of the LNG-6 Conference held in Kyoto, Japan, April 1980.  The author reviews the probable rate of development of international trade in LNG; a new base-load liquefier cycle using plate heat exchangers together with the problem of mercury corrosion; tanker design--particularly from the point of view of safety; offshore developments; the latest proposals for using the cold from evaporating LNG; plus safety issues, such as the possible hazards from vapor cloud explosions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CONFINED BOILING RATES OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS ON WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of a program to measure the rate of boiling of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on water surface and to develop an analytical model to describe the phenomena involved are reported. Primary emphasis was placed on liquid propane or LPG mixtures containing small quantities of ethane or butane or both. A few exploratory tests were, however, made with pure liquid ethane, ethylene, and n-butane. The investigation was conducted to provide quantitative data and analytical models to delineate the rate of vaporization, the spread rate and the degree of fractionation, should an LPG tanker suffer an accident leading to a major spill on water. For propane or LPG spills on water, immediately following the contact, violent boiling commenced. Ice quickly formed; in most cases, ice was even thrown onto the sidewalls of the vessel. In some instances sprays of water/ice and propane were ejected from the calorimeter. Within a few seconds, however, the interaction quieted and the surface was covered by a rough ice sheet. The LPG boiled on the surface of this ice, but large gas bubbles occasionally appeared under the ice shield and were trapped. The boiling rate decreased with time with a concomitant increase in the thickness of the ice shield. In the first second or two, very high boiling heat fluxes were experienced. The mass of LPG lost was approximately half that spilled originally. It is estimated that only 5 to 15% could have been ejected as liquid if the water loss is used as a reference. However, since the water surface is very agitated during this period, it is not possible to obtain reliable quantitative values of the boiling flux. Also, as noted, the mass lost in the very early time period was approximately proportional to the original mass of LPG used. It may be inferred that larger spills lead to more mixing and boiling before the ice shield prevents a direct contact between the LPG and the water. (ERA citation 03:046762)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE SPREADING AND EVAPORATION OF LNG SPILLED ON WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/72383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper contains the results of a theoretical investigation into the evaporation and spilling of LNG on open water and on a confined water surface.  Spreading and evaporation are calculated and compared with experimental results.  As little is known about the evaporation of LNG on a confined water surface a model has been derived which describes the evaporation including the formation of an ice layer.  It is concluded that results agree well with the available experimental data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/72383</guid>
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      <title>EXPERIENCES OF RECEIVING AND UNLOADING LNG FROM AN LNG BARGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Design of unloading system, vapor handling, and procedures are described in view of the hazards involved.  Diagrams, curves, and plates illustrate description.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/47416</guid>
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      <title>SPREADING AND EVAPORATION OF LNG ON WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prediction of vapor travel downwind from a spill of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is aided by a knowledge of the evaporating conditions.  This paper extends the knowledge of these conditions for spills on water. Published data on free spills covering a size range from 2 1/4 to 4500 kg have been used to provide information on LNG spread rate, maximum pool diameter reached, and evaporation rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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