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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>DIMETHYL ETHER FUEL PROPOSED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO LNG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To cope with emerging energy demand in Asia, alternative fuels to LNG must be considered. Alternative measures, which convert the natural gas to liquid fuel, include the Fischer-Tropsch conversion, methanol synthesis, and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis. Comparisons are evaluated based on both transportation cost and feed-gas cost. The analysis shows that DME, one alternative to LNG as transportation fuel, is more economical for longer distances between the natural-gas source and the consumer. LNG requires a costly tanker and receiving terminal. The break-even distance is around 5,000 - 7,000 km and varies depending on the transported volume. There is risk, however, since there has never been a DME plant the size of an LNG-equivalent plant [6 million metric tons/year (mty)].]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/477455</guid>
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      <title>LNG DEMAND, SHIPPING WILL EXPAND THROUGH 2010</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study by U.S.-based Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, Illinois, reveals that LNG imports worldwide have climbed nearly 8 percent/year since 1980 and account for 25 percent of all natural gas traded internationally. In the mid-1970s, the share was only 5 percent. By 2015, says the IGT study, natural-gas use would surpass coal as the world's second most widely used fuel, after petroleum. Much of this growth will occur in the developing countries of Asia where gas use, before the current economic crisis began, was projected to grow 8 percent/year through 2015.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475724</guid>
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      <title>LNG SHIPPING IN THE EIGHTIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two trends discernable today suggest that LNG could be one of the most dynamic sectors of the shipping market during the 1980s.  Firstly, the availability of crude oil is becoming increasingly limited and oil importers appear likely to turn to other marginal sources of primary energy, with supply availability being a more important consideration than cost.  Secondly, oil exporting countries are becoming increasingly reluctant to flare associated gas, implying that LNG availability could increase substantially. These factors could generate boom conditions for LNG shipping, but proponents of LNG have been predicting a dramatic upsurge in trade for some time past.  This upsurge has not yet materialised.  Rather than accepting that the boom is now upon us, it is necessary to compare and contrast the possible future demand for and the supply of LNG ships.  Study 82 will estimate the likely future demand for LNG carriers by means of a project-by-project, route-by-route analysis of planned and potential LNG projects.  The level of shipping demand likely to be generated by the indicated trades will then be contrasted to the existing and scheduled supply of LNG carriers to highlight possible market imbalances and to identify the date of market equilibrium under various demand assumptions. As well as serving as a reference document, this report will provide an independent assessment of the growth prospects for LNG shipping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165485</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE RECENT SCHEME OF LNG RECEIVING TERMINALS IN JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Japan, introduction of LNG was started in 1969 from Alaska with an annual quantity of 960,000 tons in cooperation between the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. and the Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.  After then, many LNG import projects followed this.  As a result, seven (7) LNG terminals have been established in Japan up to the present, and total receiving quantity amounts to 14 million tons/year as of 1979.  In addition, according to the Government's "Temporary Prospect of Long Term Energy Demand," another introduction of LNG is scheduled with a quantity of 29 million tons for 1985 and 45 million tons for 1990, and thus, the relative importance of LNG is expected to be further increased.  As the background of the above prospect, there are plans, which are showing steady progress toward realization, to introduce LNG in the future from Indonesia (additional supply), Malaysia, Australia, Quatar, the Soviet Union, etc.  In order to cope with such projects, some LNG receiving terminals are under construction in Japan.  This report will describe the basic consideration of the Sodegaura Terminal Expansion Project of the Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. and will briefly introduce the Ogishima Terminal Establishment Project of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. the Senboku Terminal II Expansion Project of the Osaka Gas Co., Ltd., and the Himeji Terminal Expansion Project of the Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. and the Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165517</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>INTERNATIONAL LNG TRADE LOOKS TO EUROPE FOR FUTURE GROWTH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/152590</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article reviews LNG-projects in operation together with probable, possible and under construction projects.  The period considered is up to 1990.  Future LNG-import projects of United States, Western Europe and Japan are dealt with.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/152590</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIPPING OF LNG AND OTHER GASES -- TWENTY YEARS OF STEADY PROGRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/145302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shipment of petroleum based gases by sea has grown steadily over the last twenty years.  This has been due in part to the worldwide expansion in demand for clean and convenient-to-use fuels, in part to the demand for feedstocks for the petrochemical industry, but not least, perhaps, it has been due to great improvement in the design and analysis techniques available to the engineer.  The intention of this paper has been to provide a view of the development of gas transport by sea, with a few facts and figures on the designs of the ships themselves, the projects upon which they are employed and some of the technical problems which have had to be overcome.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/145302</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ALTERNATIVES TO LNG IN THE UNITED STATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[United States energy supply and demand is reviewed.  The various forms of energy which will make up the supply in the future and the technologies needed are discussed, such as the generation of electricity and gas from coal, nuclear energy, oil shale and tar sands, geothermal and solar energy.  Hydrogen utilization, fuel cells, magnetohydrodynamic power plants and waste conversion are also dealt with.  Water supply and price considerations are discussed, and President Carter's energy proposals are briefly commented on.  The report concludes that there are no satisfactory short-term solutions to LNG-imports.  Order from NSFI as No. 14805.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE FUTURE MARKET FOR LNG IN THE UNITED STATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The average cost of fuel oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear fuel delivered to steam electric generating plants in the United States is shown.  Prognoses for United States energy supply and demand are given, and the role of domestic and imported natural gas is dealt with in some detail.  LNG will begin to increase in importance as projects now under construction go into operation in 1977-78 and beyond, but natural gas will only account for 8-10%, and LNG for only 1.5-2% of the total energy consumption in 1985.  Order from NSFI as No. 14808.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SURVEY OF LNG TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS IN THE U.S.A.--1974 TO BEYOND 2000</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A comprehensive analysis of near and long term research needs has been conducted by the U.S. Gas Industry covering operational areas of Production and Exploration, Synthetic Supply, Transmission, Distribution, Utilization and LNG. Identifiable research needs are reported for the area of LNG encompassing time frames of: 1974-1978 (In detail, year by year); 1979-1985 (In 5 year period); 1986-2000 (As specific as possible); Beyond 2000 (As believed necessary).  A year by year examination of LNG research priorities for the first five years are considered vital to overcome the potential suppression of growth in the LNG industry that could result from lack of available technology.  Assessments of technical LNG needs beyond 1978 cannot, of course, be too well defined and must be examined annually for purposes of updating.  The National Bureau of Standards  Cryogenics Division has become the governmental focal point for LNG research.  A survey of NBS LNG research and how these relate to the future technological growth of the LNG industry are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WORLD LNG TRADE: PRESENT STATUS AND LONG TERM PROSPECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/74970</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the present status and long term prospects for the international sea-borne LNG trade.  It concentrates on the United States, Western Europe and Japan, and discusses possible supply sources to meet the prospective demand in these markets.  Apart from supply and demand, two other subjects were selected for discussion. The first is prices and related pricing considerations, and the second, the availability of and requirement for LNG ships in the period up to 1990.  World gas reserves and consumption are also covered, and estimated figures for 1976 are cited.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/74970</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SITUATION ON THE LNG TANKER MARKET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/61123</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present as well as future demand for LNG tankers basically depends on the needs for natural gas, which will increasingly have to be met by LNG imports, and also on the distance between the points of production and consumption. The author does not consider short and medium-term prospects for the LNG tanker market as good but sees an upsurge in LNG shipments by tanker in the long run that will be further strengthened by larger shipping distances.  The current long-term contracts for overseas LNG shipments are surveyed, and a breakdown of the existing and contracted LNG tanker fleet by single building countries is given for 1976 and 1977.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/61123</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROSPECTS FOR SHIPPING OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Discussion of energy demand, policy, market for natural gas, LNG ship requirements and LNG shipping projects by U.S., Japan and Western Europe is related to worldwide supply and demand.  Projections are made of LNG operations growth and technological demands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/47482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GASTECH 75 PROCEEDINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/33786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Proceedings include the EEC view of the development of the gas industry within the community; Japan's energy needs--the role of Japan's business and technology in gas importation projects--an overview of current and probable future developments; the contract of LNG transport-the legal analysis; LNG tanker terotechnology as applied to design, maintenance and operation with points on practical conclusions; the market for LNG carriers; developments of the Technigaz integrated tank system for methane carriers; optimum methods of operation for LNG carriers, examining the major containment systems designs; the IMCO code for gas tankers--a review of the finalized code; the safety of gas carriers with particular reference to the I.C.S. Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gas), movement control and personnel training; new regulations for liquefied gas carriers; LNG ship operations Northwest Pacific from October 1969 to present; the importance of the human element in the transportation of liquefied gas; gas carriers--some constructional and practical considerations; Bureau Veritas and gas carriers; rules and future developments; structural analysis and design principles; free and forced vibrations on gas carriers; storage of liquefied gas in mined caverns; an updated report on the Prico (TM) process for LNG plants; measurement of density in custody transfer systems; cargo instrumentation and control system for a floating LPG terminal; transfer equipment for low-temperature liquid media; LNG leak detection systems; developments in dual-fired steam-raising plant for LNG carriers and submerged-arc welded 9% Ni steel large diameter pipe for LNG transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/33786</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOGISTICS AND COSTS IN LNG OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review with 14 references covers the development of LNG will increase toward the higher prices negotiated for gas landed in the U.S.; base-load application of LNG in Japan, the first base-load project scheduled for the U.S. in 1974, and the likelihood of more base-load applications; LNG technology; LNG tanker development; and the probability that tanker costs would account for half of the funds needed to establish any Australian LNG operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VIABILITY OF LNG SCHEMES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/16141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper sets out first to assess the growth of energy consumption in the medium term with particular attention to residential and industrial complexes suitable for waterborne imports.  Reference is made to LNG's qualities that encourage import schemes in comparsion with the development of indigenous energy sources.  This compaison is intended to set a value on such imports and to estimate the comparable capital investment likely to be required to meet shortfalls in indigenous supplies from indigenous sources or from the import of materials other than LNG.  The paper goes on to discuss the growing dependence of net importers on imports and the interest that both they and host governments the opening part of the paper lead to a comparison of the returns likely to be achieved in schemes of this nature and their relations to the alternatives open to importers. Methods are indicated by which overall costs can be reduced and so distributed as to ensure satisfactory condition for both exporter and importer. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/16141</guid>
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