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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>MODERNISING THE LEANDER CLASS FRIGATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes the main features of the modernisation of the Leander Class frigates and outlines some of the planning procedures and production processes used in the Ministry of Defence (Navy) and the Royal Dockyards to meet the overall program.  It discusses the problems encountered during the refits and concludes that as in most highly complex projects, thorough advance planning must be carried out, adequate labor of the correct trade balance must be made available, good control and co-ordination exercised, and an enthusiasm engendered for the project with managerial staff and industrial workforce working together as an effective team.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154147</guid>
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      <title>UNDERWATER SHIP HULL INSPECTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154048</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Navy managers need accurate information in order to make cost effective decisions.  In the case of ship hull repair or maintenance decisions, this information can often be obtained through Nondestructive Examination (NDE) of the hull.  Newly developed NDE hardware and techniques now permit many inspections to be performed on waterborne ships, thus avoiding the cost and/or necessity of dry-docking for inspection.  These underwater inspections are also used to forecast accurately hull work requirements for upcoming planned overhauls, to plan and to evaluate underwater repair work, and to monitor the status of known defects in hull structures.  Underwater NDE techniques being developed at the Naval Coastal Systems Center (NCSC) under Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) sponsorship include stereophotography, magnetic particle inspection, ultrasonic thickness gaging and flaw detection, and electromagnetic weld inspection.  Individual techniques are currently in various stages of qualification as Navy approved procedures. Throughout the development process at NCSC, field work on Navy ship hulls has been undertaken in order to assure the techniques' operational effectiveness, accuracy, reliability, and utility to Navy managers.  Thus, a substantial body of real world data exists.  This paper describes procedures which are being qualified, techniques under development, and cites examples of inspections performed on waterborne ships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154048</guid>
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      <title>THE NAVY OVERHAUL POLICY--A COSTLY MEANS OF INSURING READINESS FOR SUPPORT SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/149280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Major differences between Navy and commercial maintenance costs result from contrasts in missions as well as in maintenance philosophies and practices.  To keep its ships combat ready, the Navy has adopted an overhaul policy which requires regularly scheduled overhaul of support and combat ships.  Further, repairs are sometimes made to equipment which is operating satisfactorily.  This is justified on the basis that they may improve its reliability.  In summary, the Navy may well be spending a great deal for a small increase in reliability.  In contrast, commercial firms perform only a minimal amount of scheduled maintenance. This practice allows for a prudent-risk and is geared toward being profit oriented.  Consequently, they accept a small risk and only repair as needed instead of performing comprehensive overhauls that may increase reliability. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/149280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MACHINERY VIBRATION ANALYSIS AS A PLANNING TOOL FOR SHIPS IN A FIVE YEAR MAINTENANCE LIFE CYCLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/152574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Machinery Vibration Analysis as a preoverhaul test is described.  Vibration acceptance criteria are discussed, and test results with different criteria are examined. Vibration analysis predictions are compared with material condition findings.  Finally, maintenance planning practices with Machinery Vibration Analysis are reviewed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/152574</guid>
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      <title>MANAGING THE SHIPYARD PROCESS--KEY TO SUCCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/146904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a basic management plan which controls the Naval Shipyard repair and modernization process.  Goals, milestones, policies, and ancillary support can be properly orientated by correctly defining this system.  The entire process can and must be optimized, but maximizing any particular part without regarding the total will lead to trouble.  In the course of optimization, changes and modifications must be made to present ongoing operations. These required changes will remain hidden and obscured in tradition and emotionalism if not measured against goals. This paper suggests a method of developing a successful process and discusses management methods to assure its success after its development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/146904</guid>
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      <title>ACOUSTICAL VALVE LEAK DETECTOR FOR FLUID SYSTEM MAINTENANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A portable, passive, non-destructive, non-intrusive instrument is currently in use by the U.S. Navy to detect fluid leakage through shipboard steam, water, hydraulic, and high-pressure air valves.  The Acoustic Valve Leak Detector (AVLD) was developed by the David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC)under the financial sponsorship and technical direction of the Nuclear Powered Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) Ship Systems Maintenance Monitoring and Support Office (SMMSO) of the Naval Ship Engineering Center.  The instrument is used to identify more precisely internal leakage points which may require opening and visual inspection of submarine piping systems.  "Open-and-inspect" routines generate both risk of system damage and high manhour expenditure.  The degree to which such procedures are necessary to achieve confidence in the material condition of systems is dependent on the availability and performance of non-intrusive test equipment which can detect and assess the nature and degree of malfunctions.  The development, design, operations, limitations, and successful applications of the existing AVLD are described.  The AVLD is currently being used for troubleshooting, for overhaul planning, and in a systematic preventive maintenance program for seawater valves.  Plans for future development and progress achieved in current work are described.  The AVLD listens for the ultrasonic acoustic emissions characteristic of internal valve leakage and uses transducers attached temporarily to the valve or adjacent piping.  The background spectra of structureborne noise can be subtracted automatically by the AVLD when a second transducer is attached to the piping system at a point far enough away from the valve in question that it picks up no leakage noise.  Since the transducers are attached to the outside of the valves, the time and expense of dismantling the valves or of removing them from the systems are avoided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86944</guid>
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      <title>METHODS IMPROVEMENT--CORNERSTONE FOR FUTURE SHIPYARD PRODUCTIVITY GAINS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ship overhaul and repair business in the United States today has changed very little in most of this nation's shipyards, both public and private.  This paper is devoted to U.S. Naval Shipyards.  It addresses the real probabilities that, while many management techniques in recent years have helped to lower costs, improved methods and modernized processes could greatly assist in this effort.  The role of Industrial Engineers and Production Engineers is addressed in regard to past and future roles as they relate to methods improvement.  The need for a NAVSEA program to modernize is addressed.  Some specific examples of methods improvement are given including a Numerically Controlled Pipe and Tube Bender, an Automatic Tool Control System, Portable Boring Bars for valves, a Hydroblast Unit to clean the insides of shipboard firemain systems, and a Numerically Controlled easily programmable, Gildemeister Turning Machine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SHIP REPAIR MARKET ASSESSMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/82292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The changing industrial environment in ship repair--not only in the U.S. but worldwide--has been influencing the shape and size of the U.S. industry.  The report is an attempt to review the industrial situation over the last decade to better assess the character of the industry at the present time.  It also forecast the potential market for the industry in the next decade and offers some recommendations which would lead to a stronger ship repair environment in the future.  The report is oriented more toward market analysis than it is toward describing the mere workings of the industry.  Subjects such as facilities utilization, employment, productive efficiency, etc. are covered only as they bear on an understanding of the world and domestic markets for ship repair companies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/82292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>M/T TOEI-MARU'S THREE YEARS OPERATION WITHOUT OVERHAULING ANY PISTON OF THE MAIN ENGINE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main items of engine overhaul are concerned with pistons and main bearings and since the usual duration of the dry-dock period for hull overhaul is sufficient for only half the pistons to be examined and repaired, efforts are being made in Japan to achieve a four-year interval between major engine overhauls, which are preferably carried out in dry dock.  Tests with this objective have been in progress since 1973 on a Mitsui B & W 6K84EF engine rated (m.c.r.) at 15,500 bhp at 114 rpm, installed in the 36,000-dwt tanker Toei-Maru.  Because bearing failures have been virtually eliminated since the adoption of the overlaid crosshead bearing as standard, the tests have been confined mainly to measurements of cylinder and piston-ring wear.  The former has been considerably reduced by substituting "Takalloy"--a boron cast iron--for the more commonly used titanium-vanadium cast iron for the cylinder-liner material. Takalloy is now used as standard in all Mitsui B & W engines.  After three years of operation the wear rates of cylinder liners and piston rings were, respectively, 0.02 to 0.93 mm and 0.05 to 0.15 mm per 1000 hours.  These satisfactory results were achieved by careful attention to the fuel-cleaning and cooling-water systems, and the type and purification of the lubricating oil; the methods adopted and the desirable objectives of each are described. Order from BSRA as No. 49,465.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Mar 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LONG RANGE PLANNING SYSTEM/WORKLOAD GRAPH INTERFACE PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes a mini-system of four computer programs which form the interface between two existing systems of the Naval Sea Systems Command. The mini-system provides a means of producing workload summary graphs from the shipyard overhaul schedule of the Long Range Planning System. The programs are written in FORTRAN IV and are capable of running on either the IBM 360/370 or the CDC 6000 series computers. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/77904</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LUBRICATION EFFICIENCY AS MEANS OF REDUCING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Operational experience with three tankers powered by two-stroke diesel engines is reported.  It was found that the vessels (two with the uniflow scavenging system, one with a loop scavenging system) could be operated from two to four years without overhauling the pistons.  Low wear rates and satisfactory cleanliness of major parts were observed as a result of special cylinder and main engine lubricating oils.  Order from NSFI as No. 14913.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76091</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE FUTURE OF PROPULSION SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR. DIESEL MANUFACTURER'S VIEWPOINT. CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY VIEWPOINT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first paper discusses maintenance problems and solutions to them, and presents the "man-complex" maintenance system. Extractions from a questionnaire to shipowners are included. The second paper discusses the attitude of the classification societies to the possibility of extending the period between ship overhaul and inspection.  Order from NSFI as No. 14986.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF PREVENTIVE SURVEYS OF SHIP MACHINERY IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN OVERHAULS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/79345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The importance of preventive surveys between overhauls is stressed, because prevention is generally cheaper than cure. At the same time, too frequent (and unnecessary) prophylactic work should be avoided, since it is not only tiresome for the crew, but may also adversely affect the machinery items to which it is applied.  From considerations of reliability theory the Author drives a general formula for determining the optimum number of preventive surveys ensuring maximum operating reliability.  He regards this analytical approach as a necessary basis for further, work, where the formula is related to and verified by operating practice.  It is also pointed out that the formula does not take into account the idle time for items which are sound but unused, because their services are not required.  The assumption of zero idle time is considered justified by the underlying assumption that the machinery will be used profitably, i.e. that capital amortisation will occur as planned.  In these conditions idle time may be neglected. Order from BSRA as No. 49,067.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/79345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PREDICTING OVERHAUL COSTS IN PUBLIC SHIPYARDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Historical cost control data are reviewed in a non-dimensional basis and a method is developed for fixed pricing large, high-risk overhauls in public shipyards. This method is then applied as a control measure to monitor the projection of end cost.  Recommendations are given which could improve the Shipyard Management Information System (MIS) and the shipyard's ability to utilize information contained in this system.  By using the fundamental concepts presented in this paper as an educational tool, funds administrators can further develop the cost prediction, analysis and control processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 May 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANALYSIS OF THE BENEFITS OBTAINED USING THE NAVSHIPS CABLING/WIRING (WIRES) COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SHIP OVERHAUL PROJECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper covers the benefits both tangible and intangible obtained from the use of a portion of the Computer-Aided Ships Electrical Cabling/Wiring System (or more conveniently, WIRES computer program) for ship overhaul and conversion work.  The WIRES program was used to generate directly issuable production drawings that were compatible with design standards in effect.  The paper covers in limited detail the benefits and corresponding dollar cost savings.  In order to more fully cover the subject the paper begins with a discussion of those benefits returned during the design phase of the four projects involved.  Examination is then focused on the benefits to management, the production shops, and finally on the possibility of additional uses to which an input deck may be put after its initial purpose has been fulfilled.  The paper closes with a set of seven definite conclusions that may be drawn from this examination of the use of the WIRES computer program for ship overhaul and repair projects.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Nov 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1942</guid>
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