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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling Sulfate Attack in Modern Concrete for Building Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corresponding data set for Tran-SET Project No. 17CTAM01. Abstract of the final report is stated below for reference:  "External sulfate attack is a complex phenomenon and is manifested in the form of large expansion, cracking, and spalling depending on the exposure solution and material constituent properties. Several models were developed in the past to demonstrate sulfate attack mechanisms that account for the diffusion of sulfate ions into the porous concrete and the successive deformation triggered by the chemical reaction and precipitation of expansive agents. However, none of these models accounts for the effect of the migration of solvent water from the low solute concentration solution to high solute concentration solution driven by the osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is believed to cause spalling and cracking of concrete substrates coated with semipermeable membrane that prohibits diffusion of ions from the surroundings into the porous body. In order to determine the effect of osmotic pressure on the deformation of concrete exposed to sulfate solution, a coupled poromechanical model has been developed. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to investigate the effect of material constituent properties and exposure solution on the osmotic pressure induced damage propensity of concrete. It has been found that concrete surface can exhibit high instantaneous tensile stress developed by the gradient in the salt concentration between the pore solution and external surroundings."]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2021 15:21:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862617</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Salinity-Based Osmotic Suction on the Shear Strength of a Compacted Clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As most previous studies have neglected the positive influence of salinity (osmotic suction) on most coastal soils in Australia, the design of transport infrastructure involving these soils has often been overly conservative. In this study, a laboratory approach based on direct shear testing was explained to determine the stress–strain behavior of compacted coastal silty clay (CL) at different levels of osmotic suction generated by various salinity (NaCl) concentrations. A broad data set for a total of 147 direct shear tests conducted on remolded and recompacted test specimens at seven different initial matric suction conditions was analyzed to develop a semiempirical model that captures the effect of osmotic suction on the soil shear strength. The results suggested that the greater the initial matric suction, the more pronounced the role of osmotic suction. The proposed semiempirical model was governed by an electrical conductivity relationship with the osmotic suction generated by soil salinity. A new parameter x₂ was introduced to quantify the role of soil salinity in the apparent soil shear strength corresponding to different levels of osmotic suction. When this novel relationship was coupled with the conventional matric suction theory, the overall unsaturated shear strength of a saline soil could be properly evaluated, as proven by the close proximity of the predictions to the measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Feb 2021 09:50:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Sulfate Attack in Modern Concrete for Building Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[External sulfate attack is a complex phenomenon and is manifested in the form of large expansion, cracking, and spalling depending on the exposure solution and material constituent properties. Several models were developed in the past to demonstrate sulfate attack mechanisms that account for the diffusion of sulfate ions into the porous concrete and the successive deformation triggered by the chemical reaction and precipitation of expansive agents. However, none of these models accounts for the effect of the migration of solvent water from the low solute concentration solution to high solute concentration solution driven by the osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is believed to cause spalling and cracking of concrete substrates coated with semipermeable membrane that prohibits diffusion of ions from the surroundings into the porous body. In order to determine the effect of osmotic pressure on the deformation of concrete exposed to sulfate solution, a coupled poromechanical model has been developed. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to investigate the effect of material constituent properties and exposure solution on the osmotic pressure induced damage propensity of concrete. It has been found that concrete surface can exhibit high instantaneous tensile stress developed by the gradient in the salt concentration between the pore solution and external surroundings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2019 10:42:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring a Chemo-Mechanical Approach to Understand the Expansive Behavior of Sulfate Bearing Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainability of transportation infrastructure is influenced by how construction and geological materials respond to varying environmental conditions. A number of recent construction projects in Ohio have experienced significant sulfate induced heaving in cement stabilized soils. The involved mechanisms have been linked to the formation of ettringite as well as osmosis induced swelling. This paper presents a chemo-mechanical approach to better understand the expansive behavior of stabilized sulfate bearing soils. The interplay between different mechanisms is examined in numerical simulations based on recently reported experimental results. The simulation results show that ettringite formation and osmosis swelling can play comparable roles in the heaving process. The kinetics of osmosis is also explored and the modelling results are consistent with the experimental observations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2015 09:13:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study of the Electro-Osmosis Consolidation of Soft Clay under Anode Follow-Up</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electro-osmotic consolidation is an effective method for soft ground improvement. A novel technique, called "anode follow-up for electro-osmotic consolidation of soft clay", is proposed. A series of electro-osmotic consolidation experiments with different anode follow-up programs were carried out to investigate the influence of anode follow-up to electro-osmotic consolidation. In the electro-osmotic process, the electric current, shear strength, volume of drained flow, water content, and soil conductivity were monitored. Test results show that anode follow-up can promote the effectiveness of electro-osmotic consolidation and reduce the resistance of anodic region obviously in the circuit. The effect is the best when anode follow-up is applied for the first time. When the current density is relatively low, anode follow-up will promote the electro-osmotic process. Soil conductivity decreases in cathodic region is due to the electro-chemical reaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2014 09:44:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310132</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSOLIDATION OF CLAYEY SOIL BY MEANS OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1081990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AUTHOR RECALLS THE NEED FOR THE IN-SITU STABILIZATION OF SOIL WITH UNSATISFACTORY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. IF THE SOIL IS SUFFICIENTLY PERMEABLE,  INJECTION CAN BE USED, E.G. FILLING THE VOIDS WITH A HIGH-STRENGTH GROUT. WHEN THE SOIL IS NEARLY IMPERMEABLE (CLAY, SILT, MUD) THIS PROCESS CANNOT BE USED; ONE OF THE BEST TREATMENTS FOR THIS TYPE OF SOIL IS ELECTRO- OSMOSIS. UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A CONTINUOUS ELECTRIC FIELD, THE WATER IN THE SOIL MIGRATES FROM THE POSITIVE TO THE NEGATIVE POLE. BY TRANSFORMING THE NEGATIVE POLES INTO DRAINING POREHOLES, PART OF THE WATER CAN BE ELIMINATED, AND THE SOIL IS CONSOLIDATED. USING THIS MOVEMENT OF WATER, IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE SUITABLY SELECTED SALINE SOLUTIONS MIGRATING THROUGH THE SOIL THUS ENSURING CONSOLIDATION BY IONIC PERMUTATION. CONTRARY TO THE FORMER, THIS CONSOLIDATION TECHNIQUE DOES NOT INVOLVE SETTLEMENT. ALTHOUGH THEORETICAL LAWS GOVERNING THESE MOVEMENTS WERE WELL KNOWN, THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS WERE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, AND THE TECHNIQUE HAD HARDLY EMERGED FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL STAGE. NOW, A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THESE PRACTICAL ASPECTS LEADS TO A REDUCTION IN COSTS AND POSSIBLY, A RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF THIS METHOD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 18:57:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1081990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF FROST ON FINE SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AUTHOR REVIEWS THE RESEARCH CARRIED OUT SINCE 1963 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF FROST ON ROADS. MENTION IS MADE OF RESULTS OBTAINED ON THE THERMOMIGRATION OF SALTS AND COLLOIDS AND ON STRUCTURE MODIFICATIONS OBSERVED IN SOIL DURING FROST. THIS ARTICLE IS DIRECTED MORE  TOWARDS GEOLOGICAL THAN TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS. THIS ARTICLE IS IN FRENCH]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:41:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A HYPOTHESIS ON MECHANISM OF CREEP OF FRESH CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1074872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FOUR MECHANISMS ARE PROPOSED FOR EXPLAINING THE PROCESS WHICH OCCURS WHEN  CEMENT PASTE IS MATURING UNDER LOAD: (1) EFFECTS OF OSMOTIC PRESSURES, (2) CREEP DUE TO DRYING, (3) FORMATION OF A LAYER OF GEL CONSECUTIVE TO THE  HYDRATION OF CEMENT PARTICLES, AND (4) DEPOSIT OF A NEW LAYER OF GEL AFTER REMOVAL OF THE LOAD. IT CAN BE ADMITTED THAT OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE RATE OF HYDRATION; IT SEEMS TO BE PRESENT AS LONG AS HYDRATION LASTS. BUT THE OTHER MECHANISMS ARE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY (1) THE RATE  OF HYDRATION, WHICH DETERMINES THE RATE OF HOMOGENEOUS SHRINKAGE, THE RATE AT WHICH THE SUPPORT GIVEN BY THE RELATIVELY RIGID CEMENT PARTICLES TO THE CEMENT GEL DECREASES; AND (2) THE PROPORTION OF GEL DEPOSITED AFTER REMOVAL OF THE LOAD. IT IS TO BE EXPECTED THAT THE EFFECTS OF THE LAST THREE  MECHANISMS DIMINISH VERY SOON, AS THE RATE OF HYDRATION DEPENDS ON THE AGE OF CONCRETE. THE CREEP OF FRESH CONCRETE MUST THUS REDUCE THE STRUCTURAL FORMATION AS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SHOW.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 14:47:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1074872</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOIL MECHANICS: VOLUME 3: FLOW OF WATER IN SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1060241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A STUDY IS PRESENTED OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE FLOW  OF WATER IN SOIL.  A SPECIAL CHAPTER IS DEVOTED TO EARTH DAMS AND DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS (DUPUIT, SCHAFFERNAK, VAN ITERSON, CASAGRANDE, KOZENY). NEW ANALOGICAL TECHNIQUES ARE OUTLINED, TOGETHER WITH THE PROBLEMS OF THE DRAINAGE OF ROADS AND RUNWAYS; PUMPING WELLS AND FILLS ARE DEALT WITH, AS IS THE THEORY OF TENSILE CRACKING WHICH CONCERNS THE STRESSES GENERATED IN A SATURATED CLAY MASS BY SURFACE EVAPORATION, CHANGES IN MOISTURE CONTENT, AND FORMATION OF CRACKS DUE TO ELECTRO-OSMOSIS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1060241</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GENERAL TECHNIQUE FOR LOWERING THE WATER TABLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE TECHNIQUE OF FILTER NEEDLES USED IN FRANCE FOR APPROXIMATELY FIFTY YEARS IS DESCRIBED.  IT FACILITATES THE DRYING OF SOILS OF LOW PERMEABILITY,  IT IS THE ONLY USABLE SYSTEM WHERE THE NON-PERMEABLE SOIL LIES AT A SHALLOW DEPTH UNDER THE FLOOR OF THE EXCAVATION TO BE DRAINED, AND IT IS LESS COSTLY THAN FILTER WELLS WHEN BOTH SYSTEMS ARE APPLICABLE.  THE SYSTEM IS CAPABLE OF LOWERING THE WATER TABLE BY 5 M TO 6 M ONLY.  THE VARIOUS TECHNICAL PROCEDURES WHICH MUST BE USED DEPENDING ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE MATERIAL OF THE WATER TABLE ARE OUTLINED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:25:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMMISSION III. DOCUMENT NO 39: THE SOIL-WATER SYSTEM. MECHANISM OF THE RETENTION OF THE LIQUID PHASE BY SOLID PHASE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS STUDY EXPLAINS THE NATURE OF THE DIFFERENT PHENOMENA OF WATER RETENTION BY THE SOIL AND IDENTIFIES THESE PROCESSES BY MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL CURVES GIVING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE SOIL, THE  RELATIVE MOISTURE CONTENT EQUILIBRIUM, AND THE VARIATION IN VOLUME OF THE SYSTEM.  THE AUTHOR INTERPRETS THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN PHYSICAL CONSTANTS BY MEANS OF THESE CONCEPTS.  A SEMI-QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION FOR THE OSMOTIC ACTIVITY OF CLAY SOILS IS PROPOSED.  FOR THE COVERING ABSTRACT, SEE IRRD ABSTRACT NO 106370, SEE ALSO IRRD ABSTRACTS NOS 106372 AND 106398-417.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 04:19:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHODS OF IMPROVING THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOFT CLAY. STATE OF THE ART</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1049470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFT CLAY, BANGKOK, THAILAND, 5-6 JULY 1977.  THEME: METHODS OF IMPROVING THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT CLAY.  AT THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STAGE OF STRUCTURES ON SOFT SOIL OR WHEN ENCOUNTERING DISORDERS ON SITE, IT IS IMPORTANT  TO KNOW WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF THIS TYPE OF  SOIL, AND IF SO HOW AND HOW MUCH.  THIS REPORT REVIEWS THE SOLUTIONS TO THESE PROBLEMS AND EXAMINES EXISTING METHODS: PRECOMPRESSION LOADING, VERTICAL DRAINS, INTENSIVE TAMPING, STONE COLUMNS, ELECTRO-OSMOSIS, THERMAL TREATMENT, CHEMICAL TREATMENT. FOR EACH METHOD POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS ARE MENTIONED TOGETHER WITH CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND DESIGN METHODS.  CASE HISTORIES ARE APPENDED AS ILLUSTRATIONS.  FOR THE COVERING ABSTRACT, SEE IRRD ABSTRACT NO 107555; SEE ALSO IRRD 243851.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:15:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1049470</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On Equations for the Total Suction and its Matric and Osmotic Components</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/876630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A clear fundamental understanding of suctions is crucial for the study of the behavior of plastic cement mortar and concrete, including plastic shrinkage cracking. In this paper, the expression relating the change in free energy of the pore water with an isothermal change in pressure is first derived. Based upon definitions of suctions, it is then shown that total, matric, and osmotic suctions can all be expressed in the same thermodynamic form. The widely accepted, but not yet satisfactorily validated, assumption that the total suction comprises matric and osmotic components is then confirmed theoretically. The well-known Kelvin equation for matric suction, and Morse and van't Hoff equations for osmotic suction are subsequently derived from the corresponding thermodynamic equations. The applicability of latter 2 equations in evaluating the osmotic suctions of cement mortar and concrete is highlighted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2008 12:32:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/876630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Case Studies in Transient Pressure Monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/840288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Damage to pressure pipelines is often attributed to the occurrence of pressure transients and water hammer events, however the corroborating evidence is usually missing due to the impracticality of testing and detecting the occurrence of these events, particularly the water hammer events that accompany cavitations in the pipeline. Water hammer events are difficult to detect because they may occur without warning and have durations of less than 1/20th of a second. Recent innovations in digital technology have facilitated the development of a system capable of monitoring pipeline pressures in such a way that these most unexpected, short-duration events can be detected and accurately recorded. The paper discusses results of installations of this technology on water transmission lines, liquid petroleum pipeline booster stations, a reverse osmosis plant, water distribution lines, a wastewater treatment plant and a fire suppression sprinkler system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2007 11:31:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/840288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cypress Creek Transmission Main – Last Major Link in Tampa Bay
Water’s Regional Pipeline System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/841459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tampa Bay Water is Florida’s largest wholesale supplier of drinking water. In 1998 the West Coast Regional Water Supply Authority was restructured to become Tampa Bay Water. In that same year the agency began design on a series of new water supply projects which had been recommended in the agency’s Master Water Plan. Completion of construction of these projects in 2005 transformed Tampa Bay Water from a single source (groundwater) to a multiple source (groundwater, surface water, desalinated seawater) supplier of water. These new projects included a 66 mgd surface water plant, a 15 billion gallon capacity above ground reservoir, a 25 mgd reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant, and over 60 miles of new interconnecting pipelines (36-inch to 84-inch diameter). Tampa Bay Water’s current pipeline network now consists of almost 200 miles of pipe, 130 miles of which is large diameter (36” – 84”). This paper discusses the history of the regional pipeline system, the development of alternative pipeline material specifications and designs, the configuration and composition of the current system i.e. use of various pipeline materials, system pressures, operational flexibility, and corrosion control and monitoring systems. Switching to a blended water supply has resulted in improved water quality. However, various blends have different effects on member customers’ distribution system pipe materials. The results and recommendations from a recent research study on various pipe materials are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2007 11:31:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/841459</guid>
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