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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Low-emission MOF modified rubberized asphalt: Preparation, performance and malodorous compounds release behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rubberized asphalt (RA) has a serious problem of malodorous gas emission during production and construction, while the existing deodorizers have low adsorption efficiency and are ineffective in inhibiting odorous components. This paper establishes an odor index model based on odor threshold and component concentration, combined with principal component analysis (PCA), to identify and quantify malodorous-causing substances in VOCs emitted from RA. A chromium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-101 was synthesized to achieve efficient and directional inhibition of malodorous-causing substances. It is found that key malodorous compounds such as thiophene, dimethyl trisulfide, butyraldehyde, methacrolein, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, and alkylated benzenes were precisely traced and confirmed as major contributors to asphalt odor. In addition, the high surface area, hierarchical pore structure, and unsaturated Cr³ ⁺ sites of MIL-101 contributed to its selective adsorption capacity, which achieved an 84.77 % reduction in VOCs emissions and suppressed 61.1 % of key malodorous. Simultaneously, the rigid MIL-101 framework reinforces the asphalt matrix, improving rutting resistance by 57 % without compromising low-temperature flexibility. Considering mechanical performance, emission control, and economic feasibility, the optimal MIL-101 content was determined to be 8 ‰. This study provides a scientific basis for the use of MOF materials in VOCs suppression and odor control, offering a novel and practical strategy for sustainable rubberized asphalt pavement applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 17:02:34 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Cholinesterase Inhibition and Exposure to Organophosphate Esters in Aircraft Maintenance Workers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1745969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aircraft maintenance workers may be exposed to organophosphates in hydraulic fluid and engine oil. Previous research has indicated that inhalation may not be the primary exposure route. This study sought to measure dermal contact and inhalation in conjunction with cholinesterase inhibition and determine if Air Force Specialty Code serves as an exposure predictor. Aircraft maintenance workers were sampled for changes in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Dermal contact was measured using wrist-worn silicone passive dosimeters and inhalation exposure was measured using thermal desorption tube air sampling. Overall prevalence of any cholinesterase inhibition in the study population was 25.33%. Prevalence of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was 18.67% and 6.67%, respectively. The mean tributyl phosphate result was 1.71 ng of tributyl phosphate per gram of wristband (ng g1) [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.63, 9.05]. Triphenyl phosphate was more prevalent, with only one sample below the limit of detection (mean 1386.26 ng g1; 95% CI: 7297.78, 10,070.31), and tricresyl phosphate was found in every sample (mean 4311.65 ng g1; 95% CI: 8890.24, 17,512.31). No organophosphates were detected via air sampling. Workers experienced organophosphate exposure and cholinesterase inhibition, but the study was not large enough to establish a statistically significant association between exposure and disease. Exposure to organophosphate esters is more likely to occur through contact and absorption of chemicals through the skin than through inhalation of oil mists. Air Force Specialty Code does not appear to be a good predictor of exposure to organophosphates. Future studies should consider using a larger sample size.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2020 11:06:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1745969</guid>
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      <title>Literature Review on the Effects of Organometallic Fuel Additives in Gasoline and Diesel Fuels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[

A literature review was conducted and fuel survey data were obtained to identify the use of metallic fuel additives (MFAs) within market fuels and determine their effects on engines, exhaust systems, and vehicle performance. The primary focus was on modern vehicles equipped with on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems and advanced emissions control systems. For gasoline, this includes vehicles categorized as National Low Emission Vehicles (NLEV) and Tier 2 or beyond in the U.S., and Euro-3 through Euro-6 in the EU. For diesel, this includes engines/vehicles with original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-equipped oxidation catalysts and diesel particulate filters.
The literature search of peer-reviewed papers and other publicly available articles returned over 100 items relevant to the use of organometallic fuel additives, but did not provide significant evidence of widespread use of MFAs in either gasoline or diesel fuels. It is possible, however, that in specific cases, MFAs are added to fuels downstream of refinery blending. Recent fuel survey information confirmed that relatively few MFAs are found in market fuels, and they are generally present at quite low concentrations. Manganese was found most frequently, at concentrations as high as 66 mg Mn/L. Iron was detected less frequently and at lower levels, typically at concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 mg Fe/L. Silicon and other contaminants were frequently seen, albeit at very low levels. Evidence suggests that both manganese and iron, as well as other MFAs that are less frequently used, can contribute to deposits in combustion chambers and on exhaust components, resulting in poor performance and increased vehicle emissions. Although not in widespread use, the most common application of MFAs involves regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPF). However, this is considered an aftermarket treatment, as the MFAs are not blended directly into marketplace diesel fuels.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2018 11:21:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS SYSTEMS FOR BUOYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thirty-one premium antifouling marine coatings systems have been examined to determine their extended service life potential for steel, aluminum, and plastic buoys. Complete systems of substrate, pretreatments, primers, anticorrosive midcoats, and antifouling topcoats containing various toxicants are included in the program. Eight of the 31 systems are carried over from a previous study (Report No. CG-D-74-75 of March 21, 1975) and have been examined after 77 months of static immersion in seawater near Daytona Beach, Florida. The performance of seven systems is noteworthy, particularly that of the Vinyl-High Rosin Type 121/63 and the elastomeric sheet with organotin toxicant. Performance of the Standard Vinyl Rosin Type 121 in the specification system and over self-cured and post cured zinc silicates with a high build vinyl are slightly poorer but are still rated excellent. The remaining systems are epoxy/epoxy-coal tar and a vinyl rosin containing an organotin fluoride toxicant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69981</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>GUIDE TO IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CEMENT-BASED STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477950</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Portland cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) has been used to successfully treat a wide variety of wastes.  Some situations (because of the waste itself, the disposal scenario, and/or the regulatory requirements) require the use of additives or physical/chemical techniques to improve the effectiveness of cement-based S/S.  The problems encountered in S/S can be broadly classified into solidification problems, i.e. obtaining the required physical properties in the treated waste, and stabilization problems, i.e. adequately immobilizing the hazardous constituents of the waste.  The Guide lists additives and techniques that can be applid to specific solidification problems such as problems in development of set, compressive strength, and free liquids.  Also included are lists of additives and techniques that can be applied to immobilization of specific hazardous constituents such as lead, cadmium, and chromium, as well as classes of constituents such as volatile organics, organo-metallics and soluable salts.  The Guide lists a variety of generic additives for specific desired stabilization/solidification effects, including those that can be used to control the pH of wastes; to reduce, oxidize, and co-precipitate constitunts; and to accelerate or retard set.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/477950</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FIELD EVALUATION OF ZINC-BASED PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/454514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A variety of factors and developments in recent years has significantly affected bridge painting operations for transportation agencies.  Extensive highway and bridge construction in the 1950s and 60s has produced a large number of structures that are now in the age range of 25 to 45 years.  The structural steel on many of these existing bridges contain paint systems that are approaching, or have passed the end of their service lives, creating the need to identify appropriate remedial action for various circumstances.  The banning of lead-based paint in the 1980s has also created a need to identify new coating systems that maximize durability when applied under field conditions.  Other significant developments include the strengthening of health and environmental regulations directed at the removal of existing lead-based paint in the field.  These developments have raised the importance of painting issues within state bridge management programs.  To address these trends, the Connecticut Department of Transportation initiated an FHWA-sponsored research project to evaluate high-performance coating systems for existing steel bridges.  The following two systems were chosen for full-scale, field evaluation:  a three-coat system, containing a pure metal, zinc/aluminum alloy primer, applied by thermal spraying; and, a three-coat, all paint system, containing an organic zinc-rich primer.  These systems were applied to portions of four bridges between 1987 and 1991, and evaluated through July 1995.  This report describes the installation of the coatings, and provides service life estimates based on field evaluation data obtained to date.  This information, combined with cost data, was then used to identify appropriate applications for each system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/454514</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ORGANOTIN CHEMICALS IN HARBOR ENVIRONMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of organotin chemicals in antifouling paints is expected to increase as the new polymer-based tins provide exceptionally long protection against fouling for marine vessels. Environmental modeling studies of New York harbor and Chesapeake Bay were undertaken to determine whether the anticipated increase in use of organotins poses a risk to estuarine biota. The inputs of antifouling toxicant were estimated from vessel traffic data provided by the U.S. Coast Guard.  Environmental chemistry parameters were derived generally from previously published reports. The model results indicate that tributyltin toxicants are likely to be transported to the open ocean or decay before significant quantities accumulate in harbor waters or sediments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391481</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF TRIBUTYLTIN ANTIFOULING PAINT LEACHATES ON PEARL HARBOR ORGANISMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/393419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Site-specific bioassay studies were performed to evaluate the effects of tributyltin (TBT) antifouling paint leachates on complex communities of organisms. Test communities, composed of about 30 common fouling invertebrates attached to panels and tank surfaces, were maintained in flowthrough seawater tanks at Ford Island, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.  Organisms were exposed to five treatment levels, ranging from 0.04 to 2.5micrograms/L TBT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/393419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIPBOARD POLLUTION ABATEMENT EXPLORATORY DEVELOPMENT: REPORT OF PROGRESS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1986</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/393432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Descriptions of six pollution abatement projects are presented: assessment of the environmental impact of organotins released from antifouling paints and discharged from drydock; vacuum transport technology; oil/water separation for small craft; submarine solid waste management; and sewage treatment plant degradation of tributyltin.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/393432</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUTYLTIN COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED U.S. HARBOR SYSTEMS: A BASELINE ASSESSMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes organotin environmental concentrations collected during 15 harbor baseline surveys, and analytical results for surface water, sediment, and tissue samples. These efforts demonstrate that measurable amounts of organotin compounds are detectable, primarily near civilian, commercial or recreational boat and ship repair facilities or near mooring areas and marinas. Affected sites near vessels coated with tributyltin coatings generally showed increases in tissue and sediment sample values as well as in the water column.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394442</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANTIFOULING PAINTS, 1986</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this keynote speech, George H. Curtis, III of the Norfolk Shipbuilding and Drydock Company discusses the controversy surrounding the use of antifouling paints that contain organotin. He describes the status of the use of organotin paints at his company and speculates on future actions that the EPA or other regulatory agencies may take on the use of this product. He counsels that all parties involved should be objective and factual in evaluating possible effects of the utilization of organotin paints on workers' health and the environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SCIENCE--ENGINEERING--ADVENTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The five volumes of these proceedings are organized under the following session topics: underwater photography and sensing; marine recreation; diving; CTACTS (Charleston Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System); offshore and coastal structures; underwater welding, burning and cutting; advances in ocean mapping; wave energy; ocean thermal energy conversion; moorings; cables and connectors; remote sensing and satellites; marine minerals; acoustics analysis; database management; modeling and simulation; ocean current management; data acquisition; instrumentation; artificial reefs and fisheries; U.S. status and trends; education and technology transfer; coastal zone management; water quality; national monitoring strategies; indicator parameters/organisms; encountered data analysis; coastal and estuarine degradation; organotins; toxicity studies; environmental monitoring and modeling; advances in oceanography; applied oceanography; unmanned vehicles; ROV's (Remotely Operated Vehicles); manned vehicles; and oceanographic ships. For selected individual papers, see AN 2811-A1 to 2811-A19.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395053</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF ORGANOTINS IN ANTIFOULING PAINTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395078</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of antifouling paints to the present day is reviewed, highlighting the differences between soluble matrix, contact leaching and self-polishing systems. The key differences between the free organotin systems and the polymer bound systems are discussed, with particular reference to health and safety, release rate, and efficacy. Future developments in antifouling technology and alternatives to organotins are also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395078</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>KEEPING HULLS SMOOTH AND APPLICATION EASY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The urgency of conserving fuel and reducing maintenance costs has made the choice of a protective system and its correct application an increasingly important factor in successful ship management. The environmentalist lobby in the United States is attacking the use of tributyltin (TBT), a form of organotin that is the most effective type of toxin commonly used in advanced, copolymer-based antifouling. Because the likely outcome will be a ban on the use of TBT for pleasure craft and probably some tight controls on the leaching rates of TBT in antifoulings for commercial and naval vessels, coatings manufacturers are researching alternatives that will result in very low or no-tin foulings. Whatever antifouling type an owner opts for, the objective is always to reduce surface roughness. Developments leading to more accurate assessments of hull roughness and its effect upon fuel consumption are discussed. Service experience with various coatings currently on the market is described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE SEARCH FOR ANTIFOULANT ALTERNATIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/396893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is little doubt that the use of tributyltin (TBT)-based marine antifouling paints will be the subject of severe restrictions or may even be prohibited entirely. The alternatives available to replace TBT are reviewed, including antibiotic coatings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/396893</guid>
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