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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A modified bilinear progressive damage model for orthotropic plies in repeated impact numerical simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Woven fiber reinforced composite laminates have been widely used in the construction of various vessels. Accurately predicting the repeated impact response and damage of woven fiber reinforced composite laminates is a critical prerequisite for assessing the crashworthiness of the hull structures. This study focuses on the numerical methods for evaluating the response and damage of composite laminate structures under repeated impacts. Woven fiber reinforced composite plies are taken as the research objects. Based on the conventional bilinear progressive damage model, a new modified bilinear model incorporating residual strain is developed, and is utilized for the numerical simulations of repeated impacts. The numerical results are compared with published experimental data, demonstrating that the modified bilinear progressive damage model incorporating residual strain exhibits sufficient accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is conducted between the modified bilinear model and the conventional bilinear model without residual strain, which is currently the most widely used model in numerical simulations of impacts. The results indicate that the modified bilinear model provides a better agreement with experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679354</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of hidden welding defects and residual stress on fatigue behavior of welded joints in orthotropic steel decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2699391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are prone to weld defects leading to severe fatigue issues. Hidden cracks induced by these defects often lead to structural fatigue fracture due to their strong concealment and complex propagation mechanisms. It is essential to clarify the full-life-cycle fatigue evolution mechanism of welding defects under the action of welding residual stress (WRS). First, the thermal-mechanical method was employed to simulate the welding for obtaining the WRS distribution around the rib-to-deck (RTD) welds. Subsequently, the full-life-cycle propagation behavior and shape evolution of hidden cracks under WRS and its relaxation effect were analyzed. Finally, the influences of initial defect shape and hidden depth on propagation rate and fatigue life were investigated. The results indicate that hidden cracks with any initial shape tend to evolve into a circular form during the hidden stage and transform into flat semi-ellipses in the surface stage. WRS accelerates hidden crack propagation markedly, reducing hidden-stage life by 64%; this effect dominates when crack depth is less than 2.67 mm. Cracks with smaller initial shape ratios and shallower hidden depths are more prone to initiating to the surface. Neglecting WRS overestimates the fatigue life by 85%, while ignoring WRS relaxation underestimates it by 69%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 11:38:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2699391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Generalized Orthotropic Elasto-Plastic Material Model for Impact Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Composite materials are now beginning to provide uses hitherto reserved for metals in structural systems such as airframes and engine containment systems, wraps for repair and rehabilitation, and ballistic/blast mitigation systems. These structural systems are often subjected to impact loads and there is a pressing need for accurate prediction of deformation, damage and failure. There are numerous material models that have been developed to analyze the dynamic impact response of polymer matrix composites. However, there are key features that are missing in those models that prevent them from providing accurate predictive capabilities. In this dissertation, a general purpose orthotropic elasto-plastic computational constitutive material model has been developed to predict the response of composites subjected to high velocity impacts. The constitutive model is divided into three components – deformation model, damage model and failure model, with failure to be added at a later date. The deformation model generalizes the Tsai-Wu failure criteria and extends it using a strain-hardening-based orthotropic yield function with a non-associative flow rule. A strain equivalent formulation is utilized in the damage model that permits plastic and damage calculations to be uncoupled and captures the nonlinear unloading and local softening of the stress-strain response. A diagonal damage tensor is defined to account for the directionally dependent variation of damage. However, in composites it has been found that loading in one direction can lead to damage in multiple coordinate directions. To account for this phenomena, the terms in the damage matrix are semi-coupled such that the damage in a particular coordinate direction is a function of the stresses and plastic strains in all of the coordinate directions. The overall framework is driven by experimental tabulated temperature and rate-dependent stress-strain data as well as data that characterizes the damage matrix and failure. The developed theory has been implemented in a commercial explicit finite element analysis code, LS-DYNA®, as MAT213. Several verification and validation tests using a commonly available carbon-fiber composite, Toyobo’s T800/F3900, have been carried out and the results show that the theory and implementation are efficient, robust and accurate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 17:09:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vibration analysis of non-uniform inhomogeneous orthotropic rectangular plates elastically supported on Pasternak foundation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analysis is presented to examine the effect of bilinearly varying thickness, Pasternak foundation, material non-homogeneity and orthotropy on vibration behaviour of thin rectangular plates. The exponential variation of material constants within the plane leads to non-homogeneity in the plate along with bi-linear variations in thickness direction. The principle of energy conservation is used to deduce the governing equation of the plate and solved by a two-dimensional (2D) differential quadrature method (generalised/harmonic) to obtain the frequencies for three combinations of boundary conditions. The influence of parameters is investigated and normalised mode shapes are demonstrated. The accuracy of the proposed approach is illustrated by comparing the obtained results with the existing ones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2025 09:18:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598720</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Composite Steel-Concrete Orthotropic Decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a calculation methodology for composite steel-concrete orthotropic deck, adapted from the European design standards EN 1993-1-5, EN 1994-1-1, and EN 1994-2. The construction solutions analyzed include steel girders with a monolithic reinforced concrete slab cast over orthotropic plating, providing advantages such as increased bending and torsional stiffness, elimination of the need for bracing, and improved corrosion protection. The shear lag effect is evaluated at both serviceability (SLS) and ultimate limit states (ULS) using the models recommended by EN 1993-1-5. A case study illustrates the application of the method on a 38 m-span footbridge, where the effective plate width and the interaction between shear lag and local buckling are analyzed. Stresses due to concrete shrinkage, creep, and thermal effects are also considered. The results demonstrate that the entire plate width remains active, with negligible differences between effective and gross areas. The conclusions highlight the efficiency of the composite orthotropic solution in bridge design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study on the Fatigue Performance of the Rib-to-Deck Connection between Diaphragms of L-Rib OSDs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The issue of fatigue cracking in double-sided welded closed U-rib orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs) is a global problem that limits the service life and structural safety of steel bridges. To enhance the fatigue resistance performance of OSDs, a new type of open rib bridge deck with L ribs–apple holes in the diaphragm has been proposed. A full-scale model fatigue test was conducted on the details of the rib-to-deck connection between the diaphragms and compared with the double-sided welded closed U-rib bridge deck. A total of 4.5 million loading cycles were carried out in the test. The weld toe of the inner side of the longitudinal rib of the closed U-rib bridge deck was the first to produce fatigue cracks. The equivalent stress amplitude is 74 MPa, and the estimated fatigue life is 0.04 billion cycles. Fatigue cracks were produced in the tensile zone of the bottom of the deck under the loading points of the two models and the negative bending moment zone of the closed U-rib deck. The equivalent stress amplitude is greater than 140 MPa, and the fatigue life is greater than 0.1 billion cycles. The details of the rib-to-deck connection of the open L-rib are uncracked, and the fatigue life is more than 0.12 billion cycles. The test results show that the new open L-rib OSD exhibits excellent fatigue resistance, which is significantly better than the double-sided welded closed U-rib OSD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 16:38:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A small-sample fatigue life prediction framework for welded joints in orthotropic steel decks using data augmentation and CNN-based feature learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2597376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurately predicting the fatigue life of welded joints is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of in-service OSDs. However, effective predictions mostly depend on inspection and monitoring data, which are usually difficult to acquire. To address the issue of data scarcity and improve prediction accuracy, this study proposes a fatigue life prediction framework that integrates conditional generative adversarial networks (CGAN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The proposed approach enhances machine learning model input by enhancing data diversity through CGAN and CNN to automatically extract deep feature combinations. Four comparative machine learning models, including the gaussian process regression (GPR), the random forest (RF), the extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and the CNN-XGB, were considered to identify the optimal prediction. The testing strategies are considered by generated data training-experimental data testing (GTET) and experimental data training-experimental data testing (ETET). The numerical results show that the CNN-XGB-Gen model with the GTET framework has better performance than other machine learning models. In addition, it outperforms the existing S-N curves, achieving a prediction standard deviation of 0.021, compared to the S-N curve's standard deviation of 0.88, thereby significantly improving prediction accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2597376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stress-Strain Analysis of the Circular Orthotropic Plate Under Circumferential Loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this work is to construct and analyze the resulting solutions for a circular orthotropic plate using analytical methods that allow integrating differential equations containing discontinuous functions. Discontinuous functions are understood here as a unit function, a delta function and its derivatives. This approach makes it possible to directly integrate the differential equations of plates with discontinuous load and stiffness characteristics. This eliminates the need to cut the plate into separate elements, each of which has continuous load and stiffness characteristics. The article shows how the resolving differential equation of a circular orthotropic plate is obtained from the equilibrium equations. The case of an annular load acting on an orthotropic plate is considered and a comparison with the results obtained for an isotropic plate is made. It is concluded that the bending moments at α² < 1, that is, for the plates with radial stiffness D₁ greater than circumferential stiffness D₂, at the center, the plates turn to infinity, but at the same time, at α²> 1, that is, in the case when D₂ > D₁, bending moments vanish. Both that and the other results do not correspond to the conditions of orthotropic plates’ real work. This means that for orthotropic circular plates, Kirchhoff hypotheses are not applicable at the point r = 0. The article gives recommendations on the calculation of circular plates under the action of a load distributed over a circle, as well as reinforced by several circumferential ribs, which are introduced into the original differential equations by delta functions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Point Cloud Failure Criterion for Impact Modeling of Composite Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An orthotropic elasto-plastic damage material model (OEPDMM) suitable for impact analysis of composite materials has been developed through a joint research project funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The developed material model has been implemented into LS-DYNA®, a commercial finite element program. The material model is comprised of deformation, damage and failure sub-models. The deformation sub-model captures rate- and temperature-dependent elastic and inelastic behavior through a viscoelastic-plastic formulation. The damage sub-model accounts for reductions in elastic stiffness, while the failure sub-model predicts complete loss of load-carrying capacity, leading to element erosion. The primary objective of this dissertation is to improve the failure prediction sub-model. Traditional failure theories using analytical expressions to predict failure either in the composite or its constituents have not proven to be reliable. To overcome the predictability conundrum, a multi-scale modeling scheme based on a combination of virtual and laboratory testing is used to generate the failure surface as point cloud data points in the stress/strain space. At the microscale, the constituent components of the composite are used in modeling a representative volume element (RVE) that is subjected to multi-axial state of stress until the first failure in the RVE is detected. These discrete points are used in the developed Point Cloud Failure Criterion (PCFC). The secondary objectives of the dissertation are to enhance OEPDMM capabilities - (a) develop a new deformation sub-model, the Simplified Material Model that can be used for modeling materials exhibiting little or no elasto-plastic behavior, and (b) develop a framework for obtaining traction-separation law using inverse analysis for modeling delamination in laminated composites. Five validation tests were conducted to assess the accuracy, efficiency and versatility of available capabilities of OEPDMM. The findings from this research establish a robust foundation for future advancements in constitutive modeling of composite materials, with ongoing efforts directed toward extending PCFC to thick-shell and solid finite elements, incorporating rate and temperature-dependent failure surface, and incorporating mesh regularization techniques to further improve computational efficiency and accuracy in high-fidelity finite element simulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 11:59:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue performance and failure mechanism of root-throat crack in typical evaluation models of orthotropic steel bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the fatigue performance of root-throat failure mode and the failure mechanism of root-throat cracks are investigated for fatigue cracks observed at the weld throat of orthotropic steel bridges. Three typical evaluation models are analyzed and compared with fatigue test results, i.e., segment, sub-structure, and local welded joint models, to reveal the failure mechanism of cracks at the weld throat position. In addition, the applicability of the nodal-force evaluation method for assessing the fatigue performance of the root-throat failure mode is explored. Then the effect criteria of various factors on the root-throat failure mode are clarified. Root-throat crack is verified to occur under the specific fatigue load locations with specific weld penetration rates. Specifically, root-throat crack is more likely to initiate under conditions of low weld throat stiffness and low weld penetration rates. Furthermore, the evolution mechanism and determination criteria of the root-throat failure mode, governed by random load locations and weld penetration rates, are clarified. Finally, the concepts of critical weld penetration rate and critical failure mode criteria are proposed accordingly based on findings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:33:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization-based acoustic emission damage location in orthotropic steel decks considering complex wave paths</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) provides great potential for intelligent operation and maintenance of bridges, while accurate and efficient damage location in OSDs remains challenging due to its complex thin-walled spatial geometries. Considering the multi-solution problem induced by multiple wave propagation paths, a multi-objective optimization location model with two functional layers is presented, which includes the first objective function formulated on a traditional optimization-based method and a new objective function established on modal analysis. The hierarchical optimization strategy is introduced to obtain the unique solution of damage coordinate. Experiment on a full-scale OSD specimen demonstrated the enhanced capability of the proposed method in locating damage sources originating from both deck plate and U-rib more accurately, with a substantial reduction in mean geodesic distance errors from 123 mm and 73 mm to 49 mm over the traditional optimization-based method and the counterpart method without hierarchical optimization strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2025 11:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation of Fatigue Parameters and Life Prediction for Orthotropic Steel Deck Based on Reverse Markov Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Orthotropic steel deck (OSD) is a widely used lightweight steel structure known for its high load-bearing capacity. However, it is susceptible to cracking, particularly in locations that exhibit structural degradation. In this paper, the reverse Markov method is adopted to identify material parameters and predict the fatigue life of rib-to-rib welds with longitudinal rib-embedded segments in OSD. The structural damage is categorized into five states based on the crack depth, and its state probability distribution and state transfer probability matrix are determined by combining the crack characteristics and service life. This enables the prediction of the crack propagation process during the service life. Then the material parameters C and m can be calculated by substituting the annual crack growth into Paris’ law and combining it with the S-N curve. To illustrate the application of the method, a case study was conducted on the steel box girder of the Xihoumen Bridge. The results indicate that parameter C follows a lognormal distribution with a mean value of 1.90×10−9  MPa−3·m−1/2, while parameter m is determined as 3. Compared with the S-N curve obtained from the test, the calculated S-N curve indicates a fatigue life of approximately 43 years for the welding detail, which aligns much better with the actual performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2025 09:06:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516260</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Vehicle Model for Accommodating Fatigue Based on Axle Load Effects in Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle-induced fatigue is a primary contributor to the formation of cracks on orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs). Currently, simplified fatigue vehicle models are often employed in bridge design specification to estimate fatigue damage. However, these models are constructed based on specific spatial and temporal traffic statistics. This specificity limits the development of a standardized fatigue vehicle model that can be applied in different regions and does not accommodate the varying nature of traffic flow. In addition, the stress characteristics of the OSDs under vehicle loading are not adequately reflected in current models. In this study, an innovative method of fatigue vehicle model generalization is proposed, enabling dynamic adaptation to varying traffic conditions. By analyzing the influence surfaces of four typical segments, traffic loads are subdivided into load spectra for three types of axle groups, with equivalent weights determined by damage contribution. In this way, a comprehensive 1 + 2 + 3-axle fatigue vehicle model with three types of equivalent axle groups is constructed. Using a 2,000-m-class suspension bridge as a case study, the robustness of the model is confirmed by analyzing four sets of simulated traffic flow and influence surfaces. The generalizability of the model is verified, and the consistency of the fatigue models is achieved in different traffic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 15:11:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487848</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving the Manufacturability of Extended Cut-Out Rib-to-Floor Beam Connections for Orthotropic Steel Decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During a full-scale fatigue test program at Lehigh University performed in 2018, the fatigue performance of a prototype orthotropic steel deck (OSD) with extended cut-out (EC) rib-to-floor beam (RFB) connections with partial joint penetration (PJP) welds and reinforcing fillet welds which wrap-around at the weld termination was investigated. The full-scale prototype OSD test specimen featured EC RFB connections without internal stiffeners which greatly improves the overall manufacturability of the OSD. The full-scale prototype OSD test specimen was subjected to 8 million cycles of fatigue limit state loading for OSDs. No fatigue cracks were observed at the RFB connections demonstrating that the deck could achieve its intended 100-year service life. This promising result shows that OSDs with simplified EC RFB connection details can exhibit adequate fatigue performance. This research explored the conditions under which adequate fatigue performance using this cost-effective EC RFB connection can be expected when used for typical bridge redecking applications. This was accomplished by assessing the sensitivity of the magnitude of critical stresses to a range of global and local parameters using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). A FEA model of the successful full-scale prototype OSD test specimen served as the basis for validation of the results. The FEA model was calibrated using the data measured during static load tests. This calibrated 3D model was then used to assess the sensitivity to various OSD parameters, including deck plate thickness, transverse support stiffness, rib shape, cut-out shape, and cut-out depth. The results of the study indicate that this cost-effective EC RFB connection detail is a promising candidate for future redecking OSD applications. A deck plate thickness of 3/4 inch is suggested. Ribs with a trapezoidal cross-section appear to exhibit better performance than ribs with a round bottom. Adequate fatigue performance can be expected with various cut-out shapes. The design engineer may consider this prototype OSD as the basis for a Level 1 OSD design approach for a replacement bridge deck if: (1) the global and local details are similar to the tested prototype OSD; (2) the fabrication workmanship meets or exceeds that of the tested OSD; and (3) the wrap-around fillet weld at the cut-out has weld face angles greater than or equal to that of the tested OSD. The favorable results of full-scale testing and sensitivity studies presented in this report suggest a reduced need for a Level 3 OSD design. Use of these simplified OSD RFB connection details can increase the manufacturability of the deck and promote the use of OSD in the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jan 2025 09:16:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analytical Calculation Approach for Rocket Nose Cone Structure with Orthotropic Material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470757</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors of this research developed an analytical calculation method to estimate the strength of nose cone structures made of orthotropic materials, which were crucial components in aircraft and space-craft. Strength analysis of nose cones had been comprehensively addressed for isotropic materials; however, the lack of efficient approaches for orthotropic materials presented a challenge. In this research, a new analytical method was proposed, combining membrane stress theory for isotropic materials with classical laminate theory for orthotropic materials. This approach enabled the determination of stresses on the nose cone shell structure in both meridional and circumferential directions in an efficient and straightforward manner. The analysis results indicated that the developed analytical method exhibited stress distribution trends similar to those obtained using the Finite Element Method. Stresses in the +45° and –45° direction, as well as in-plane shear stress and Tsai-Wu failure indices, showed trend similarity between the two methods. Despite specific numerical differences in the calculation results, these consistent trends suggested that the analytical method could serve as a tool for the preliminary design of a nose cone structure with a similar configuration analyzed in this study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Dec 2024 15:27:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470757</guid>
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