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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>The Effect of View, Latency, Speed and Performed Task on Remote Vehicle Operators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are being developed as an alternative to conventional transportation, which comes with great timing as there is a global shortage of skilled commercial drivers. However, the complexity of the driving task is extremely difficult for an artificial intelligence (AI) system to solve, meaning that SAE level 5 vehicles are quite far away. During this interim period where we will have public roads with mixed traffic, remote operation could be a solution for facilitating the introduction of AVs. As a remote operation station will be more similar to a simulator environment compared to a conventional cab, there might be a broader base for future recruitment of operators compared to drivers. This paper consists of subjective ratings from two simulator studies, comparing the performance of experienced drivers and experienced video gamers. Here we present the perceived performance and comfort of the simulator experiments, while comparing the groups in different conditions to see if one has an advantage over the other as potential employees.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580063</guid>
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      <title>An Online Method to Study Remote Operation of Automated Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remote operation is an emerging technical component of vehicle automation. One scenario could be a remote operator monitors the functioning of automation and take over vehicle control whenever needed. As the operator may face challenges such as degraded situation awareness or vigilance decrement, it is important to understand operator performance in a variety of takeover scenarios. This study presents an effort to create an online method for studying remote takeover performance. In this study, participants were presented with simulated driving videos and were required to indicate when they felt a takeover was needed. To ensure quality data collection in an online procedure, we made specific considerations when implementing the study. In this paper, we address these considerations and present preliminary data. Our findings suggest that operators may be less able to detect certain automation failures such as disobedience of road signs, and the online method could be useful although with limitations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689130</guid>
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      <title>Empathy from Afar? Towards Empathy for Future Maritime Designers and Remote Operators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Having empathy and being able to empathize refer to the ability to understand, view or feel the experiences and perspectives of others. In a work context, the ability of different actors to empathize with others can have positive effects in the design, organization and operations of complex systems. This article explores the value of empathy within safety-critical work systems and discusses the role of empathy as an entry point for user-centered approaches. We use the maritime domain to illustrate why developing empathic skills and knowledge has relevance and added-value for (1) maritime design and designers, and (2) future remote maritime operations and operators of unmanned vessels. We detail our emerging approaches and methods for developing empathy as a tool to enhance interdisciplinary understanding and knowledge sharing with the overall goal of improving Human Factors utilization in applied work contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 16:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688962</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of Vertical-Axial Dominant and Multi-Axial Vibration on Postural Stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680884</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This repeated-measures laboratory study characterized the relative impacts of vertical-axial dominant and multi-axial Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) exposures on postural stability. Eleven healthy participants were exposed to field-measured vibration profiles collected from on-road commercial (vertical-dominant WBV) and off-road mining vehicles (multi-axial WBV) for four hours on two different days. Before and after the exposure, postural stability was evaluated while participants performed sit-to-stand tasks followed by static standing tasks. Overall, the study results indicate that off-road, multi-axial WBV may compromise postural stability more so than on-road, vertical-dominant WBV. These findings may suggest that off-road vehicle operators are at a greater risk of fall-related injuries. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop more effective vibration control measures among off-road vehicle operators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 15:47:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680884</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>From Selection to Design: Diverse Perspectives of Human Factors Issues in Unmanned Aerial Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) serve many roles in the broader defense space with mission sets like reconnaissance, remote delivery, and supporting other aircraft operations. In the future of UASs, human factors professionals serve a broad role in advocating for the users in the design process. This discussion panel will involve individuals with different experiences working with UAS technologies and its introduction to the end user. The panel will consist of the following topics: capturing user feedback, control station design for supervisory control, selection of operators as this technology grows, and broad issues in public policy. The panelists with a variety of civilian and military experience will highlight their day-to-day role as well as what they see as upcoming topics worth researching in this domain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 15:47:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Issues relating to the fulfilment of the ‘Master's Duties’ by remote operators of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the ongoing integration of automated vessels in society, consistency with current maritime law is an important issue. This is because current laws were written during an age of completely manned vessels. In particular, consideration of the position of the ‘master’ in an automated vessel is an important issue. For unmanned vessels, a ‘remote operator’ on land could be possibly assume the role of the ‘master’ of a vessel. In such a case, the ‘Master’s Duties’ stipulated in the Mariners Act would apply to remote operators. However, the viability of this stipulation is questionable. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the possibility of fulfillment of the ‘Master’s Duties’ by a remote operator from the perspective of article interpretation and practice. The analysis performed in this study discovered that some duties may be an impractical fit to be fulfilled by remote operators. Finally, this paper discusses measures for organizing definitions and interpretations of the wording that could be applied to remote operators of autonomous vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 17:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685707</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>User-Centered Design for Railroad Automation: Phase I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document is the final report for Phase I of a two-phase research project, “User-Centered Design for Railroad Automation (UCD-Rail),” to develop and demonstrate an improved interface between human operators and advanced automation in rail systems. Applying user-centered design methodology, Phase I offers a new rail systems user interface concept called the Automation Awareness Assistant (A3). A3 will improve human operator situation awareness of automated rail functionality and suggest what actions to take if a possible system failure is detected, especially under conditions of high operator workload. A3 will be designed for locomotive cabs, but the A3 user interface concept can be applied and extended to other related rail and transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 11:01:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689416</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Understanding the Workload of Remote Truck Operators with Discrete Event Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study employs a discrete event simulation (DES) model to understand the dynamic workload of remote truck operators managing partially-automated trucks. The DES model uses operator queues and event generators simulating automated truck events and leverages data from the California DMV’s disengagement database and driving simulation experiments. Disengagement data were partitioned into three groups by disengagement frequency: low, moderate, and high and separate arrival time distributions were developed for each group. Simulations from the model suggest that for companies with low disengagement rates, operator utilization will likely remain below minimal thresholds to prevent boredom. In contrast, companies with moderate or high disengagement rates both exceed operator utilization capacity and generate prolonged wait times as more trucks are controlled. These findings suggest that calibrating remote truck control to human capabilities will be challenging. A sensitivity analysis suggests that accurately estimating disengagement rates will be crucial for model accuracy and predictive performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675682</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrating the Production Information System with Manufacturing Cell Design - A Lean, Linked Cell Production System Design Implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The linked cell system gives both reduced cost and volume flexibility. The characteristics of the linked cell system are a consequence of decoupling the operators from the machines, using standard work in process between the cells and by integrating the information system with the cell and system design. By decoupling the operators from the machines the capacity can be increased/decreased in small increments by using more or fewer operators in the cell. The information system is integrated with the linked cell design by the use of a Heijunka box. The Heijunka is used to level production and to initiate the pace of production as a result of pulling withdrawal kanban at a standard time interval. This standard time interval is called the pitch of production. The kanban cards give information about what to produce, when to produce, when to make changeovers but they also give information to control the material replenishment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:24:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Haptics, Instrumentation, and Simulation: Technologies for Enhanced Hand Drilling Training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A fundamental part of airplane manufacturing involves hand drilling of holes for fasteners (bolts and rivets). The integrity of a fastener depends on the quality of its hole, which must be properly positioned, have a circular diameter of correct dimension, and be free of surface flaws and contaminants. A common method of drilling training is for a student to drill holes under the supervision of an instructor who inspects or measures the holes and makes suggestions for improving technique. This training method has proven to be effective, but it is time-consuming and requires considerable personal attention. We have devised instrumentation to monitor critical parameters (drill orientation and forces) so that a student can receive instantaneous visual feedback. This real-time feedback provides the student a better understanding of the drilling process and allows him or her to quickly make improvements. We have also developed a simulation of the drilling process that includes three-dimensional (3D) visualization and haptics force feedback. We propose to couple the instrumented drill training aid and the haptics simulation with traditional training methods to achieve faster learning, more complete understanding, and a higher skill level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 13:22:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adapting Maritime Education for the Autonomous Era: A Pilot Program as Approach for MASS Operator Training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The technological advancements leading to fully autonomous transportation systems are already shaping the fleets of the future. Contrary to expectations, artificial intelligence and autonomous systems are increasing the demand for highly skilled crews and operators. Based on the EMSA report and a new non-mandatory International Code for Safety for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS Code), it is justified that MASS operators require STCW training as a baseline. These findings underscore the pressing need for Maritime Education and Training Institutions (METIs) to work diligently to promptly update their curricula. As part of a coordinated initiative to incorporate MASS into MET, four European METIs have collaborated to develop a new Blended Intensive Programme. This paper introduces the aforementioned course implemented as a pilot program in the second semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. Findings can guide the development of future curriculum, support the standardization of training programs across METIs, and help to establish international recommendations for maritime education in the era of autonomous systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Boat’s Operator Action Using Gaze-data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Japan, obtaining a small boat operator’s license requires both theoretical and practical training, as well as mandatory renewal courses every five years. However, many operators have limited practical experience, making safe navigation a challenge for beginners. This study aims to analyze the differences in gaze patterns between novice and experienced operators using eye-tracking technology, highlighting key behavioral distinctions. Eye tracking data was collected from 14 operators, including novices and experienced individuals. Gaze movements were recorded in a 360-degree field of view to measure gaze duration and frequency. Heatmaps and grid-based Areas of Interests (AOI) were generated to analyze patterns of gaze shifts and movement directions. The results indicated significant differences in gaze behavior, field of view, memory retention, and decision-making between novice and experienced operators. Experienced operators process information more efficiently, leading to safer navigation, whereas novices exhibit narrower focus and slower reaction times. Integrating eye tracking data into training programs can enhance beginners’ navigation skills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Use of Simulators for the Emergency Response Training of Dynamic Positioning Operators of Class A Vessels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Dynamic Positioning System is classified into three types: DP class A, B, and C. DP class A vessels hold an overwhelming market share, but it lacks redundancy and is prone to failures. Therefore, in case of failure, there is a possibility of loss in positioning. Herein, we postulated that training Dynamic Positioning Operators (DPOs) for emergencies should mitigate maritime incidents. Accordingly, simulators have been proposed for achieving this objective. Using an experiential approach, nine DPOs were exposed to DPS simulation emergency response training at a lab in Japan. Each participant was given four tasks and a checklist to assist in decision-making to avoid collisions in various scenarios involving marine structures. An analysis of the simulator experiments and outcomes indicated that the length of experience in ship handling and prior training influenced DPOs performance. The study concluded that DPOs should take more effective training to maintain proper positioning for the safe operation of DP vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the Passenger Security Screening Process Using a Virtual Reality Simulator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Summary. Passenger security screening is a necessary process carried out at the airport that affects the safety and capacity of the airport. Every person entering the restricted airport area must undergo a security check. The security control operator conducts training to detect prohibited items appropriately. Currently, training of security control operators is carried out in various ways, e.g., using electronic support systems. The author's proposal concerns using an innovative passenger security control simulator built using virtual reality technology. The author researched the effectiveness of passenger security screening at the airport. Indicators have been used in the VR simulator to assess the passenger screening process. The article aims to present an assessment of the security control process using an innovative VR simulator.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training and Certification of the Marine Radio Operators in Poland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598400</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents a current status of the marine radio operators certificates required by the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Analysis of the international requirements for the radio operators certificates was carried out. The process of obtaining certificates for radio operators and statistics of selected data of this process in Poland have been presented. It also describes a training for radio operators at the Gdynia Maritime University (GMU). At the end of the article a future of marine radio operator certification requirements have been discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598400</guid>
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