<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7T3BlcmF0b3ImcXVvdDsiIG9yaWdpbmFsX3ZhbHVlPSImcXVvdDtPcGVyYXRvciZxdW90OyIgLz48L2ZpbHRlcnM+PHJhbmdlcyAvPjxzb3J0cz48c29ydCBmaWVsZD0icHVibGlzaGVkIiBvcmRlcj0iZGVzYyIgLz48L3NvcnRzPjxwZXJzaXN0cz48cGVyc2lzdCBuYW1lPSJyYW5nZXR5cGUiIHZhbHVlPSJwdWJsaXNoZWRkYXRlIiAvPjwvcGVyc2lzdHM+PC9zZWFyY2g+" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Charting the distinct rights of sea workers in European waters : a focus on decent working time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study is primarily driven by the differential treatment of sea workers compared with land-based workers, which has resulted in their exclusion from several EU directives and in working and living conditions that fall below general labour standards. After a general overview of EU labour law, the study examines working time regulations in-depth because this aspect presents a wide gap between sea workers and others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acceptance for use of safety technology AuST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This feasibility study was financed by SAFER's Idea Exploration Programme and carried out in collaboration between Scania CV and Guidance to Zero. The overall aim was to increase knowledge and understanding of fleet managers' and truck drivers' awareness, acceptance and use of active safety systems in heavy vehicles. Heavy goods transport is overrepresented in serious road accidents, placing significant attention on the sector. European legislation has become increasingly stringent, most recently through the General Safety Regulation Step 2, which came into force in July 2024. However, regulatory compliance alone is not sufficient to achieve a high level of road safety. A range of advanced safety features beyond legal requirements are available and can be specified in vehicles. Safety performance has also gained increased visibility through Euro NCAP's Safer Trucks programme. While the growing number of safety features is positive, their life-saving potential depends on user understanding, trust and correct usage. This study therefore explores the gap between technological availability and practical adoption. Road safety is highly valued among both fleet managers and drivers who participated in the study. Almost all respondents believe that road safety will increase in importance over the next 2-3 years. Knowledge of available systems and their intended function is a prerequisite for effective use. This is relevant not only for drivers - who interact directly with the systems - but also for fleet managers, who specify vehicles and follow up on system usage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The global onboard training programme (GOBT) : a comprehensive review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ensuring cadets can complete the required onboard training has become an increasingly pressing challenge for Maritime Education and Training (MET) institutions worldwide. As the maritime industry continues to face a global shortage of qualified officers, securing sea service slots has become increasingly difficult, particularly for institutions without access to a training ship or a national merchant fleet. These challenges directly affect future officers' ability to meet the mandatory requirements of the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) Convention (1978, as amended) and remain a significant barrier to the development of a competent and diverse maritime workforce. This report highlights the importance of the GOBT Programme, implemented since 2021 and now in its fifth year, and proposes pathways for its continued and sustainable operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752038</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Navigating health at sea : work, stress, and lifestyle as drivers of seafarers' wellbeing and self-rated health</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seafarers constitute a global workforce exposed to unique psychosocial, organisational, and environmental stressors. Despite growing attention to maritime wellbeing, empirical evidence on how these multi-level determinants interact to shape mental and physical health remains limited. This thesis aims to identify key determinants of mental health, wellbeing, happiness, and self-rated health (SRH) among international seafarers, and to assess how psychosocial work conditions, subjective work experiences, lifestyle behaviours, physical health conditions, and stress jointly influence health outcomes. This thesis comprises three quantitative cross sectional studies using surveys conducted in 2022 and 2024, involving 17,861; 13,008; and 22,432 international seafarers respectively. Validated instruments (PSS 10, GAD 7, PHQ 9, WHO 5, SHS) measured mental, psychological, and general health outcomes. Multivariate regression, stratified analyses, and interaction modelling (RERI) were used to assess associations and moderating effects. Paper I showed that COVID-19 disruptions, delayed crew changes, high workload, and poor communication significantly increased stress, anxiety, and depression, while strong safety culture and clear employer communication buffered these effects. Paper II demonstrated that wellbeing and happiness were strongly associated with positive work experiences (satisfaction, fairness, expectations, skills utilisation, and social climate), while high workload weakened these benefits. Paper III found that poor SRH was linked to chronic conditions, poor sleep, inactivity, smoking, loneliness, and high screen time, with stress acting as both an independent predictor and amplifier of other risk factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomethane for fossil-free freight : understanding roles, experiences and engagements among logistics stakeholders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This doctoral thesis explores how the use of biomethane as a fossil-free fuel in road freight affects logistics stakeholders and their relationships with each other. While electrification presently dominates green logistics research, biomethane remains underrepresented despite its range, similarities to diesel, local production and encouragement to a more circular economy. The purpose of the doctoral kappa is to increase understanding of how using biomethane in road freight affects logistics stakeholders and their relationships. Three research questions were posed. The first, What roles do logistics stakeholders take when utilizing biomethane in road freight?, resulted in findings revealing that logistics stakeholders assumed dynamic roles based upon activity and influence. The second research question, Which drivers and barriers do logistics stakeholders experience when utilizing biomethane in road freight?, resulted in the identification of drivers and barriers experienced by the logistics stakeholders within the dimensions of technology, customer, organizational culture, costs, society and policy. The last research question, How do logistics stakeholders engage with one another when biomethane is utilized in road freight?, resulted in identification of engagement approaches to understand interactions amongst logistics stakeholders when using biomethane in road freight. Empirical data were collected through a systematic literature review, two case studies, interview studies, and document analysis within the Swedish context, focusing on logistics stakeholders' use of biomethane in road freight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752018</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring electric truck utilisation in business networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electrification of heavy-duty freight transport plays a central role in climate and industrial policy in Europe. Despite increasing regulatory pressure and technological progress, the adoption of electric trucks remains limited. This indicates that the challenge is not only technological but also lies in how electric trucks are utilised in real-world freight operations. This licentiate thesis examines electric truck utilisation as an operational and relational challenge embedded in business networks. Based on a qualitative study of Swedish freight transport, thethesis analyses how electric trucks are integrated into everyday operations at firm, relational, and network levels. The findings show that under current conditions, electric trucks require highly predictable transport missions, stable routes, and coordinated charging arrangements. Compared to diesel-based transport, this reduces operational flexibility and increases dependence on more detailed planning, access to infrastructure, and collaboration with various business partners. Applying the Industrial Network Approach, the study shows how electric truck utilisation reshapes activities, resources, and actors within the business network. Charging infrastructure emerges as a critical resource, where access, ownership, and control directly influence economic viability and create new interdependencies among hauliers, transport buyers, intermediaries, energy actors, and vehicle manufacturers. Charging, in turn, becomes a central activity that needs to be coordinated for each vehicle and across actors sharing the same charging resources. The thesis contributes to research on heavy-duty transport electrification by shifting attention from isolated barriers to the structural and relational conditions that set the terms for utilisation in practice. For industry, the findings highlight that successful electrification depends not only on vehicle performance, but on coordinated development of operations, charging resources, contractual arrangements, and collaboration across business networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effektivisering av godstransportsystemet : mått och komplexitet</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight transport is a fundamental prerequisite for socio-economic development, business competitiveness, and the availability of goods, while at the same time accounting for a substantial share of Sweden's greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing the climate impact of transport without constraining economic development therefore constitutes a central challenge. Improved transport efficiency is often highlighted as a key strategy, yet its potential is difficult to assess since efficiency is defined, measured, and influenced in different ways across the many subsystems of the freight transport system. The aim of the project is to develop and operationalise appropriate, reliable, accessible, and cost-effective efficiency indicators for analysing the Swedish freight transport system, as well as to increase understanding of how efficiency measures affect different actors and system levels. The study applies a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to integrate a societal perspective with a firm-level perspective. Methodologically, the study is based on analyses of national statistics to develop efficiency indicators. Two indicators are developed: (1. climate-efficient freight transport [g CO2e/tkm], which relates greenhouse gas emissions to the amount of freight transported and the distance travelled, and (2. energy-efficient freight transport [MJ/tkm], which relates energy use to transport work. The analysis is complemented by empirical case studies on municipal freight consolidation, packaging design, and delivery service requirements. In addition, an analytical framework is developed to make visible causal relationships as well as trade-offs between efficiency, cost, environmental impact, and service level. The results show that transport efficiency in the freight transport system is a complex and multidimensional issue, where varying objectives, incentives, and system boundaries among actors complicate both analysis and governance. Efficiency improvements at the firm level may give rise to goal conflicts and sub-optimisation at the system level, and vice versa. The study therefore demonstrates the need for an integrated system perspective, in which firm-level indicators are combined with system-wide measures and where both relative efficiency metrics and total emissions are monitored. The project's results provide a knowledge base for more informed decision-making and future policy development towards a sustainable, competitive, and robust freight transport system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In search of a sea-life balance in an adverse environment : understanding seafarers' life, work and turnover : phase one, interview results</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Amid ongoing discussions about workforce sustainability in the shipping industry, there is growing concern that work-related pressures negatively affect well-being and seafarers' intentions to remain in the profession. In response to these concerns, the World Maritime University (WMU) and the Officers' Union of International Seamen (OUIS) launched a joint research initiative to explore seafarers' work-related experiences, mental well-being, and career intention, with a focus on U.S. seafarers. This report presents findings from the first phase of the WHEAB project, a qualitative study designed to capture the lived experiences of seafarers in their own words.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An approach to improve safety performance for work related road traffic by applying an occupational health and safety (OHS) framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720320</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2023, about 1.19 million road users were killed according to the WHO, and the Academic Expert Group (AEG) estimates that approximately one-third of these deaths were work-related. This paper emphasizes that employers are bound to occupational health and safety (OHS) standards while using public roads and should ensure the same attention to traffic injury prevention as in other workplaces. Using analysis of current practices, this paper explores the interplay between road traffic rules and OHS regulations. Work-related driving requires compliance with both road rules and OHS obligations. Organizations often violate road rules, undermining OHS principles that demand that employers take every reasonable step to maximize safety through the use of effective and evidence-based safety measures. This means that work-related traffic should exceed the minimum safety requirements encoded in road rules, and maximize safety through the use of the best available methods. Research shows that several key road safety prevention strategies have demonstrated positive effects, allowing for effective implementation of OHS laws. This paper proposes a 5-point assessment of organizational safety compliance and rigorous safety management based on well-established key safety factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 08:54:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720320</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The haulier in road freight electrification : exploring influencing factors and the role of complexity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The logistics sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with road freight transport accounting for a large share of these emissions. Electrification with battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) is a promising solution to reduce emissions from road freight transport. The role of logistics actors in the adoption of BEVs, in particular heavy-duty BEVs (HBEVs), has received limited attention in the literature. Especially road hauliers - as vehicle owners and those responsible for transport execution - require more focus when it comes to the adoption of HBEVs. This licentiate thesis addresses these gaps through its purpose to explore road hauliers' adoption of HBEVs. Two research questions were formulated to answer the purpose: - RQ1: Which factors influence road hauliers' adoption of HBEVs? - RQ2: How do road hauliers respond to influencing factors? The thesis is grounded in the green logistics literature, with particular emphasis on logistics actors and electrification. Complexity theory is used as a complementary theoretical perspective to enrich the analysis. The thesis purpose was approached through an exploratory research design, supported by a mixed-methods approach to answer the research questions. Qualitative case studies and semi-structured interviews in a Swedish context were the main methods employed which aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of hauliers and the factors influencing their adoption of HBEVs. Descriptive analysis of register data and statistics from Swedish public authorities complement the qualitative data by providing insight into the development of early road freight electrification with HBEVs at an aggregated Swedish level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving onboard training for deck cadets : an analysis through the lens of learning theories</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a critical component of skill development and identity construction for prospective seafarers, onboard training has played a central role in Maritime Education and Training (MET). Each Maritime Education and Training Institution (METI) implements distinct onboard training arrangements based on its environmental, socio-cultural, and historical context, as well as the learning theories that inform its approach. However, the absence of a rigorous examination of the factors influencing national variations in onboard training creates challenges in establishing legal norms at the international level. Furthermore, the literature has identified a wide range of issues and challenges in the implementation of onboard training, including insufficient training quality and limited availability of training berths for students. According to the Seafarer Workforce Report, the shortage of seafarers - particularly at the officer rank - is projected to reach 25,000 by 2026. This significant shortfall in the international shipping workforce may worsen if young cadets are unable to access essential onboard training opportunities. Additionally, an apparent lack of a sufficient level of quality of training further compromises seafarer competence, ultimately affecting the long-term safety and productivity of the shipping industry. The competence development of seafarers is highly contingent on the quality of onboard training, as it provides cadets with direct exposure to the real work environment. The ongoing discussions at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding training quality and berth availability underscore the urgency of addressing these challenges, which pose a threat to the sustainable development of the shipping industry. This study employed an exploratory sequential approach to identify an effective model of onboard training underpinned by decision theory. First, a systematic literature review was conducted to establish the theoretical foundations of onboard training. Subsequently, mixed data collection methods - including survey questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups - were applied in a sequential process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fathoming out risk perception : an onboard ethnography of ro-pax sister ferries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis examines how risk perception is shaped, communicated, and enacted by crew members on board two sister ro-pax ferries operating in European trade. It asks how safety is understood and practiced not merely as a formal requirement, but as a lived reality grounded in social norms, experience, and departmental culture. Making use of ethnographic fieldwork including interviews, observation, fieldnotes and informal conversations, the study shows how formal procedures interact with the routines of onboard life, producing a collective perception of risk. Two conceptual triads are developed to structure the analysis: the triad of the senses comprising making sense, sharing sense and common sense; and the triad of the responses which consists of clash, harmony, and routine non-conformity. These frameworks capture how risk perception is formed, shared and made collective, and show how crew members respond to top down safety initiatives, revealing safety culture as a negotiated process between institutional regulation and everyday practice. Informed by normative institutionalism, the unanticipated consequences of purposive action, and the notion of organisational deviance, the thesis explores how formal rules are received on the deck floors and, in doing so, reveals crew members' situated expertise and proactive engagement with risk. Methodologically, the study contributes to maritime ethnography through a combination of realism, confessional narrative, and impressionism, and offers an immersive account of onboard working life. Practically, it identifies barriers to reporting systems and highlights the importance of informal mentoring in guiding newcomers toward a shared perception of risk. The study proposes that improved safety outcomes may depend not only on compliance, but on a better institutional understanding of how risk is perceived and negotiated collectively, on the deck floors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Remote driving of road vehicles : feedback effects, latency compensation, and driver behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remote driving has appeared as an effective solution to address challenges in achieving full autonomy for vehicles, bridging the gap between Level 4 and Level 5 autonomy. Beyond autonomous vehicles (AVs), remote driving can be widely ap plied in various industries, such as mining, timber cutting, and warehouse logistics, where it can enhance safety, efficiency, and operational reliability. Despite its advantages, remote driving faces significant challenges, including latency, and reduced situational awareness, which impact remote drivers' performance and experience. This thesis delves into these challenges and investigates solutions to enhance tele-operated driving systems, focusing on user experience, driving feedback and delay compensation. The research is structured around six research questions, examining the influence of driving feedback on driving behavior and user experience, and strategies to mitigate latency in remote driving and its influence on remote drivers, as well as the learning rate of remote drivers. An integrated approach including quantitative and qualitative analysis is employed, combining experimental studies on a real-life remote driving platform and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations using IPG CarMaker. Comprehensive experiments evaluate the impact of steering force, motion-cueing, and sound and vibration feedback on driving behavior and experience. Additionally, innovative delay compensation strategies, including an enhanced model-free predictor and a square-root cubature Kalman filter-based predictor, are developed and validated to address signal transmission challenges. Finally, the learning rate of remote drivers under the delayed environment are also explored on a driving simulator.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666487</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How can we integrate road safety into occupational health and safety management ‘to save lives beyond 2025’? A study of safety management among drivers at work</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Academic Expert Group (AEG) recommendations related to the 4th Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in 2025, suggests a strategy of ‘Saving Lives Beyond 2025’, through integrating road safety into occupational health and safety management; implementing safety management systems like ISO:39001, or ISO:45001, and through working with safety culture. In this study, we study commitment to road safety and the prevalence of road safety management measures, according to the Safety Ladder approach (Nævestad et al 2018). Based on survey data, we compare professional drivers at work; bus drivers (n = 305) and truck drivers (n = 298) and employees who drive at work who are not professional drivers (‘work drivers’) (n = 355). We also draw on data from qualitative interviews. We find that organizations with work drivers have a lower focus on road safety, and that they have introduced fewer safety management measures, compared to organizations with professional drivers. However, the study also shows that there is still potential for improvement in organizations with truck drivers and bus drivers. These also have an unexploited potential when it comes to implementing effective measures. Multivariate analyses indicate the importance of the Safety Ladder practices, as they influence safety culture, which in turn is related to driving style and accident involvement. Specifying the AEG recommendations into more concrete actionable steps, we suggest specific management practices that organisations can employ, based on the Safey Ladder approach, and specific third-party actions to motivate organisations to implement the management practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 11:56:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shore leave : rare, brief and in danger of extinction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shore leave for seafarers is generally accepted as a custom, if not a right, essential for well-being and pressure relief from the responsibilities of life on board. However, it is clear that the ability of seafarers to take shore leave has been seriously eroded and may even be facing extinction. The combination of workload on board and limited time in port make it virtually impossible for seafarers to make time for shore leave. Commercial pressures have increased, and there is a serious risk that facilities available for seafarers will decline due to a lack of demand. The culprits are multiple. Without sufficient crew on board to cover the workload, companies fail to create schedules that allow for shore leave. Increasing numbers of inspections add to the burden. Port states can focus on security and efficient port operations without any compulsion to facilitate leave for foreign crew. The lack of easily accessible facilities and high transport costs dampen demand for shore leave, and seafarers themselves make the rational choice to stay on board. The fact that there is no single point of responsibility for the problem makes it challenging, but not impossible, to focus on effective solutions. The purpose of this research is to quantify the current levels of shore leave in terms of frequency and length of time spent ashore and to identify the barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598603</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>