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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A Markov Decision Process Model of Dynamic Seat Control in an Airline Alliance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid growth of airline alliances, more and more member airlines are selling code-sharing flights, which are operated by two or more airlines and sold together. However, this practice creates a difficult coordination problem: each member of the alliance makes revenue management decisions to maximize their own revenue, which may result in sub-optimal revenue for the airline alliance. In this paper, we propose a dynamic control model for an airline alliance during the booking horizon by considering a multiple cooperation approach. A Markov decision process model is established to model one airline’s dynamic seat control process in the airline alliance. The proposed model better reflects existing diverse approaches to selling a seat than other models, and revenue can be achieved by rewarding optimal strategies. The results indicate that the seats can be controlled by an airline to achieve the maximum revenue in an incomplete information environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operating financial sustainability in the German car industry: a new approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the operating financial sustainability of the German car industry, focusing on ten large listed firms in the motor vehicle manufacturing sector. The empirical part is based on Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) panel models, over 2010–2023.A key finding confirms the operating financial sustainability of the German car industry, evidenced by the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between operating revenues and costs. They mutually influence each other. Revenues exhibit higher responsiveness to economic shocks, adapting swiftly through pricing, scaling or demand-driven strategies. Costs are more rigid due to contractual and structural constraints. Notably, the COVID-19 pandemic marked a turning point, reinforcing the need for revenue adaptability and operational efficiency.These insights offer a comprehensive understanding of the cost-revenue dynamics that underpin the long-term financial sustainability of the German automotive sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 10:23:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599570</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of alternative commercial vehicle road user charges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As fuel tax revenues decline from increased fuel efficiency and the transition to alternative fuels, governments are searching for new revenue sources to support the transportation system. User fees are among the most widely considered substitutes. They could increase both system efficiency and the equity of transportation taxes by more closely aligning prices with costs imposed. The authors conduct an analysis of mileage-based user charges (MBUC) for trucks in California. The authors explore the differences in MBUC relative to current state fuel and weight fees in terms of revenues generated, changes in cost sharing among truck classes and commodity categories, and implications to the State economy as well as households from different income groups. Revenue neutral scenarios have little economy-wide impacts, but shares of fees paid differ across vehicle classes. Increasing the charge to include pollution costs results in negative economic outcomes. Distributional impacts are negligible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 16:34:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design an intermediary mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) platform using many-to-many stable matching framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) provides seamless door-to-door trips by integrating different transport modes. Although many MaaS platforms have emerged in recent years, most of them remain at a limited integration level. This study investigates the assignment and pricing problem for a MaaS platform as an intermediary in a multi-modal transportation network, which purchases capacity from service operators and sells multi-modal trips to travelers. The analysis framework of many-to-many stable matching is adopted to decompose the joint design problem and to derive the stability condition such that both operators and travelers are willing to participate in the MaaS system. To maximize the flexibility in route choice and remove boundaries between modes, the authors design an origin–destination pricing scheme for MaaS trips. On the supply side, the authors propose a wholesale purchase price for service capacity. Accordingly, the assignment problem is reformulated and solved as a bi-level program, where MaaS travelers make multi-modal trips to minimize their travel costs meanwhile interacting with non-MaaS travelers in the multi-modal transport system. The authors prove that, under the proposed pricing scheme, there always exists a stable outcome to the overall many-to-many matching problem. Further, given an optimal assignment and under some mild conditions, a unique optimal pricing scheme is ensured. Numerical experiments conducted on the extended Sioux Falls network also demonstrate that the proposed MaaS system could create a win-win-win situation—the MaaS platform is profitable and both traveler welfare and transit operator revenues increase from a baseline scenario without MaaS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2024 09:21:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards successful economic infrastructure partnership project delivery through effective stakeholder management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2410899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Economic and social Public Private Partnership (PPP) procurement systems are used as the two main private partner revenue stream options for the delivery of public infrastructure assets and services. Poor Stakeholder Management (SM) has been highlighted as a reason for PPP failure. This paper attempts to explore the SM strategies for the successful delivery of PPP projects with the aim of how they should be tailored for economic infrastructure PPP projects. Mixed method of research was undertaken together with questionnaire survey, nineteen semi-structured interviews and a validation case study in Australia. Fifteen out of the forty-two strategies showed a significant difference in ranking for economic infrastructure projects which were then categorized and discussed under three main issues in economic infrastructure projects. The identified strategies were further validated and refined through a case study in Australia together with the new strategies that can be related to the issues in economic infrastructure projects. A SM framework was then proposed that is centered around key SM-related issues in economic infrastructure projects i.e. effective management of community stakeholders, improved transparency around PPPs, and dealing with democratic politics around PPPs. The proposed framework has highlighted a variety of strategies in the management of stakeholders in economic infrastructure projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Aug 2024 15:09:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2410899</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Airline Support Facility Space at Non-Major Airports of India Using Goal Programming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2369426</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A forecast by the India Brand Equation suggests that the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) industry will burgeon to US$ 2.4 billion by 2028. This anticipated expansion necessitates the strategic allocation of airport land for essential airline support facilities, which is pivotal in augmenting non-aeronautical revenue. In this study, land allotment practices at twenty-three Indian airports were evaluated against proposed optimization strategies for fuel stations, ground servicing equipment (GSE), hangars, and porta-cabins. Goal Programming was employed to minimize discrepancies in achieving land use and revenue benchmarks. The optimization, considering various constraints, revealed a potential 77% enhancement in area utilization and a 95% increase in revenue. Additionally, a model was formulated to determine the optimal allocation for commercial outlets, utilizing hypothetical data. The findings advocate for land resource optimization at non-major airports, where traditional traffic-based revenue is limited. This paper presents a roadmap for airport operators and policymakers, ensuring efficient resource management amid the aviation sector’s growth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2024 16:35:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2369426</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Optimization Model of Reverse Logistics Network Design for Resign Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper first points out that the retail terminal must participate in the implementation of reverse logistics for the realization of the circular economy. The reverse logistics networks of Retail Trade are divided into three types, i.e. the reverse logistics network with original path, the reverse logistics network with new path and the reverse logistics network with duplicate path. Based on the characteristics reverse network, this research optimized design model of reverse logistics network and set up a process to maximize the operation revenue at the retail terminal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 14:15:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282059</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highway toll allocation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An important operational aspect in the management of tolled highways is how the collected tolls should be allocated over the different highway segments, either operated by different operators or by different units of one operator. This paper analyzes this toll allocation problem both from an axiomatic and a game theoretic perspective. Based on different toll charging systems, specifically the distance-based toll system and the fixed toll system, the authors propose three allocation or sharing methods: the Segments Equal Sharing method, the Exits Equal Sharing method, and the Entrances Equal Sharing method. After direct and game theoretic characterizations of these methods, the authors apply them to several real-life highways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 15:56:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Biomass Supply Chain Based on Revenue Sharing Contract with Asymmetric Information of Product Costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biomass supply chain is an integral network, which starts from the procurement of biomass, to the manufacturing of finished energy product, and ultimately to the sale of the product to the customers through the distribution network. It is a system consisting of farmers, energy companies, distributors, customers and other elements. All aspects of the supply chain, including the unstable relationship between farmers and energy companies, have a significant influence on the efficiency of the entire supply chain. Thus, how to coordinate the farmer and the company to enhance the overall competitiveness of the supply chain is the focus of this study. The asymmetry of information plays an important role in the stability of the supply chain. In this paper, game theory, information economics and other related methods were applied to study revenue sharing contract based on asymmetric information of the production costs. Finally, a model of revenue sharing contract was proposed and the parameters' solving equations were given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2024 17:11:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Study on the Relationship between Waterway Traffic and Local Economy in Yichang Based on the VAR Model in the Context of the Epidemic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237600</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Yichang, as a waterway transportation hub in central China, not only by the economy affected during the epidemic but also the waterway traffic was greatly affected. Based on the VAR model, this paper analyzes the relationship between fiscal revenue and waterway transport passenger and freight volume in Yichang for two years before and after the epidemic. The report has the following conclusions: there was a synergy between fiscal revenue and waterway freight volume before the epidemic, and there is a one-way influence of waterway passenger volume on freight volume; after the epidemic, the synergy between fiscal revenue and waterway freight volume disappears, and there is only a one-way influence of waterway freight volume on budgetary revenue, and waterway passenger traffic continues to have a one-way effect on freight volume. The paper found that the epidemic can negatively impact the relationship between the local economy and waterway traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Sep 2023 16:04:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237600</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal allocation and adjustment mechanism of shared parking slots considering combined parking resources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2221874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper establishes a rolling shared parking allocation model to optimize the matching of supply and demand in parking-dense districts by maximizing platform revenue and minimizing parking users’ travel costs. An adjustment mechanism that dynamically adjusts the allocated parking slots is developed to be embedded in the model. Considering multi-candidate adjacent parking lots, combined sharing and individual sharing patterns are compared to verify the benefits of resource combination. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed model works well for changing parking demands and achieves more successful matches than the first-book-first-serve model. The combination of adjacent parking resources improves the platform revenue, the parking slot utilization, and the acceptance rate of parking requests, as well as reduces the average walking distance. The direct parking revenue of the parking lot with fewer slots is remarkably increased under combined sharing. The findings provide managerial insights for local collaborative shared parking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Aug 2023 15:33:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2221874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recommender systems to support non-aeronautical revenue streams in airports: Challenges and opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are increasingly enhancing and diversifying non-aeronautical revenue streams through digital channels. The challenges inherent in increasing travelers' engagement with airport services provide both inspiration and impact for developments in recommender systems and big data technologies, while these technologies offer the air transport industry a framework and set of tools suitable for designing sophisticated non-aeronautical revenue support systems. The novelty of this article consists in studying how non-aeronautical revenue streams can be increased in airports by using big data-driven recommender systems, thereby strengthening the links between the two research communities (aeronautical management and artificial intelligence), which are currently connected only weakly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2022 10:44:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Strategic Variance Analysis of LAN and TAM airlines merger in the early 2010’s</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LAN and TAM used to be the flag carriers of Chile and Brazil, respectively until late 2000’s in the airline industry. The merger of both into LATAM Airlines was part of the strategy to construct a major regional power of air transportation, an evolution from national companies to a Latin America brand. This research analyzes the merger of LAN and TAM, which in the second decade of 21st Century formed one of the largest passenger air transportation groups. The concept of Strategic Variance Analysis (SVA) is used in some academic environments to evaluate a company’s operational revenue in two time periods, in this specific case, 2010-2013. The concept is easy to understand and relates the financial statements with businesses strategies approaches. Previous studies in the American airline industry have been conducted with SVA method. This paper compares the financial situation of former TAM before the merger (2010), and LATAM (2013), after the merger. The financial, operational, and fuel data are gathered from the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil, reclassified, and applied to calculate SVA. Then, as the final conclusion, SVA demonstrates that this merger was good, however it was insufficient to cover the rise in fuel prices during those years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2021 09:35:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determinants of financial distress in the European air transport industry: The moderating effect of being a flag-carrier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1898187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the COVID-induced global collapse in demand for air travel, the year 2020 was a catastrophic one for the aviation industry. A dramatic drop in operating revenues along with continuing fixed expenses drained the cash reserves of airlines, with consequent risks of financial distress and, potentially, even of bankruptcy. Flag-carriers are a special group in the airline business—they are considered to have privileges in terms of the support given by governments while, on the other hand, are often viewed as having low efficiency and performance. This study aims to estimate for European airlines the interaction effect of being a flag-carrier (flagship) with the relationship between leverage, liquidity, profitability, and the degree of financial distress. Findings obtained from analysing 99 European airlines over a period of ten years, indicate that the negative influence of leverage on financial stability is higher in the case of flag carriers (flagship). The impact of liquidity and profitability on financial health is more positive for flagship than for non-flagship carriers. These findings are not limited to contributing to the existing literature, but also have significant practical implications for executives, managers, and policy makers in the European air transport sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 09:52:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1898187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Covid-19 on Revenue Density in Airlines’ Premium Cabins</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Covid-19 pandemic has caused airlines to lower fares in an effort to stimulate travel, but that decrease has been disproportionately steep for premium cabin seats.  This disproportionate decrease – in addition to several other economic, governmental, and environmental factors constraining the recovery of premium cabin travel – will have many negative long-term implications for the future of the network airline business model, which are explored in this paper.  In particular, the decrease in premium cabin fares reduces the differential in revenue density (i.e., revenue per square foot of cabin space) between the premium cabin and the economy cabin. This will have long-term negative ramifications for the viability of premium classes of service in their current configurations on network carriers, as well as on the quality and price of economy-class service on those carriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2021 17:21:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882807</guid>
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