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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Validating Modular Applications in the FACE and GCIA Architectures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ground vehicle software continues to increase in cost and complexity, in part driven by tightly integrated systems and vendor lock-in. One method of reducing costs is reuse and portability, encouraged by the Modular Open Systems Approach and the Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE) architecture. While FACE provides a Conformance Testing Suite to ensure portability between compliant systems, it does not verify that components correctly implement standard interfaces and desired functionality. This paper presents a layered test methodology designed to ensure that a FACE component correctly implements working communication interfaces, correctly handles the full range of data the component is expected to manage, and correctly performs all of the functionality the component is required to perform. This testing methodology includes unit testing of individual components, integration testing across multiple units, and full hardware in the loop system integration testing, offering a structured approach to validating FACE conformant components beyond formal conformance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604470</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modular Open System Approach to High Voltage Power Architectures Enabled by the Universal High Voltage Converter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604431</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increased power density is essential to improving the capabilities of ground vehicles. High voltage systems allow for more efficient power generation and distribution than legacy low voltage systems and can accomplish this through a variety of methods, including HV generation, HV batteries, and HV conversion from the already present LV batteries. GVSC has defined three high voltage architectures that use a Modular Open System Approach (MOSA) to encompass varying levels of power demand: High Power, Mild Hybrid, and Full Hybrid. The Universal High Voltage Converter (UHVC) is a critical enabling technology for the Hybrid architectures, allowing for bidirectional power conversion from 600 Vdc to a variable 270-600 Vdc bus. The first UHVC was received and tested in FY24 for compliance with its performance specification. The safety interlocks, efficiency, step-load performance, and operational control priorities were tested, and their results are presented in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604431</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MOSA and Face: Putting Reusable Safe and Secure Software into Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considering the rapid pace of technological innovation, and understanding that most of this innovation is realized through software, it’s imperative that MOSA aligned standards for software development and verification also support compliance with safety and security best practices. The Future Airborne Capability Environment® (FACE) Technical Standard is one of the foremost MOSA aligned standards designed to promote portability and create software product lines across the military aviation domain. This paper will present several ways the FACE Technical Standard and Approach, together with complementary software safety/software security standards and best practices, support the development of reusable safe and secure software.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604427</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Comprehensive Modularity Framework for Military Ground Vehicle Architecture Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Architecting military ground vehicles is so complex that it requires a model of modular open-standard system architecture (OSSA) to enable rapid development, integration and fielding of capability components. Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) and Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) help achieve modularity in OSSA models. However, enforcing and evaluating modularity in the OSSA models prior to production of software and hardware components is a significant challenge due to the lack of a domain-specific standard framework. This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive approach to ensure high modularity in military ground vehicle domain-specific OSSA models. The approach addresses the unique requirements and challenges in the creation of more modular and effective vehicle architecture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Open-Source-Based Evaluation Platform for Highly Spectral-Efficient 5G With Simplified UTW-OFDM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fifth-generation mobile communication (5G) systems are increasingly being deployed in both commercial and private wireless networks to meet the growing demand for high-speed, reliable connectivity. While 5G systems adopt orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for its high data rates and spectral efficiency, OFDM is known to generate large out-of-band emissions (OOBE), which must be suppressed to maximize spectrum usage. In this study, to tackle this issue, we propose and develop an experimental 5G full-stack evaluation platform that implements a waveform-shaping function for OFDM signals. The platform utilizes software-defined radio and open-source 5G software compliant with third-generation Partnership Project standards. We implement a simplified universal time-domain windowed OFDM as an application of the waveform shaping. This is a waveform shaping technique that can strongly suppress OOBE by applying a long time-domain window to the conventional cyclic prefix OFDM symbol. The transmission performance of the proposed platform was evaluated using a complete 5G system, which includes a 5G base station, user equipment, and a 5G core network. The effectiveness of the proposed platform is verified through link-level computer simulations. The results demonstrate that the block error rate characteristics exhibited a signal-to-noise power ratio difference of less than 1 dB between the platform and simulations and achieved an OOBE suppression of up to 24 dB at a bandwidth of 40 MHz. Furthermore, connectivity with a commercial 5G device demonstrated the feasibility of achieving OOBE suppression of 22 dB at a bandwidth of 100 MHz with a tolerable decrease of 18% in user throughput.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 13:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on FlexRay Bus Communication Protocol Stack of Rail Vehicle Electronic Control System Based on AUTOSAR Standard</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR) specification of FlexRay bus, this paper designs the FlexRay bus communication protocol stack. With the development of rail vehicles, the driving safety, driving comfort and passenger comfort of rail vehicles have been significantly improved. Accordingly, the number and the complexity of electronic control units (ECUs) are increasing, and the amount of software code is rising rapidly. However, the bandwidth and data volume of controller area network (CAN) bus are relatively limited, and its fault tolerance and reliability are relatively low. It will be difficult to meet the requirements of future vehicle network control. FlexRay bus replaces CAN bus, which has higher bandwidth and better fault-tolerant performance. At the same time, the communication protocol stack conforming to AUTOSAR specification can shorten the software development cycle of electronic control system for railway vehicles, reduce the labor cost of products and improve the software portability rate. Experimental results verify the feasibility and validity of the protocol stack.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2024 16:30:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975959</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digital transport platforms: reality and prospects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main trend of digital development of the transport industry is platformization. Digital platforms are able to integrate all transport and logistics processes into a single system, and the expansion of interfaces and created values allows the platform to grow into an ecosystem. However, today there is no clear answer to the question of how free/restricted access to the digital transport platform should be for both service providers (service operators) and consumers. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the architecture of building digital platforms and ecosystems focused on the transport environment, in which any service can be easily included with the full preservation of existing functionality and the potential for its development, without losing its identity and subscriber base. The research is based on the platform ecosystem approach, as well as the stages of the evolution of digital platforms in the B2B industrial context, which have already been described in modern literature. The article presents the prospects for the development of digital platforms with a "transport core" and transformation into an open digital ecosystem. This study expands views on the evolution of platform transport ecosystems and the development of digital transport and related services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Aug 2022 09:33:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993369</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated Generation of Automotive Open System Architecture Electronic Control Unit Configurations Using Xtend: Watchdog Driver Example</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1853003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) is a system-level standard that is formed by the worldwide partnership of automotive manufacturers and suppliers who are working together to develop a standardized Electrical and Electronic (E/E) framework and architecture for automobiles. The AUTOSAR methodology has two main activities: system configuration and the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) configuration. The system configuration is the mapping of the software components to the ECUs based on the system requirements. The ECU configuration (EC) process is an important part of the ECU software integration and generation. ECU-specific information is extracted from the system configuration description, and all the necessary information for the implementation such as tasks, scheduling, and assignments of the runnables to tasks and configuration of the Basic Software (BSW) modules are performed. The EC process involves configuring every single module of the AUTOSAR. Due to the high complexity and redundancy of this process, it has to be supported by different tool-related editors that can automatically generate source files like *.c and *.h for the configuration. In this paper, the authors propose a method to automate the EC process for AUTOSAR. The authors use Module Configuration Templates (MCT) written in Xtend programming language along with a BSW configuration source code generator (BSG) Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tool developed at APAG Elektronik. This tool can extract the configuration parameters and automatically generate the required ECU module configuration. The watchdog module will be used as an example to generate and integrate the EC. This enables the seamless generation of the software configurations from the system-level requirements to the software implementation and therefore ensures consistency, correctness, and cost efficiency and reduces the work done by the developer to generate the configuration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 May 2021 20:20:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1853003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling of Smart Cities Based on ITS Architecture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1661243</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays the term Smart City is widely used and almost every city aims to become "Smart". Unfortunately, the definitions of what Smart means differ and there is not a single accepted one. Often a technocratic view is adopted and the actual goal—make city more liveable—is not kept in mind. In this paper, a new approach to initiate and develop Smart City model is provided. A unified model is one way to describe the processes within such complex and heterogeneous system as Smart City. It is based on the similarity to the well-established framework called ITS (Intelligent Transport System) architecture. First, an overview of the Smart City initiatives and key principles that often require change of the way how one thinks of projects is provided. Further, the objectives and approach to national ITS architectures are described and discussed, mainly aiming on its limitations for the practical use especially in the context of Smart Cities. Finally, this paper provides a guidance on how a Smart City Architecture shall be established to overcome the system complexity and to reduce its dimension in terms of volume of required data flow. The new approach is based on decentralized intelligence, where a number of processes are carried out at the level of so-called building blocks. Multi-agent systems are proposed as a design tool for the particular building blocks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2019 09:30:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1661243</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interface Handbook National Airspace System (NAS) Open System Environment (OSE) Application Services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This handbook provides the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with information necessary for developing and establishing an organizational Open System Environment (OSE). An OSE is a computing environment that supports portable, scaleable, and interoperable applications. It produces a standards-based environment for heterogeneous, distributed systems and integrates these standards to provide the functionality needed to address a broad range of information processing requirements. The handbook begins by discussing the OSE and the types of applications it supports. Section 3 introduces the OSE reference model and its elements and discusses them in detail along with the applications and services that perform the information processing for software applications. Section 4 discusses the conformance recommendations and validation procedures necessary for establishing an OSE. In addition, a section describing the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) is provided in Appendix A.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2018 16:32:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Model-Based Development of AUTOSAR-Compliant Applications: Exterior Lights Module Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The complexity of automotive software and the needs for shorter development time and software portability require the development of new approaches and standards for software architectures. The AUTOSAR project is one of the most comprehensive and promising solutions for defining a methodology supporting a function-driven development process. Furthermore, it manifests itself as a standard for expressing compatible software interfaces at the Application Layer. This paper discusses the implementation of AUTOSAR requirements for the component structure, as well as interfaces to the Application Layer in a model-based development environment. The paper outlines the major AUTOSAR requirements for software components, provides examples of their implementation in a Simulink/Stateflow model, and describes the modelbased implementation of an operating system for running AUTOSAR software executables (“runnables”). In addition, it describes the use of xml files for the architectural and interface descriptions of software. The architectural development and simulation of the model, along with auto-generation of AUTOSAR-compliant software, are demonstrated based on the Exterior Light Module of an automotive body controller.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:21:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical Use of AUTOSAR in Safety Critical Automotive Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increased adoption of AUTOSAR operating systems across the different automotive system domains a notable exception has been that of the safety critical systems. This domain has strict requirements on precise requirements capturing, proven design flow, robust implementation, exhaustive testing, detailed documentation and traceability, and project management processes. These requirements are normally prohibitive to adopt for commercial ‘one size fits all’ solutions due to the huge expense and resources required to meet such a strict regime. So under these constraints AUTOSAR is far from a perfect fit for safety systems. Nonetheless, the attractive features of reuse and portability still make AUTOSAR based systems highly desirable. This paper describes a solution to this dilemma by embedding a supervision subsystem inside a dual core AUTOSAR compliant microcontroller to give extremely deep levels of diagnostic coverage at runtime, not only for the hardware but also for the software and, by implication, the tooling and design specifications as well.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:21:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of AUTOSAR Framework to Assist Software Field Programming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Field reprogramming of electronic control units (ECU) via the serial communication bus for feature upgrades, software fixes is an area which has potential cost impacts to the OEMs. Due to increasing software complexity, feature content, up-integration considerations for ECUs in next generation vehicle platforms the expectation is for flash memory requirements to increase significantly in the future. A reduced reprogramming cycle that builds on top of the existing system framework would be of interest from a cost and timing aspects. Additionally deployment of the next generation of telematics based remote programming techniques would also benefit from shorter reprogramming time in ECUs. An approach to address field reprogramming time would be to migrate to high baud rate communication protocols like FlexRay or Ethernet from the traditional CAN based systems currently in use.                             In this paper an alternative or complementary approach is proposed that would consider targeted programming on software modules instead of the complete application software when multiple ECUs in a vehicle platform share a common software partition/ framework. This approach could be explored in AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) based environment. AUTOSAR which has been jointly developed by OEMs, suppliers and tool vendors, is becoming a defacto standard for open automotive software architecture. The AUTOSAR software partition and layered architecture provide a capability to assist field reprogramming. By applying some enhancement to the memory partitioning/linking in an AUTOSAR-based ECU this option could potentially assist software component based reprogramming independent of the complete application software                ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:21:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating Outcome Oriented Performance Measures into Traffic Signal Operations Business Processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Deployment of improvements in signal systems are often constrained by a variety of issues. Some of these are technical, particularly the dependency of systems on the proper function of many different components. Other issues are institutional. This paper presents a view of the technical components based on the Open Systems Interconnection model that is tailored to specific aspects of signal systems, and discusses the business processes of signal systems deployment from a systems engineering perspective, as a framework for understanding how performance measures can be introduced as a means of connecting specific objectives with the appropriate use cases and audiences. An example is presented for the application of detector error checking from the perspective of a system built from the "bottom up" rather than the "top down".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2016 16:16:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Tablet-Based Surrogate System Architecture for "In-Situ" Evaluation of Cyber-physical Transport Technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this work is to start the trend of surrogate systems becoming a widespread method of evaluating Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In addition to computer simulations and field tests, a new method is proposed for evaluating ITS. An open architecture is developed for a tablet-based cyber-physical surrogate system to evaluate ITS in the environment in which they will operate without the expense of fully implementing the system in order to evaluate its performance. The tablet devices mimic any equipment package and can transmit data, location, text, and video between themselves and a central facility. The architecture for this technology is open-source and an online repository is created for collaborative development of new surrogate systems. To illustrate the concept, two small-scale, experimental surrogate systems are performed on the Ryerson University campus. These systems demonstrate how a surrogate logical architecture for real-world ITS yields quantitative measures of effectiveness for the evaluation and validation of the surrogate system. The experiments mimic key processes from the Canadian ITS Architecture to demonstrate their wide-ranging applications. The experiments’ measures of effectiveness are deviation from a schedule, and total process time – applicable to many real world transportation problems. The trial runs using the surrogate system showed an improvement in both measures: an average improvement of 64% in cumulative schedule deviation for the first experiment and 27% in the total process time for the second. Using surrogate systems to provide a quantitative evaluation of potential improvement can support the hypothetical decision to implement a full-scale ITS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2016 17:05:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393109</guid>
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