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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Unpacking Oil Market Shocks: The Asymmetric Impact of Sanctions and OPEC on the Tanker Shipping Market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global energy security depends not only on price stability but also on the physical resilience of the logistics network. While existing studies extensively cover the price transmission of oil shocks, they often treat these shocks as homogeneous, overlooking how different institutional interventions disrupt the physical flow of crude oil. This study addresses this gap by distinguishing between politically motivated Sanction shocks and strategically coordinated OPEC shocks. Using a text-based identification strategy within a structural proxy VAR framework, we quantify their asymmetric effects on the crude oil tanker market indicators, including tanker freight rates, floating storage, and port activity. The results reveal asymmetries. The OPEC shocks are consistent with a market clearing channel, where production signals are associated with inventory drawdowns and a release of vessel capacity. In contrast, the Sanction shocks are consistent with a source of logistical friction, associated with depressed spot trade flows and a persistent accumulation of floating storage. This conversion of transport capacity into static warehousing represents a deadweight loss in the supply chain. These findings suggest that traditional energy security frameworks underestimate the risk of logistical paralysis during geopolitical conflicts. We provide actionable insights for policymakers to incorporate floating storage metrics into early warning systems for monitoring hidden inventories constrained by sanctions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743219</guid>
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      <title>Economic and Econometric Analyses of the World Petroleum Industry, Energy Subsidies, and Air Pollution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The decisions made by petroleum producers in the world oil market are both dynamic and strategic, and are thus best modeled as a dynamic game. In the first chapter of my dissertation, I review the literature on the world oil market and discuss my research on econometric modeling of the world oil market as a dynamic game. My research on econometric modeling of the world oil market as a dynamic game research builds on the previous literature by combining three erstwhile separate dimensions of modeling the world oil market: dynamic optimization, game theory, and econometrics.  In the second chapter of my dissertation, I develop and estimate a structural econometric model of the dynamic game among petroleum-producing firms in the world petroleum market. My model incorporates the dynamic behavior and strategic interactions that arise as petroleum-producing firms make their investment, production, merger, and acquisition decisions. I allow firms that are at least partially state-owned to have objectives other than profit maximization alone. I use the structural econometric model to analyze the effects of changes in OPEC membership, a ban on mergers, the privatization of state-owned oil companies, and demand shocks on the petroleum industry. Although I do not assume or impose that OPEC producers collude to maximize joint profits, but instead infer the strategy and payoffs for OPEC firms from the data, I find that OPEC behaves in such a way that is consistent with its mission and also with cartel behavior. Results of counterfactual simulations also show that a ban on mergers would decrease average firm payoff for both OPEC and non-OPEC firms, and decrease consumer surplus. Gasoline taxes have been touted by many economists as an efficient and relatively simple tool to address environmental concerns and other problems associated with gasoline consumption. Nevertheless, rather than removing subsidies and increasing gasoline taxes, many countries still subsidize gasoline, which may have the opposite effect of exacerbating air pollution and other problems asiii sociated with gasoline consumption. The Iranian government has heavily subsidized petroleum products since the early 1980s. As a result of these energy subsidies and artificially low national energy price, Iran is one of the most energy-intensive countries in the world. The Iranian government has recently taken a series of measures to reform and cut back on the energy subsidies. In the third chapter of my dissertation, I evaluate the effects of the Iranian subsidy reform on air quality using a regression discontinuity design. My results provide evidence across multiple different empirical specifications that the subsidy reform in Iran led to improvements in air quality. In particular, the first subsidy reform event, which increased gasoline prices and implemented a gasoline consumption quota; and the second subsidy reform event, which increased energy prices and decreased energy subsidies, both led to declines in concentrations of CO, O3, and NO2. In contrast, the fourth subsidy reform event, which increased fuel prices but removed the gasoline consumption quota, was less effective in reducing air pollution]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2020 12:21:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714549</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>OPEC and Its Role in Oil and Energy Market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1100598</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prospect for energy consumption in a global level takes into account the fact that the energy sector operates in a globalized environment in such a way that regional or local analysis prove inadequate.  Oil, without doubt, still has the dominant role as energy material, affecting with its variations the growth level of all countries to a greater or lesser degree.  The aim of this article is the presentation of energy consumption scenarios and the examination of the role of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in terms of supply.  Furthermore, issues of importance in the exploitation of OPEC member-states oil reserves are analyzed, so that conclusions can be made regarding the policy of the organization for the immediate future.  The authors analyze International Energy Association (World Economic Outlook) energy scenarios, the POLES model, as well as the structure of OPEC member-states regarding production and exploitation of reserves.  The authors conclude that the role of OPEC, however impaired, still remains significant in the global energy scene, whereas the wane of its role can be the outcome of either the liberalization of its member-states' economies or by the opening of new markets of adequate volume and capacity so as to counterbalance global oil demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Apr 2011 07:36:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1100598</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling the Oil Transition: A Summary of the Proceedings of the DOE/EPA Workshop on the Economic and Environmental Implications of Global Energy Transitions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/869489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a summary of the proceedings of an international workshop concerning methods of planning, analyzing and forecasting for global energy transitions and their environmental and economic  consequences. A specific case focused on the transition from conventional to unconventional oil and other energy sources likely to result from a peak in non-OPEC and/or global production of conventional oil. The global energy system faces sweeping changes in the next few decades, with potentially critical implications for the global environment and the global economy. It is important that global institutions have the tools necessary to plan, analyze and predict for such massive change. Leading energy models from around the world in academia, government, and the private sector met, reviewed the state-of-the-art of global energy modeling and evaluated its ability to predict and analyze large-scale energy transitions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:39:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/869489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECENT NATIONWIDE DECLINES IN CARPOOLING. CHAPTER 2, VOLUME II TRAVEL MODE SPECIAL REPORTS - IN: 1990 NPTS SPECIAL REPORTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/743158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the recent decline in carpooling in the United States.  Carpooling first appeared on the national scene during the forties, when oil and rubber shortages dictated a more sparing use of private vehicles for personal transportation. After World War II, carpooling was quickly dropped as a national policy concern.  Carpooling did not reappear until the mid 1970s, when oil crises, stimulated by the cartelization of the international oil market under the leadership of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), renewed our national interest in alternatives to driving alone.  In the 1980s, suburban employment in addition to suburban residences boomed, and carpooling declined.  By the end of the decade, the 1990 U.S. Census and the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) confirmed that the national stock of carpools had fallen dramatically just as many of the most ambitious and innovative programs to promote increased carpooling had been put in place. What led to this result?  Critics of mandatory trip reduction ordinances pointed to significant social and demographic changes in the composition of the general commuting public and the continuing rapid evolution of automotively inspired urban form in U.S. towns and cities.  Increasing numbers of women in the labor force, the baby boomlet, the random scattering of trip destinations among edge cities and other suburban employment activity centers, and the increasingly time compressed and therefore complex travel patterns of urbanites and suburbanites in the 1980s and1990s all contributed to the demise of carpooling in the United States. The observed decline in carpooling was not related in any way, however, to economic principles.  Pricing was not relevant to carpool formation.  The gradual shift in the dissipation of urban densities and energies toward suburban and exurban areas made it increasingly difficult to find carpool partners.  Social and demographic trends toward the nuclearization of ever-smaller families with increasing time commitments made carpooling irrelevant because it was less responsive to the real and pressing travel needs of U.S. families.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/743158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE OUTLOOK FOR U.S. OIL DEPENDENCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/448033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Market share that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) lost in defending higher prices from 1979 to 1985 is being steadily regained and is projected to exceed 50 percent by the year 2000.  World oil markets are likely to be as vulnerable to monopoly influence as they were 20 years ago, as OPEC regains lost market share.  The United States (U.S.) economy appears to be as exposed as it was in the early 1970s to losses from monopoly oil pricing.  A simulated 2-year supply reduction in 2005-6 boosts OPEC revenues by roughly half a trillion dollars and costs the U.S. economy an approximately equal amount.  The Strategic Petroleum Reserve will be of little help against such a determined, multi-year supply curtailment either in reducing OPEC revenues or protecting the U.S. economy.  Increasing the price elasticity of oil demand and supply in the U.S. and the rest of the world, however, would be an effective strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Oct 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/448033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MINERALS TRANSPORTATION: VOLUME 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/157222</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Topics explored in detail include: OPEC and ocean transportation; Unusual problems of handling and transporting specific commodities such as china clay and spodumene; Improvements in bulk terminal sulphur handling; Relative costs of alternative modes of ocean transport of coal; The 62-mile Sahara phosphate conveyor system and the disposal of oil sands tailings at the McMurray formation in Alberta.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/157222</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY STATISTICAL REVIEW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/149743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The International Energy Statistical Review provides current information and comparisons with recent years for a variety of topics on international energy; almost all concern some aspect of the petroleum and natural gas industries.  Six charts deal respectively with total Free World oil production, OAPEC oil production, non-Arab oil production, Free World and USSR oil production, inland oil consumption, and net oil imports.  In general, the time period covers the last four or five years.  The remainder of the Review is made up of 31 tables, covering such disparate topics as production, capacity, reserves, trade, consumption, and stocks.  Areas covered include the world, Free World, OPEC, OAPEC, OECD, selected developed countries, Western Europe, China, USSR, and Eastern Europe.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/149743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TANKER REVIEW: THE END OF AN ERA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lloyd's Shipping Economist has used two powerful computer-programs to unravel what has happened in the medium and large sectors of the tanker market.  Firstly, supply and demand trends in each sector of the tanker market have been identified by creating pictures of the employment of the different tanker fleets.  Demand has been calculated by deducting the surpluses (laid up vessels and the slow steaming elements of the fleets) from the respective supplies.  Secondly, changes in trading patterns have been analysed using Lloyd's Shipping Economist's statistics on tanker and combined carrier sailings from the major exporting and importing regions of the world.  Some important insights into developments in the tanker and combined carrier sailings from the major exporting and importing regions of the world.  Some important insights into developments in the tanker market have emerged from this analysis.  In the medium size range, the rapidly growing importance of the new oil exporting areas such as North and West Africa, combined with a gradual reduction in the tonnage of this ageing fleet, has resulted in a significant convergence between supply and demand.  For the VLCC and ULCC sector, the confused oil supply situation following the Iranian revolution, and the oil majors' continuing loss of control over crude production, has led to a surge in demand for these ships.  The uncertain future of the tanker market is also probed.  It is forecast that the inefficiencies which have emerged, particularly in the VLCC sector, are permanent features of a new market structure. Prospects for medium size tankers look promising but much depends on the development of "super ports" in the US, and the widening/deepening of the Suez Canal.  But all predictions could prove futile if another political storm were to blow up the oil world.  In this issue recent and future trends in the medium-size tanker and VLCC/ULCC sectors have been analysed in detail.  The February edition will contain a review of the products tanker market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/153373</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PRICING POLICY FOR OPEC LPG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although 78% of all associated gas is presently being flared, OPEC nations have been developing major export schemes which could bring the total export of LPG to over 1 million b/d by the mid-1980s.  The market situation, OPEC export availability, LPG price in terms of general principles and objectives, and basic elements of the LPG pricing mechanism are described.  Panel discussion.  Order from NSFI as No. 18434.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/143455</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRUDE OIL SUPPLY AND TANKER DEMAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this report is to explain the existing relationship between crude oil supply and tanker demand and to examine the likely effects that an expansion in short-haul crude oil trades will have on this relationship. Section 1 examines world oil production and consumption in 1977 and the inroads that the recent expansion in short-haul movements have already made into the long-haul trades of the more traditional, marginal producers.  Section 2 reviews the future development plans of the major oil producers and estimates from this data the potential changes in production levels over the period 1978-1985 whilst Section 3 inspects these changes and their likely repercussions in tanker demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENGINE ROOM ROULETTE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/145825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to the author, over half the world's largest containerships are uneconomical to operate because the owners chose steam instead of diesel power.  However, worsening fuel problems (quality and cost) would seem to favour steam for the future.  Although diesels now appear more attractive, the quality and availability of the fuel they require could so soon be put at risk that many are pausing for second thoughts before deciding to scrap perfectly sound but painfully uneconomic steam plants.  This is primarily an article on oil economics and includes results of a survey of fuel consumption of 135 steam and 160 diesel ships, of which 128 steam and 97 diesel ships are 1000 TEU and over in size.  It also incorporates the results of interviews with some major foreign and U.S. shipowners and oil suppliers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Nov 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/145825</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study of the international oil market includes the changing structure of the industry, the worldwide surplus in refinery capacity and tankers, and the role of the spot market and movement of petroleum products between regions. The study shows there have been significant changes in the structure of the international oil industry in recent years. In the OPEC countries the major international oil companies have lost the power of decision-making with regard to investment, volume, and price, although their role in downstream activities in the major industrial consumer countries remains substantial. At the same time as the control levers of oil supply have passed into OPEC hands, the USA has increased its dependence on foreign oil supplies up to almost 50 percent of demand. Unless either greatly increased efficiency of energy use can lead to a substantial reduction in energy demand growth--or higher energy prices cannot be absorbed by the economic system, resulting in a prolonged period of recession--constraints are likely to exist in energy supplies some time before the mid-1980s, bringing about a substantial increase in oil prices in real terms. Such a situation will call for careful management by all concerned--consumers and producers, government and industry--if competitive bidding for available supplies is to be avoided and economic activity is not to be affected. Monitoring the evolution of supply developments would be an important adjunct of policymaking. This would necessitate keeping a close track of world energy and oil supply/demand developments on a broad regional basis at regular (e.g., quarterly) intervals. (ERA citation 03:049553)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/77933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BASIC PETROLEUM DATA BOOK. QUARTERLY REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/78808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Designed to provide a continuing source of information, the Data Book is in loose-leaf format to allow easy updating.  The annual subscription price covers quarterly updates.  New subscribers receive the data book in a 3-ring binder with updates mailed quarterly.  Original subscribers receive updates only to replace material in their binders. The series includes domestic and world statistical background information beginning in most instances with 1947.  Chapters in the book include energy, reserves, exploration and drilling, imports, exports, offshore, transportation, natural gas, and OPEC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/78808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERNATIONAL LPG TRADE ON THE INCREASE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tables of forecast world LPG export capacity shows that about 45 million tons/year of LPG export capacity is now under construction or planned in various producing areas. LPG exports from OPEC countries are shown.  Summary of a report by "The Economist Intelligence Unit".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60639</guid>
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