<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Free Formed Surface Reflectors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the 1992 SAE Technology Convention the authors reported a free formed surface reflector capable of sharp-cut illumination by adding a wavy shape to a paraparaboloid reflector consisting of different horizontal and vertical parabolas. Using this reflector, it has become possible to produce headlamps having inclined lens shapes and reduced lamp heights. However, headlamps are required to look more attractive and balanced with the vehicle body design, in addition to improving their photometric performance. In the present study, the authors investigated new free formed surface reflectors providing higher freedom in headlamp design to meet the recent market needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 10:40:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Color Aberrations of the Projector Systems and their Corrections by the Shape and Position of the Shields</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with the origins of color aberrations (defects) that may occur in the beam patterns of projector lamps and ways to correct these. These optical aberrations cause the pronounced colored effect along the boundary of the cut-off line. Descriptions include basic analysis of the light beam superposition within the final light output and the influence of the shield position and shield shape to colored cut-off line effects. The forming of the light beam by the reflector, to a certain extent, determines which shield shape will be suitable for eliminating of the color effect. However the shield shape also correlates with the chosen lens. If the wrong shield is chosen than the color aberrations and other defects will arise. This paper describes basic principles that should enable the optical designers to avoid these effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2024 17:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A 3D Printed Nearly Isotropic Luneburg Lens Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Vehicular Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A three-dimensional (3D) printed Luneburg lens with nearly isotropic properties is presented. The cubical-lattice-type and the rod-type gradient-index materials are employed together to construct the novel printable spherical lens geometry, whose nearly isotropic properties improve the antenna radiation characteristics significantly. The dual-polarized radiation beam generated by the lens antenna can steer in a wide angular range with stable performance throughout a wide operating band. A prototype with an equivalent radius of 16.8 mm is printed and measured in the Ka-band. An impedance bandwidth of more than 40% for |S₁₁| of less than -17.5 dB, a gain of up to 21.3 dBi, and promising radiation patterns with the dual polarization scanning in an angular range of ±60° are obtained experimentally. With the advantages of satisfying operating performance and ease of realization, the lens investigated in this paper would be an attractive candidate for the wireless applications in millimeter-wave vehicular networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Feb 2022 08:58:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smart Glasses for Improving Mobility of Low Vision People (Phase Two)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This proposal aims to continue the work toward a prototype of the smart glasses with the digital bioptic lens. In Phase Two, the project will implement the digital bioptic lens on augmented reality glasses. Bioptic glasses is a telescope on glasses. It helps people with poor vision see details in the central retina area where it has degenerated by aging or diseases such as glaucoma. Currently, WV, NY, OH, and NJ allow people to drive with the bioptic glasses with certain training. For example, OH requires 40 hours training and WV requires 80 hours of training. Currently PennDOT is working on the state legislation regarding drivers with bioptic glasses. The existing mechanical bioptic lens are heavy and passive. It needs manual focus adjustment with two hands and also blocks part of the user’s vision. The proposed work is to replace the mechanical lens with digital bioptic heads-up display that can be projected onto the regular glasses. It will be lighter, auto-focus, and digitally zoomable. This will improve the mobility of low-vision users in many applications, including driving, sign recognition, navigation, situation-awareness, and training. The scope of work for Phase Two includes three tasks: 1) miniature digital camera and optic design, 2) miniature OLED heads-up display design, and 3) computer vision algorithms for bioptic display and visual enhancement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2021 14:58:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Channel Modeling for UAV-Based Optical Wireless Links With Nonzero Boresight Pointing Errors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1766951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The channel modeling of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based free-space optical (FSO) links with nonzero boresight pointing error is the subject of this paper. In particular, utilizing log-normal turbulence model, the authors propose a novel closed-form statistical channel model for UAV-based FSO links that takes into account the effect of nonzero boresight pointing errors. Subsequently, utilizing Gamma-Gamma turbulence model, the authors propose a novel channel characterization for such links that is valid under moderate to strong turbulence conditions. The accuracy of the proposed models is verified via Monte-Carlo simulations. The proposed models are more tractable and suitable for analysis of such UAV-based FSO links.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Feb 2021 10:34:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1766951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optical design of LED high mast lamp based on TIR freeform lens for annular lighting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The traditional square spot of street lamp is not suitable for the lighting requirements of the annular road lighting. In this paper, a lens design method for producing annular spot of high mast lamp is proposed. The method mainly contains three optical surfaces, in which the inner surface collimates the energy of the centre part of the light source, the total internal reflection surface collimates the light with large angle and low energy and the outer surface refracts all the collimated light to realise the annular illumination distribution on the target surface. In this design, we can change the diameter of the lighting spot through the variation of the inclination angle of the outer surface from 14° to 19° and the diameter of the spot changes from 10.2?m to 12.3?m at the distance of 30?m. The lighting requirements of high mast lighting are realised based on the TIR lens array, in which the average illuminance is more than 20?lx, the illuminance uniformity is more than 0.7 and the light optical utilisation factor is more than 90%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Dec 2020 09:59:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Detection of Delaminated and Cracked Concrete with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The unmanned aerial vehicles or drones provide eyes that reach the sites and parts of structures that are difficult to access. They are very valuable when high bridges with large spans, which would typically require special vehicles, hoists or personnel with climbing skills, are inspected. If a drone carries infrared sensors and high definition lenses with a long focal length, its scope can be extended to non-destructive damage detection. This article presents the results of a study on the use of drones for such a purpose. The investigations were first performed under controlled laboratory conditions and then on-site on a benchmark bridge. Two performance indicators for the optimal definition of damages of concrete bridges were studied: extension and location of delaminated areas, and the position and width of the cracks. The results demonstrate substantial added value compared to existing visual inspections, mainly in the form of consistent information that does not depend on the knowledge and skills of the inspector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2020 14:22:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On-Road Dynamic Pattern Projection Using an Active Mirror for Vehicle Warning Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1727501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, the demand for vehicle warning systems to avoid collisions between vehicles and pedestrians has been increasingly growing. For the implementation of such systems, three types of vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) technologies are widely adopted. In the first, vehicles communicate with pedestrians via smart devices using dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), but it is neither simply intuitive nor fast responsive. In the second, vehicles generate a noise in order to help pedestrians avoid collisions, at the expense of disturbing others with unwelcome noise. In the last, an on-road short-range projection technique visually informs pedestrians that a vehicle is approaching, which can be more intuitive and responsive. However, the two main drawbacks of conventional on-road projections are that they involve a static pattern and narrow emission angle. This paper proposes an on-road dynamic pattern projection technique for grabbing more attention from pedestrians with various dynamic patterns and covering a wide emission angle using an active mirror. Theoretical analysis shows that the on-road projection pattern and its angle can easily be controlled by adjusting the switching frequency, duty-cycle, and amount of current flow in the control circuitry. The simulation and experimental results validate that various patterns can be projected within a projection angle of ±70° at a power consumption less than 0.98W.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2020 08:24:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1727501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A free-form side-emitting lens for airfield lighting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1711330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Side-emitting lenses are essential devices in some special lighting fields. Two types of side-emitting lenses with refractive and total reflective free-form surfaces are introduced. The principles of geometric optics and non-imaging optics are adopted to construct the free-form surfaces without complex mapping or a differential iteration process. As an example, an elevated taxiway edge light is designed for airfield lighting. A side-emitting lens with two sawtooth additions on top is designed to meet the luminous intensity distribution required by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). An analysis is carried out to determine tolerance limits during manufacture and installation. Computer simulation results show that a side-emitting efficiency of 85.4% is achieved for a Cree XP-E light emitting diode (LED). The light distribution of this elevated taxiway edge light complies with the FAA regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2020 10:54:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1711330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A combined lens design for an LED low-beam motorcycle headlight</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1711362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A conventional low-beam projector headlight design for a motorcycle conventionally uses a combination of an elliptical reflector and a baffle plate. A clear cut-off line is formed by the baffle plate. Since only one freeform surface is used, the dispersion phenomena will occur with a white light emitting diode (LED) light source because the blue and yellow light is mixed unevenly. This leads to a high colour temperature. Another method uses a micro-lens array to solve the colour temperature problems. Without using the baffle plate, it is difficult to form a clear cut-off line. What’s more, the freeform surface of the lens is complex and difficult to fabricate. The authors propose a combined lens, which uses a double freeform surface lens combined with a single freeform surface lens. In the combined lens, the double freeform surface lens is designed to solve the colour temperature drift and the single freeform surface lens is designed to solve the problem of the cut-off line. The simulation results can meet the ECE Regulation R113 revision 2(Class B) of the motorcycle low-beam.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2020 12:28:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1711362</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Evaluation of Two Methodologies for Lens Distortion Removal when EXIF Data is Unavailable</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photogrammetry and the accuracy of a photogrammetric solution is reliant on the quality of photographs and the accuracy of pixel location within the photographs. A photograph with lens distortion can create inaccuracies within a photogrammetric solution. Due to the curved nature of a camera’s lens(s), the light coming through the lens and onto the image sensor can have varying degrees of distortion. There are commercially available software titles that rely on a library of known cameras, lenses, and configurations for removing lens distortion. However, to use these software titles the camera manufacturer, model, lens and focal length must be known. This paper presents two methodologies for removing lens distortion when camera and lens specific information is not available. The first methodology uses linear objects within the photograph to determine the amount of lens distortion present. This method will be referred to as the straight-line method. The second methodology utilizes photogrammetry principles and 3D point cloud data to solve for and remove lens distortion. This method will be referred to as the point cloud method. Using cameras with known distortion parameters, both methodologies are presented and individually evaluated against publically available, library-based, distortion removal solutions. Based on the results of lens distortion removal from cameras with known lens distortion, the straight-line method was found to improve pixel location within a photograph by an average of 82 percent and by as much as 99 percent. The point cloud method was found to improve pixel location by an average of 40 percent and by as much as 66 percent.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2020 10:24:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Rear-View Side Mirror with Exterior Lens to Improve Field of View and Aerodynamics of Automobiles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a novel rear-view side mirror constructed with an external lens and a planar mirror to improve aerodynamics and minimize the blind spot of drivers. To resolve the drawback of the conventional side mirror, some vehicle manufacturers have lately attempted to develop a camera-based solution to replace traditional protruding side mirrors. However, driving vehicles on public roads without such side mirrors is illegal in most countries including the USA. The United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) specifies that the mirror installed on the driver side should be flat and should have unit magnification.         The proposed system avoids the large, protruding, external side-mirror that is currently used in present-day vehicles. Instead, it integrates this external element into the interior of the vehicle to improve aerodynamic resistance, safety, and styling. The proposed side mirror effectively solves the problems caused by traditional automobile rear-view mirrors. Design of the exterior lens was executed using a freeform optical technique to obtain an undistorted image on the interior flat panel mirror.         Two prototypes were manufactured to demonstrate the performance of the proposed side-mirror. One had a protrusion length of 7.0 cm from the vehicle body and a field of view (FOV) angle of 40° for the passenger and driver sides, while the other mirror had an FOV of 25° with unit magnification ratio and a protrusion length of 10.0 cm on the driver side. This proposed side mirror can be an alternative to conventional side mirrors while complying with FMVSS regulations.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2020 09:30:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studies on Forming Anti-Icing Railroad Traffic Signal Lens by Using Femtosecond Laser Surface Processing Directly (FLSP) or by Stamping Tungsten Carbide FLSP Surfaces into Railroad Lens Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593826</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During winter weather conditions snow and ice can accumulate on railroad traffic signal lenses especially when high efficiency light emitting diodes are used as the light source making them hazardous as signals for the engineers. Railroad signal lens polycarbonate (PC) was functionalized to be anti-wetting and anti-icing using femtosecond laser surface processing (FLSP) directly as well as by imprinting PC using a FLSP tungsten carbide (WC) die to produce micron and nanoscale roughness on the surface that is characteristic of anti-wetting surfaces. The micron and nanoscale surface structure on FLSP PC was controlled by adjusting the fluence per laser pulse and number of pulses impinging upon the sample. During stamping applied pressure, temperature, and stamp morphology influenced the imprinted surface structure. Through contact angle measurements, condensation freezing experiments, and placing samples in outdoor icing conditions the authors demonstrate that both directly processing PC using FLSP and imprinting an FLSP WC surface onto PC enhances the anti-wetting and anti-icing properties. Laboratory scales experiments have shown that the quality of the lens is not affected by the FLSP processing. The next step is to proceed to actual railroad test bed experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Apr 2019 14:29:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593826</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-time multi-target localization from unmanned aerial vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to improve the reconnaissance efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) electro-optical stabilized imaging systems, a real-time multi-target localization scheme based on an UAV electro-optical stabilized imaging system is proposed. First, a target location model is studied. Then, the geodetic coordinates of multi-targets are calculated using the homogeneous coordinate transformation. On the basis of this, two methods which can improve the accuracy of the multi-target localization are proposed: (1) the real-time zoom lens distortion correction method; (2) a recursive least squares (RLS) filtering method based on UAV dead reckoning. The multi-target localization error model is established using Monte Carlo theory. In an actual flight, the UAV flight altitude is 1140 m. The multi-target localization results are within the range of allowable error. After the authors use a lens distortion correction method in a single image, the circular error probability (CEP) of the multi-target localization is reduced by 7%, and 50 targets can be located at the same time. The RLS algorithm can adaptively estimate the location data based on multiple images. Compared with multi-target localization based on a single image, CEP of the multi-target localization using RLS is reduced by 25%. The proposed method can be implemented on a small circuit board to operate in real time. This research is expected to significantly benefit small UAVs which need multi-target geo-location functions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jul 2017 11:12:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technology to Display Image around Ship by Using Fisheye</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1445195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently the research and the development on sailing support system using video information have been advancing owing to the development of image processing technology. As for vessels, the sailing monitoring systems to watch all directions of the vessels by using omni directional image sensors have been proposed. But there are some problems on this system as follows: (1) It is difficult to confirm the distance between the vessels and the bridge when they leave or reach the shore. (2) It is too slow to do real time processing. This is why the authors developed the system which can judge a positional relationship between the vessels and the bridges visually by proposing on a real time a pseudo image from the sky. The authors are making use of USB camera equipped with fish-eye lenses to get images. In this paper, the authors experimented by attaching the camera at the medium seized vessel, which have a total length of 40 meters. As a result, the authors found that it is possible to display a positional relationship between our ship and bridges when our ship leaves or reaches the shore, and also to display corrected images on a real time at the frame rate 10fps.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2017 09:25:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1445195</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>