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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF INJECTION LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/113571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER DESCRIBES SEVERAL PERTINENT DESIGN FACTORS FOR LASER LINE-OF-SIGHT COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS UTILIZING GAAS LASER DIODES OPERATING AT ROOM TEMPERATURE IN A PULSED MODE. ANALYSIS, EXPERIMENTATION, AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEVERAL SUCH SYSTEMS HAVE REVEALED THAT (1) RELIABLE VOICE COMMUNICATION CAN BE ACHIEVED EFFECTIVELY OVER RANGES OF AT LEAST FIVE MILES WITH A ONE-WATT PULSED INJECTION LASER, (2) IF BACKGROUND RADIATION IS HIGH (E.G., DAYLIGHT OPERATION), THERE IS A RECEIVER FIELD OF VIEW BEYOND WHICH A PHOTODIODE RECEIVER MINIMIZES REQUIRED TRANSMITTER POWER, AND (3) FOR A PHOTODIODE RECEIVER THAT IS OPTIMIZED FOR DETECTING THE PULSED RADIATION FROM A ROOM-TEMPERATURE-OPERATED GAAS INJECTION LASER, USE OF AN OPTICAL FILTER TO SUPPRESS BACKGROUND RADIATION WILL NOT (IN MOST CASES OF PRACTICAL INTEREST) IMPROVE OVERALL PERFORMANCE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/113571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VISUAL DETECTION AT LOW LUMINANCE THROUGH OPTICAL FILTERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/111274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECT IS ANALYZED OF THE FOLLOWING THREE OPTICAL FILTERS UPON VISUAL DETECTION UNDER CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED IN DRIVING: TWO TYPES OF NIGHT-DRIVING GLASSES, AND A HEAT-ABSORBING WINDSHIELD. A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED OF THE EXPECTED EFFECTS OF OPTICAL FILTERS UPON VISUAL PERFORMANCE IN NIGHT DRIVING. THE ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT THE THREE OPTICAL FILTERS BEING USED IN NIGHT DRIVING MAY BE EXPECTED TO REDUCE VISUAL DISCOMFORT DUE TO VIEWING BRIGHT HEADLIGHTS AT NIGHT BUT HTAT LOSSES IN VISUAL PERFORMANCE ARE TO BE EXPECTED. A METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF THE EFFECTS OF OPTICAL FILTERS UPON VISUAL DETECTION AT LOW LUMINANCE. EXPERIMENTS ARE REPORTED IN WHICH THE EFFECTS OF THE THREE OPTICAL FILTERS UPON VISUAL DETECTION AT LOW LUMINANCE WAS INVESTIGATED. THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT SEEM TO VALIDATE THE PREDICTIVE METHOD FOR EVALUATING OPTICAL FILTERS TO A SATISFACTORY DEGREE. TEST RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH PREDICTIONS MADE BY THE METHOD PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED. IMPLICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED OF THE EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND THE ANALYSES FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT LOSSES IN VISUAL DETECTION CAPABILITY RESULTING IN THE USE OF OPTICAL FILTERS AT LOW]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/111274</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF WAVE-LENGTH CONTRASTS ON DISCRIMINATION THRESHOLDS UNDER MESOPIC VISION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/111275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VARIOUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN MADE OF THE EFFECT OF FILTERS, TINTED GLASSES AND WINDSHIELDS AS THEY AFFECT SEEING AT NIGHT. ON THE AVERAGE ALL RESULTS HAVE SHOWN A DELETERIOUS EFFECT ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUAL OBSERVERS SOMETIMES MAY SHOW A SLIGHT IMPROVEMENT. THESE VARIATIONS IN DIRECTION ARE UNDOUBTEDLY CHANCE ERRORS AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED FROM ANY LARGE NUMBER OF MEASUREMENTS. LAUER INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FROM CERTAIN WAVE-LENGTH BRIGHT HEADLIGHTS AT NIGHT BUT THAT LOSSES IN VISUAL INCREMENT OF NONLINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREASED TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT AND LEGIBILITY OF LETTERS AS MEASURED BY THE CLASON ACUITY METER. MORE RECENTLY, STUDIES BY OTHERS HAVE SUPPORTED THESE EARLIER FINDINGS IN GREATER OR LESSER DEGREE. IN OTHER WORDS, THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SOME TYPES OF FILTERS WHICH LOWER LIGHT TRANSMISSIONS MAY INCREASE ACUITY AT NIGHT IS REJECTED. /AUTHOR/ LUMINANCE APPEAR TO BE SUFFICIENTLY GREAT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/111275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VISUAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT THROUGH CLEAR AND SUNSCREEN-TREATED WINDOWS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reflective sunscreen filters are frequently bonded to vehicle windows to reduce interior heat and brightness. The present study was conducted to investigate the optical properties of and visual performance through clear and sunscreen-treated glass panels that served as windows in an observation booth. Five combinations of external and internal brightness levels were used. Light transmission values through the clear, gold, silver, and bronze panels were 92, 20, 18, and 8 percent, respectively. Visual performance tests were conducted at 6 m (20 ft) on 12 subjects with normal visual acuity and color vision. Two tasks were conducted under brightness levels on the external display and in the subject's booth, respectively, of 1:1, 5:1, 50:1, 5:5, and 50:5 fL. Visual acuity using Landolt C figures and scores on a contour identification task were minimally impaired for any luminance ratio when the clear (control) panel was used. With the sunscreen panels, scores on both tests decreased as a function of target brightness and panel density. With one external/internal luminance ratio(5:1), identification of signal light colors was generally impaired while viewing through sunscreen materials. Decreases were particularly evident for green and red lights presented at intermediate and low intensity levels. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jan 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/77806</guid>
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      <title>PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, A NATURAL FOR HIGHWAY AND AIRPORT PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/61293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper gives the major characteristics of the prestressed highway pavements which have been built in the United States during 1971-73, together with reasons for their design features.  Construction and prestressing data are cited for demonstration and research project of the Federal Highway Administration at Dulles International Airport; early-age slab movements and restraints, and performance observations of slabs over two years old.  The paper describes the advantages of natural stress conditions existing in long pavement slabs, which counteract the maximum flexural traffic load tension stresses.  Longitudinal prestress maintains these favorable stress conditions most effectively.  Concrete and steel requirements in prestressed pavement and conventional highway pavement construction are compared, showing substantial savings of both concrete and steel in prestressed pavements, in addition to a better utilization of both materials by prestressing.  Suitable criteria for design and construction of future prestressed highway and airport pavement projects are suggested.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/61293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VISUAL AIDS AND EYE PROTECTION FOR THE AVIATOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This volume contains nine papers, with discussions presented at an aerospace medical panel specialists' meeting held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1976. The aim of the meeting was to facilitate an exchange of information concerning visual aids and eye protective devices used by the aviator. Authors, observers, and Panel members from 12 NATO nations attended the meeting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/47799</guid>
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