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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>SPREADING AND MOVEMENT OF OIL SPILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The spreading and movement of oil spills on water were investigated.  Areas for spills which form lenses were measured and correlated.  Most crudes tested formed thin films, not lenses; but lens formation could be induced and spreading greatly reduced by surfactant treatment. Spreading rates for small spills were measured and correlated with spill volume, oil density and water viscosity.  Field data and energy conservation, however, indicated that these aspects of small spills cannot be scaled up to large spill volumes.  Wind-water basin tests indicated that on quiet open water oil should drift leeward at 3.66 plus or minus .17% of the wind velocity. The percentage drift was not significantly affected by oil or water properties, depth, and wind speed, and agrees fairly well with field data.  Waves caused significant reductions in wind drift, but in the shallow basin used did not induce significant drift themselves.  Since wind causes waves, and deep water waves drift, further investigation of wind and wave drift interaction is recommended.  Wind drift was found to be confined to a thin surface layer.  The use of 1 - 1 1/2 inch deep oil-confining drogues markedly reduced wind drift.  Investigation of the use of nets of such drogues and of lens formation to reduce oil spread and movement is recommended.  In all cases, combined wind and current drifts were found to be less than the current drift in the absence of winds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBON SPILLS FROM AN OIL PIPELINE BREAK ON GROUND WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/386670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study was undertaken to determine the effect of an oil spill, which might be caused by a seismic event rupturing a crude oil pipe line which crosses the recharge area of the Memphis Sands Aquifer. In the study, two numerical models were used to simulate a potential rupture of the 40 inch crude oil pipeline located in Wolf River fluvial valley susceptible to liquefaction. The simulation approach used two two-dimensional upstream weighted finite element models to predict the three-dimensional flow phenomenon of released crude in the saturated and unsaturated zones. Aerial Multiphase Organic Simulator (ARMOS) was used to simulate the crude oil migration horizontally and to evaluate the extent of the crude dispersion on the ground water table. Multiphase Organic Flow and Transport (MOFAT) was used to simulate crude soil saturation in the vertical flow domain, in order to evaluate the dissolution of particular monoaromatic hydrocarbon isomers. The simulated results aided in designing an appropriate strategy for site remediation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/386670</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SLIKTRAK--A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS, CLEANUP, EFFECTS AND ASSOCIATED COSTS PROCEEDINGS OIL SPILL CONF., NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, MARCH 8-10, 1977</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The computer program simulates the continued creation of an oil spill and applies weather data to predict movements of each day's spillage for successive days at sea and quantities of oil left after each day until the oil either disappears or reaches a coastline.  Cumulative probability curves for the oil volumes cleaned up, oil arriving at specified shores, and total costs are produced by random selection of input variables such as well location, weather data, and the possibility of well bridging, and repetition of simulated spill incidents over a large number of cycles. Traceplots of individual spills can be generated.  Results of a study based on the North Sea area are presented, and further development of the program is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73568</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL IN MOVING PACK ICE--LABORATORY STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a series of three laboratory tests, largely qualitative in nature, during which two different crude oils were released under moving ice.  The moving pack ice was simulated by small ice floes, about 30 cm in diameter, confined in a 3 m diameter steel ring, in a basin, in a cold room, and agitated by the slow back and forth motion of the confining ring. ... observations, relative to the spreading of the oil, the effect of wind and waves and countermeasures are ... described.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL POLLUTION IN ICE-COVERED ARCTIC WATERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problems of oil pollution in ice-covered arctic seas are discussed, based on the experiences and studies in the Beaufort Sea made by the United States' Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program and by the Canadian Beaufort Sea Project.  Problems of offshore petroleum operations in the Beaufort Sea are described in terms of sea ice hazards, subsea permafrost, ice gouging and climatic extremes, and the risks they pose, particularly in causing possible accidental oils spills.  The probability of blowouts and other oil-spilling accidents in ice-covered waters are discussed and the likely transport pathways and behavior of oil spilled in and under the sea ice are reviewed.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167232</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POLLUTION. COSTING THE CLEARANCE OPTIONS-OR HOW TO GET THERE THE FASTEST WITH THE MOSTEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The behviour pattern of an oil slick with the final absorption of seawater to form an oil-in-water emulsion is briefly reviewed.  The technology available to combat oil in its slick form, i.e. by mechanical booms or chemical dispersants is discussed, some relative cost figures are given for the application of dispersants from ships and aircraft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANUAL OF PRACTICE FOR PROTECTION AND CLEANUP OF SHORELINES. VOLUME II. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/161960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this manual is to provide the on scene field user with a systematic, easy to apply methodology that can be used to assess the threat of an oil spill and select the most appropriate protection and cleanup techniques.  A detailed discussion of the factors involved in the decision-making process is also given and includes oil characteristics, behavior and movement of oil, shoreline characterization and sensitivity, protection and cleanup priorities and implementation requirements, and impacts associated with cleanup operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/161960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANUAL OF PRACTICE FOR PROTECTION AND CLEANUP OF SHORELINES. VOLUME I. DECISION GUIDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/161961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this manual is to provide the on scene field user with a systematic, easy to apply methodology that can be used to assess the threat of an oil spill and select the most appropriate protection and cleanup techniques.  This manual is structured to provide a decision-making guide to enable the user to determine, for a given oil spill situation, which protection and cleanup techniques would be most effective for a specific shoreline type.  A detailed discussion of the factors involved in the decision-making process is also given and includes oil characteristics, behavior and movement of oil, shoreline characterization and sensitivity, protection and cleanup priorities and implementation requirements, and impacts associated with cleanup operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/161961</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FATE OF OIL SPILLED FROM THE SUPERTANKER METULA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On 9 August 1974, the METULA, a 206,000 deadweight VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) enroute from Ras Tenura, Saudi Arabia to Quintera Bay, Chile, with a load of 195,673 tons of Arabia light crude, ran aground on the Satellite Patch Shoal in the Straits of Magellan, Chile. The oil spill was destined to become the world's second largest as of that time, exceeded only by the famous TORREY CANYON disaster. In terms of oil deposited on the shore, the METULA spill may be the world's largest, since the geography of the area, the prevailing winds, and the nearness of the grounded ship to shore caused most of the oil to reach the Chilean shoreline primarily on the shore of the famous Island of Tierra del Fuego, which forms the southern shore of the eastern half of the Straits. The greatest significance of this spill results from the fact that no cleanup operation was attempted and thus the spill became by default, the world's largest scientific oil spill. This report describes the oceanographic and meteorological setting of the grounding and subsequent spill and discusses the grounding, the resulting spill and the deposition of the oil on shore. An in-depth discussion of fifteen selected sites is presented including environmental features, the deposited oil and its appearance and behavior at different times and the visual impact of the spill. The final section of this report addresses the lessons learned at the time of the spill and subsequently discusses the development of pilot international training efforts to help countries plan to deal with such spills. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89383</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLIKTRAK SIMULATIONS - EAST COAST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/158375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to determine probable trajectories of oil slicks from prospective exploration drilling sites in the Davis Strait. Shell's simulator program, SLIKTRAK, was selected to simulate spill movements in Davis Strait because of its relative ease of use and its ability to stimulate the fate of an oil spill including evaporation and natural dispersion effects...Although improvements in the precision of the environmental data can be expected in the future, no substantial change in the results presented herein are expected unless there are drastic changes in input data. (Au)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/158375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL IN PACK ICE COLDROOM TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/158376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to investigate the behaviour and fate of crude oil spilled in moving pack ice...Two different crudes (Atkinson and Prudhoe Bay) were spilled under scaled down ice floes confined in a 3m diameter basin and agitated by the back and forth motion of the confining ring...(Au)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/158376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BREAK UP OF OIL ON ROUGH SEAS - SIMPLIFIED MODELS AND STEP-BY-STEP CALCULATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study tries to integrate the existing theoretical and experimental information regarding behavior of oil spills in ocean into a unified, sequential calculation procedure. Major consideration was given to developing the least sophisticated calculation procedures which maintain a reasonable description of the totality of the physical processes. The principal phenomena included in the prediction of spill behavior are: combined spreading and evaporation; the interaction of waves with the slick and formation of oil droplets; dispersion of droplets in the water column; and finally the formation and dispersion of slicklets due to turbulence in the ocean. The model has been exercised for four different types of oils: light crude, heavy crude, fuel oil no. 2 and fuel oil no. 6.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL SPILL SCENARIO FOR THE LABRADOR SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops a scenario following a large oil spill from a blowout of an exploratory well in the Labrador Sea. Scenario development leads to the delineation of gaps in pertinent baseline information and serves to identify the applicability and inadequacies of available countermeasure techniques.  Twelve study topics are presented as input to the scenario narrative...the physical environment (emphasis on ice); resource utilization practices (potential, immediate and direct impact); factors peculiar to the area and that influence blowout probability; the behaviour of oil as it rises from the seabed and as it interacts with ice; the environmental prediction and logistics capability of the Labrador area to support a major countermeasures effort; and finally, an appraisal of the Canadian state of response preparedness.  Recommendations are made of approaches to achieve the objectives of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) insofar as it applies to the Labrador Sea.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150296</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMBUSTION: AN OIL SPILL MITIGATION TOOL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/152169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The need for this study was based upon: a) the lack of definitive information available to responsible program managers to decide on the use of combustion as an option and b) the question-what, if any, research should be conducted to optimize the use of this tool for spill mitigation.  The scope was designed to evaluate the use of combustion for: in situ in a stricken vessel; oil released upon water; and oil-contaminated debris disposal.  The report consists of Part I, which is a practical guide oriented toward the needs of potential users, while Part II is the research or resource document from which the practical guidance was drawn.  The study included theoretical evaluations of combustion of petroleum pool fires under the effect of weathering and an oil classification system related to combustion potential.  The theoretical analysis of combustion is balanced by practical experience of oil burning and case history information.  Decision elements are provided which can be used as a guide for technical evaluations of a particular oil spill situation.  The rational for assessing technical feasibility is given in the context of other alternatives available for response to an oil spill.  A series of research and technology development concepts are included for future research.  The ethics of using oil burning are discussed as issues, concerns, and tradeoffs.  A detailed annotated bibliography is appended along with a capsule review of a decade of oil burning studies and other support information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/152169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS IN THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review is presented of the response techniques that are applicable to oil spills in Arctic conditions, onshore and at sea.  The fate of oil in these environments is briefly discussed, and resource considerations for responding to oil spills are outlined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/153729</guid>
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