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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>SPREADING AND MOVEMENT OF OIL SPILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The spreading and movement of oil spills on water were investigated.  Areas for spills which form lenses were measured and correlated.  Most crudes tested formed thin films, not lenses; but lens formation could be induced and spreading greatly reduced by surfactant treatment. Spreading rates for small spills were measured and correlated with spill volume, oil density and water viscosity.  Field data and energy conservation, however, indicated that these aspects of small spills cannot be scaled up to large spill volumes.  Wind-water basin tests indicated that on quiet open water oil should drift leeward at 3.66 plus or minus .17% of the wind velocity. The percentage drift was not significantly affected by oil or water properties, depth, and wind speed, and agrees fairly well with field data.  Waves caused significant reductions in wind drift, but in the shallow basin used did not induce significant drift themselves.  Since wind causes waves, and deep water waves drift, further investigation of wind and wave drift interaction is recommended.  Wind drift was found to be confined to a thin surface layer.  The use of 1 - 1 1/2 inch deep oil-confining drogues markedly reduced wind drift.  Investigation of the use of nets of such drogues and of lens formation to reduce oil spread and movement is recommended.  In all cases, combined wind and current drifts were found to be less than the current drift in the absence of winds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SLIKTRAK SIMULATIONS - EAST COAST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/158375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to determine probable trajectories of oil slicks from prospective exploration drilling sites in the Davis Strait. Shell's simulator program, SLIKTRAK, was selected to simulate spill movements in Davis Strait because of its relative ease of use and its ability to stimulate the fate of an oil spill including evaporation and natural dispersion effects...Although improvements in the precision of the environmental data can be expected in the future, no substantial change in the results presented herein are expected unless there are drastic changes in input data. (Au)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/158375</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>REMOTE SENSING OF OIL POLLUTION FROM THE AMOCO CADIZ</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The chronology of remote sensing flights organized by Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Oceans, IFP, and l'lnstitut Geographique National is summarized.  Examples of the most commonly observed phenomena along the coastline are presented.  An interpretation of the various data collected is given for the area of Roscoff, taken as a model.  This interpretation is extended to draw series of maps of sea and coastline pollution for several days between Mar. 18 and May 26, 1978.  The maps for Mar. 18 and 21 are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/153382</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COMBATING OIL POLLUTION WITH THE AID OF A COMPUTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A computer system, Sliktrak, developed by the Oil Industry Exploration and Production Forum, simulates the creation of an oil spill and predicts its movement and dispersal, considering wind, evaporation, mixing with the sea and currents, and making it possible to predict how much oil will reach a particular coastline from any given oil well blowout or spillage. At present, the system contains information about currents in the North Sea and of weather conditions taken from meteorological data compiled over 2 yrs.  Although it is intended for use mainly as a tool, it can be used to monitor the effects of an actual disaster. The system is a general one but can be adapted for a specific area, provided adequate meteorological and oceanographic information is available.  Sliktrak is available on the Scicon Computer Services bureau's twin Univak 1108 computers 24 hr/d, 7d/wk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RESOURCE SENSITIVITY MAPS FOR OIL SPILL COUNTERMEASURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development and use of resource sensitivity maps are discussed.  The maps contain sufficient details of biological resources, current land and water uses, present access and land status, tide-current data, and wind patterns to enhance initial decision-making until more detailed information systems are available on line.  The maps cover certain coastal areas of the Province of British Columbia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DETECTION AND MAPPING OF OIL ON A MARSHY AREA BY A REMOTE LUMINESCENT SENSOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An oil well ruptured and spewed a 90-m fountain of oil into the air for 23 d.  An airborne luminescence detector with a Fraunhofer Line Discriminator (FLD) was flown over the affected area 41 d after the well was capped to obtain a map of the deposition pattern.  To calibrate the system, samples of wire grass and common reed were collected from the contaminated area and the oil residues were eluted and quantitatively analyzed in a flourescence photometer.  Good correlation was observed between the FLD and the laboratory analysis.  Isopleths defining the deposition pattern of oil were drawn from the remote sensing information.  Use of this instrument for cleanup and damage assessment is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73428</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS IN SUPPORT OF OIL SPILL CLEANUP, CONTROL AND PREVENTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For several years, EPA aircraft have carried out aerial photographic missions, mapping the extent of and shoreline contamination from major oil spills in support of cleanup and control operations and environmental damage assessment. In 1975, the EPA began a program of aerial photographic overflights of selected onshore oil production, storage, and processing facilities to support the compliance monitoring of EPA's oil pollution prevention regulation.  The aerial mapping program is described, and specific applications of aerial photography to oil pollution prevention compliance monitoring are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73432</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VULNERABILITY OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS OF LOWER COOK INLET, ALASKA TO OIL SPILL IMPACT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The coastal waters of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, like many arctic areas, will undergo exploratory petroleum drilling in the near future.  In preparation for the increased potential for oil spills, a field study of the coastal morphology and sediments, with emphasis on the behavior of spilled oil, was conducted in June 1976.  A total of 1216 km of shoreline was classified into erosional (45%), neutral (38%) and depositional (17%) types, which were further divided into 16 subclasses on the basis of small-scale morphological features.  This classification was used in conjunction with a vulnerability index of potential oil spill damage, developed through study of two major oil spills, to predict the longevity of oil in the different coastal environments of the Inlet.  On a scale from 1-10, 45% of the shoreline was given low values of 1-4, which means that oil would be dispersed by natural processes within less than six months after a spill on these coasts.  Values from 4-6 were assigned to 13.4% of the shoreline, where oil residence time may be up to one year.  A 6-10 rating was assigned to 41.5% of the shoreline, where oil contamination may remain for periods of from two to ten years, or possibly more should no major clean-up procedures be initiated.  We propose that the use of this type of vulnerability indexing, in conjunction with a biological susceptibility index and oil spill trajectory models, would provide a rational basis for decision making concerning the location of on- and off-shore oil facilities and the design of oil spill contingency plans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF BASIC TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING THE BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE OIL SLICKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/58625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite improved techology and tighter legal regulations, the increased production and transport of oil on the oceans will inevitably result in spillage from ships or drilling sites.  Accurate prediction of the transformation and transport of the oil will be necessary to avoid environmental and economic damage from such spills.  This Sea Grant report is a comprehensive review of existing techniques for wind field modeling, slick advection, oil transformation and composite modeling.  Specific evaluations are made of 15 composite models on the basis of time and dimension scales, incorporating the strengths and limitations of assumptions that can currently be made. Future research and data needed to improve the accuracy of predicting the transport of oil by wind, wave and current in different locations are outlined.  Current skills and future requirements in long-range weather forecasting are also covered by this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Dec 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/58625</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLIGHT EVALUATION OF U.S. COAST GUARD AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A prototype airborne oil surveillance system was developed for the United States Coast Guard by Aerojet ElectroSystems Company.  The multisensor system permits real-time, day- night, all-weather detection, mapping, and documentation of oil spills at sea.  The system was installed aboard a Coast Guard HU-16 Albatross and flight tested off the California coast.  Surveillance data were obtained from natural seeps, a series of controlled oil spills, routine shipping, and targets of opportunity.  The airborne system consists of a sidelooking radar, a passive microwave imager, a multispectral low-light level TV, a multichannel line scanner, a position reference system, and a real-time processor-display console.  The system reliably detected and mapped oil spills and seeps in conditions ranging from dense undercast to clear, from wind speeds of 0 to 25 knots, and from daytime to total darkness.  Test results demonstrate that a practical airborne oil surveillance system is feasible and can be invaluable to other Coast Guard missions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN OPERATIONS TO COMBAT OIL SPILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At its first session in November 1970, the Commission on Marine Meteorology Working Group on Requirements for Marine Meteorological Services considered that amongst the many services required by marine user groups are those to assist in operations to control the spread of oil pollution.  The results of an inquiry among Members of WMO indicated that a number of National Meteorological Services are involved in these activities and provide forecasts of environmental factors influencing the movement of surface oil and other relevant information.  To combat oil spills effectively, knowledge is required of the rate and direction of the spill movement, the latter being determined by winds, waves and currents as well as by the physical and chemical properties of oil and water.  These aspects have been discussed in this report and factors to be taken into account in developing forecast procedures have also have indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14615</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RADAR IMAGERY OF OIL SLICKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/18586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A joint agency controlled oil slick experiment, sponsored by the United States Coast Guard, was conducted in the Pacific Ocean in the Fall of 1970.  The Naval Research Laboratory's synthetic aperture radar was used to detect and monitor the slicks at frequencies of 428, 1228, 4455, and 8910 MHz during the low sea conditions encountered.  At frequencies of 1228 MHz and higher, the slicks were depicted with sharp boundaries.  At 428 MHz, the boundaries were indistinct.  Approximately 400 liters of oil was detected as it was being discharged from the generating ship and larger spills were mapped from the initial thickness to equilibrium thickness of 1 micron or less.  Thin streamers of oil and wind blown films were also imaged.  Area growth rates were obtained for 2500 liter spills of API 26.1 crude oil and API 9.7 fuel oil on a calm sea.  The respective rates, from approximately 1 to 4 hours after the spills, were 134 sq m/sec and 16 sq m/sec.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/18586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SLICKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/13805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In airborne remote sensing, due to the differences between the material properties of oil and, water, an oil slick is detectable in most wavelength bands.  The capability of mapping thin oil slicks varies with the wavelength used. The amount of cloud cover also has a great influence on the contrast and the optimum wavelength band for mapping.  A significant relation also exists between the contrast and the thickness of the oil film in some parts of the spectrum, particularly in the green band, thermal infrared (IR) and the microwave region.  The multiband signature is also related to the oil type.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/13805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SLICKS BY RADAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The NRL Four Frequency Radar System, at Coast Guard request, was flown over the oil slick caused by the wreck of the tanker Arrow in the Chedabucto Bay area of Nova Scotia on 17 February 1970.  The oil slick was mapped remotely from an EC-121 aircraft in both the horizontal and vertical polarizations.  Synthetic aperture imagery was obtained in the P,X,L and C-band.  This data clearly established the value of the radar sensing techniques as a tool for locating and monitoring oil spills.(Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 22 Dec 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN INVESTIGATION OF OIL FLUORESCENCE AS A TECHNIQUE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Final report summarizing an investigation of a laser-excited oil fluorescence technique for the remote sensing and identification of oil spills at sea.  Report covers a study of the nature of oil, theoretical analysis of the oil fuorescence phenomenon, laboratory measurement of the required parameters, and field measurements.  Conclusions establish the technical feasibility of remote detecting identifying and mapping of oil spills by laser excited fluorescence.  Recommendations are made to build a flyable system to measure, oil spills at sea.  Positive identification of oil types can be greatly improved by measurement of extinction coefficient, API gravity, fluorescent lifetime, after exposing the samples to prolonged exposure in the ocean environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 25 Nov 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2040</guid>
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