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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Machine Learning Based Indirect Engine Oil Deterioration Monitoring System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maximizing vehicle uptime and reducing maintenance costs are critical objectives in modern automotive systems, making efficient resource utilization a top priority. One of the key factors is engine oil life or degradation, which directly affects the engine performance, longevity, and overall vehicle efficiency/fuel economy. Most vehicles tracks engine oil life solely on a fixed mileage interval while few uses dedicated sensor, which is costly and requires service and maintenance.As the engine oil degrades, it reduces Oil Total Acid Number (TAN) increases while Oil Total Base Number (TBN) decreases. It is recommended that maximum usable life of the engine oil is up to the crossover point between oil TAN and TBN (as the engine oil degrades). Vehicle driving pattern governs the occurrence of crossover points with respect to vehicle mileage. Based on this fundamental concept, an XG-Boost machine-learning algorithm is trained using vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) channels and varying oil TAN and TBN parameters, derived from the vehicle-level measurement data available for the entire life cycle of engine oil in operating condition. The developed model based on CAN channels like engine rpm, engine torque, gear position, engine power, coolant temperature and odometer readings accurately predicts engine oil TAN and TBN parameter. The cross over point of TAN & TBN is accurately forecasted as seen in correlation results. An interactive user interface is designed and developed to display the deterioration in terms of remaining useful life of the oil to customers in vehicle driving condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663377</guid>
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      <title>Study of Re-refined Oil Use in Diesel Engines: Final Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2122524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of the concern that re-refined oil was causing engine failures, a study was initiated to compare the wear effects of re-refined and virgin oils using the two Detroit Diesel engines in a ferryboat that would experience similar duty cycles, weather, and hours of operation. Ideally, both engines would have been rebuilt to the manufacturer’s specifications and the precise dimensions of bearings and other internal wear components documented. The condition of both engines was essentially the same for later comparison. One engine was to run on virgin oil and the other engine on re-refined oil. Two oil samples were taken every oil change and analyzed. Halfway through the program the oils were to be switched. During this process, some of the results were inconsistent due to a mix up. Thus, the results of these tests were limited. Inferences could be made from the test data, however: there was no indication of an effect between re-refined oil versus virgin oil; the engines should run on oil specified by Detroit Diesel, whether virgin or re-refined; and that engine oil changes should be much shorter than is typical for the ferryboat.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Mar 2023 12:53:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2122524</guid>
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      <title>Rationalization of the Drain interval of Diesel Rail Car Engine Oils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1797423</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To find the optimum drain interval of commercially available high performance engine oils of suitable grades for diesel powered rail cars, the durability of the engine oils in field tests and the conditions inside the engines after field tests have been investigated. From the series of field test results, a possibility for controlling the drain interval of engine oils based on the traveled distance was suggested and the suitable drain interval of those oils was determined as 45,000km in terms of the distance traveled.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:12:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1797423</guid>
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      <title>The experimental analysis of engine oil degradation utilizing selected thermoanalytical methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1642333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the paper, the authors raised the problem of degradation of lubricating oil parameters with extended intervals of oil change of a passenger car. The results of engine oils thermoanalysis are presented and discussed. The analyzed oils were brand new and worn out after the mileage of 30 000 kilometers. The goal of the paper was to indicate the differences between new and worn out oil and to point the problems associated with further extending oil change intervals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Sep 2019 09:44:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1642333</guid>
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      <title>Preventive Maintenance Criteria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1457230</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) operates a large and varied fleet of on-road and off-road equipment. Regular oil changes for these machines result in significant costs due to the required labor, replacement oil and filters, and disposal of used oil, as well as downtime for the machine. Provided that oil of sufficient quality can be maintained, preventive maintenance (PM) costs can be reduced by extending oil drain intervals. The purpose of this research was to monitor oil quality throughout extended drain intervals to determine the type, rate, and magnitude of resulting degradation, and to investigate the potential for extending oil drain intervals. The oil analysis program established to analyze and monitor oil quality included selection of the oil analysis equipment, identification of threshold values for oil quality parameters, selection of NCDOT equipment for the program, and establishing oil sampling protocols. The OSA4 TruckCheck benchtop oil analyzer was used to analyze the physical and chemical properties of fresh and used oil samples of HD Fleet Supreme 15W-40 conventional oil and Rotella T6 5W-40 synthetic oil. Threshold values for measured oil quality parameters were established at conservative levels based on OEM recommendations, review of literature, and expert opinions. A total of 952 samples of used oil were collected and analyzed from 47 machines that consisted of trucks in classes 0209 and 0210, and tractors in classes 0303 and 0311. Trucks in classes 0209 and 0210 were sampled at approximately 1500, 2500, and 5000 miles after the oil drain, while tractors in classes 0303 and 0311 were sampled at approximately 50 hour intervals. Machines on the extended program were sampled approximately every 1,500 miles or 50 hours beyond the normally scheduled oil drain. Analyses of the used oil sampled from the NCDOT equipment showed that the oils degraded chemically as the oil aged, but the observed viscosity degradation was not related to oil age. Contamination of the oil by water, coolant, dirt, or wear metals was not generally present. The results indicate that the oil drain intervals for most of the studied equipment can be conservatively extended. The economic and environmental impact of extending oil drain intervals for similar machines in the NCDOT fleet were estimated to be annual savings of over $120,000 and 2,500 gallons of used oil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2017 09:29:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1457230</guid>
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      <title>Quality Monitoring of Engine Oils for Equipment on Extended Drain Intervals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Preventive maintenance is a key component of effective equipment fleet management. Engine oil provides wear protection, thermal management, and corrosion inhibition functions that are critical to engine performance and longevity. Regardless of the oil type used, quality declines during use as a result of degradation and/or contamination. Oil must be changed regularly to counter degradation and contamination, and to maintain the quality necessary to protect the engine. The frequency at which oil should be changed depends on the rate at which it degrades and/or becomes contaminated. This paper presents preliminary results from an on-going research project to monitor oil quality for individual machines on an extended oil drain interval and to quantify the rates of oil degradation and/or contamination. Samples of fresh and used oil from two classes of on-road trucks were analyzed on-site to quantify physical and chemical properties. Conventional 15W-40 and synthetic 5W-40 oils were studied. The conventional oil was tested in 13 trucks with similar engines and no significant chemical or physical changes in the oil were found to an age of 6,500 miles. The synthetic oil was tested in 13 trucks with either a 6.4L or 6.7L engine, and the oil in each engine experienced different rates of chemical degradation marked by decreasing total base number (TBN). In the 6.4L engines, TBN decreased 50 percent faster than in the 6.7L engines. The preliminary results suggest that the existing drain interval of 5,000 miles can be extended for the class 0209 trucks and the 0210 trucks with 6.7L engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:54:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392695</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Fleet Equipment Performance Measurement Preventive Maintenance Model: Final Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1308907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept of preventive maintenance is very important in the effective management and deployment of  vehicle fleets. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) operates a large fleet of on-road and off-road equipment. Newer engines and vehicles are equipped with on-board diagnostic systems that can provide data on engine operation as indicators of engine load. There is the possibility of tracking these parameters to refine predictions for when equipment maintenance should be performed. Project 0-6626 aimed to provide a proof of concept for this idea by studying TxDOT’s fleet, selecting a vehicle category for data collection, and developing an algorithm that can be used to recommend appropriate oil change intervals based on engine data collected through on-board diagnostic systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2014 15:26:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1308907</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fleet Equipment Performance Measure Preventive Maintenance Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) operates a large fleet of on-road and off-road equipment. Consequently, fleet maintenance procedures (specifically preventive maintenance such as oil changes) represent a significant cost to the agency. TxDOT currently uses a preventive maintenance schedule dependent on simple variables such as vehicle miles or operational hours logged. However, with newer engines and vehicles that are equipped with onboard diagnostic systems, there is the possibility of tracking these parameters or performance measures over time  and correlating them to oil degradation levels to determine the need for preventive maintenance. The aim of this research is to: provide a proof of concept for this idea by studying whether a statistical approach to recommending oil changes in TxDOT’s fleet vehicles can be achieved based on collection of engine data (through onboard diagnostics) and oil sampling analysis; and assess whether predictive intervals can improve preventive maintenance practices and save money.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2013 07:53:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279849</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A MAJOR SHIFT IN ATF SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article identifies the following development incentives that influence automatic transmission fluids (ATF): new developments of automatic transmission; specific and different requirements for leading European and American OEMs; increased oil change demands; and, increased OEM specifications and quality demands. The article describes the newest ATF requirements  and trends. It also presents a short review of development and history, influence and difference of the leading OEMs.  A special emphasis is on trends and demands for increased oil change intervals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711700</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE OF A CAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/691955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the proper mechanical maintenance for an automobile.  It notes that good maintenance is an important contributor to traffic safety.  The author discusses the cost of maintenance and describes the individual elements that need attention.  Topics covered include automobile lubrication, the scheduling of lubrication, changing and adding engine oil, tires (rotation, air pressure), brakes, brake repairs, engine care, the clutch, steering, shock absorbers, battery, generator, and headlamp maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Aug 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/691955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF FILTERING THE OIL ON THE OPERATING BEHAVIOUR OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DIESEL ENGINES (LONG INTERVALS BETWEEN OIL CHANGES)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/279639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the experiments explained in detail was to check the effects of long intervals between oil changes on the operating behaviour of Diesel engines in the conditions of the use of regular buses in local traffic.  The long intervals between oil changes were set at 70,000 km and 35,000 km for the experimental vehicles.  Data are given on the stresses affecting lubricants in combustion engines (Diesel engines, changes to the oil, lubricant limits, filter systems for engine oil), on the experimental program (type of engines, engine oil, oil filters, oil test process, measuring process for assessing engines and filters) and on the results of the investigation.  An effect on important components of ageing of oil by oil filtering was found; slower ageing of oil reduces the formation of sludge in the crankcase; ageing of oil and pollution of the engines determine the intensity of wear of the engine components. Due to very fine filtering of the engine oil, the state of the oil with time may be so favourable affected that the intervals between the oil changes can be increased.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/279639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>2001 - A TRUCKING ODYSSEY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/684174</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This review article briefly summarizes improvements in trucks and related technology.  Thirteen reviews are included.  It was noted that a contractor was able to extend the oil drain interval for his entire fleet of equipment by 50 hours by upgrading engine oils.  The new trucks and trucklines including the Kenworth K300 cabover, the Royal Sport hybrid truck from Royal Truck Body and Ford Motor corporation, Volvo's VHD line of trucks, Terex Equipment's TR70 off-highway rigid frame truck, and a low cab forward truck, the Condor, from Freightliner Trucks and Sterling Truck Corporation are discussed.  The features of Continental General Tire's new line of off-road radials are reviewed.  Information is presented about analysis kits or programs for testing transmission oil from Allison Transmission, ExxonMobil oil used in the off-highway market, and high performance diesel engine oil, also from ExxonMobil.  New truck engines from Caterpillar, anti-restart ignition switches from Cole Hersee, and International Truck and Engine Corporation's traveling customer service department, which provides education for dealer employees, are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/684174</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BY-PASS FILTERS: TAKING YOUR FLEET THE EXTRA MILE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/652355</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There has been an industry-wide push over the last few years to extend oil drain intervals on fleet equipment.  This industry demand is an effort to reduce downtime, reduce waste oil generation, and cut maintenance costs.  Extended oil drain intervals can offer huge benefits for department of transportation fleets, providing that the extended program is structured to ensure that engine life is not compromised.  The oil manufacturers have responded to this demand by developing new oils with improved additive packages to extend oil drain intervals.  Many manufacturers advertise their new oil in many of the fleet maintenance magazines, with claims of extending oil drain intervals up to 40,000 mi (64,360 km).  However, the question must be asked whether the use of these new oils in a "pour-in-and-go" program is the best approach to achieving satisfactory extended oil drain intervals.  This paper describes an approach to achieving effective and safe extended lube oil drain intervals.  This approach has achieved extended equipment life with reductions in downtime, maintenance man-hours, waste oil generation, and costs.  This approach utilizes ultra fine by-pass lube oil filters, an effective technology in use for over 20 years, along with a comprehensive monitoring process for tracking of wear and oil condition and detection of potential problems.  This paper also addresses problems and hurdles encountered when extended oil drain programs are explored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Apr 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/652355</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEWER OIL CHANGES HELP CITY SAVE MONEY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Montebello, California, is saving thousands of dollars and helping the environment through use of a filter that recycles oil during vehicle operation.  The city has extended oil change intervals and reduced the incidence of engine failure in its bus fleet.  Employing technology used in the medical field by kidney dialysis machines, the filter diverts a small stream of the engine oil through the core, then returns it to the main oil flow.  It is capable of filtering out particles below 3 microns in size, as opposed to the 30-40 micron range for conventional factory filters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL SAMPLES: A THRIFTIER MAINTENANCE BENCHMARK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Keeping bus maintenance costs low doesn't have to be a complex and challenging goal.  Disregarding service intervals in favor of oil condition analysis has already worked for a garage in California's High Sierra.  The article suggests steps that can be taken to re-design preventive maintenance services to fit specific needs and come up with resources to de a better job with less.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475575</guid>
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