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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An adaptive tidal height prediction model based on two-stage decomposition and BiGRU</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tidal height prediction is essential for port scheduling, vessel navigation, and water resource management in coastal regions. With increasing demand for precise tidal forecasts, it is crucial to address the limitations of existing methods, particularly their accuracy and robustness under extreme weather and across diverse geographic settings. This study proposes a two-stage decomposition-based tidal height prediction model incorporating adaptive parameter optimization and BiGRU to enhance forecasting accuracy. The model is validated using hourly tidal height data from LuChao Port, Shanghai (2022) and compared with harmonic analysis and seven deep learning models. The proposed approach achieves RMSE = 0.0841, MAE = 0.0713, MAPE = 2.0515, and R2 = 0.9956, outperforming all baselines. Further evaluation on typhoon-period data confirms its robustness and stability under extreme weather conditions. Additionally, generalization tests on five different locations demonstrate consistently high prediction accuracy across diverse environments. The proposed model offers a reliable and adaptive solution for tidal height forecasting and serves as a novel framework for time-series prediction tasks, contributing to advancements in coastal engineering, maritime operations, and environmental monitoring.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring scour mechanisms of bridge group under tidal Conditions: In-situ survey, laboratory experiment, and numerical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2597397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scouring under tidal conditions threatens closely spaced bridge groups along rivers, yet this issue remains inadequately addressed. This study investigates scour at pile foundations of bridge groups under ebb tide conditions through in-situ survey, laboratory experiments, and numerical analysis. In-situ survey was conducted at the bridge group along the Wulong River to assess tidal flow characteristics. Laboratory hydrodynamic experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were performed to analyze flow behavior and scour patterns. Results reveal that closely spaced bridges induce complex hydrodynamic interactions due to the formation of turbulent wake zones. Upstream bridges decrease flow velocity near downstream bridges while intensifying turbulence, thereby exacerbating local scour around downstream foundations. The most severe scour was observed at a bridge located 220 m downstream of another bridge, positioned at the end of the upstream wake zone. Based on along-channel flow velocity and local scour effect, a scour depth prediction method for closely spaced bridge groups is proposed and validated. While the model provides a comprehensive framework for scour assessment under tidal influence, it was developed under ebb tide conditions with a specific bridge pier layout. Further calibration is recommended for application to varying tidal conditions and structural configurations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2597397</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Wave Transformation at Grays Harbor, WA with Strong Currents and Large Tide Range</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wave propagation through an inlet entrance with strong currents and large changes in water level was examined through field measurements and numerical simulations of wave transformation. Extensive field data collection conducted at Grays Harbor, Washington for a 2-month period in 1999 included currents through the water column and directional waves at six locations through the inlet entrance. These data allowed examination of the range of wave conditions that occur, the attenuation of waves through the entrance, and the transformation of waves on a current. One-hundred eighty wave conditions were simulated to represent the entire wave climate and repeated at mean high water, mean low water, with an ebb current, and with a flood current. Thus, the control of water level variation and current on wave transformation through an inlet entrance could be examined quantitatively for a wide range of conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2024 10:42:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (2001)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2459061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 182 papers that explore major advances in wave measurement and quantification of ocean and lake waves, including technical knowledge and applications in wave theory, characteristics, design, and techniques. Papers are national and international in scope and include practical examples and case histories. Topics include: wave transformation, data analysis and reliability, wave modeling, design applications, long waves and tides, wave measurement techniques and instruments, and extreme wave statistics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2024 10:29:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2459061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sea Level Tidal Attributes in Port Said Harbor, Eastern Egyptian Mediterranean Coast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Observed sea level data attained from a pressure sensor tide gauge, installed inside Port Said harbor in Egypt, was utilized to modernize tidal characteristics and surges in the study area. Five years of hourly sea level dataset (June 2010 to June 2015) were analyzed using the harmonic analysis approach of Delft-3D Tide suit. The results of the analysis revealed that the semi-diurnal constituents (M2, S2), together with the solar annual (Sa) dominate tide behavior in the area. Furthermore, a semidiurnal tidal regime by a ratio of 0.21 is based on the form factor (FF) equation. Moreover, tidal asymmetry (Ar.) shows a flood tide with a short period of a value equal to 0.01068 > 0.01, which reflects a tide wave distortion. From power spectral analysis, the sea-level change is controlled by both the significant tidal and non-tidal (storm surge) components by almost an equal percentage of 50.63 % and 49.37 % respectively. Additionally, the residual from sea level harmonic analysis was annually correlated with the meteorological parameters of wind, temperature, and atmospheric pressure to estimate their effect on Sea-Level Rise (SLR). A small positive trend line of SL was distinguished in the years from 2011 to 2015 by approximately (2 mm/yr.) due to the weak correlation of meteorological parameters, in conjunction with a conventional relationship with atmospheric pressure and temperature. In 2010, a slight negative linear tendency was noticed of 0.3 mm/yr., which can be related to the direct proportional relation of atmospheric pressure and surge component, besides an inversely proportional relation of air temperature and residual component, regardless of the weak correlation with wind vector. Overall, the research provides insights into the tidal characteristics, surges, and sea-level rise in Port Said Harbor. Understanding these attributes serves the objective of this paper to assess the impact of sea-level rise and develop appropriate adaptation strategies in coastal areas]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 14:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential Reduction of Dredging Volumes in the Access Channel to the Port of Santos through the Use of Jetties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Santos is the most important Brazilian port, handling about 162 million of tons in 2022. In 2010, there was a great capital dredging to deepen the Access Channel to 15 m deep (Chart Datum - CD). This depth was not achieved, due to inefficiency on dredging procedures. Previous studies have indicated that, in order to maintain the bathymetric condition presented by the survey carried out in March 2016, an annual dredging of approximately 4,325,000 m³ would be necessary. This value increases for different project depths, increasing by 15%, 55%, and 80%, considering drafts of 15, 16, and 17 meters, respectively. Considering this situation, this study evaluated the possibility of implementing jetties in the region of the Port of Santos, using a calibrated hydrodynamic and morphological computational model for the area of interest. From the simulation of two different scenarios to represent local hydrodynamic conditions, reductions of approximately 45%, 40%, 35%, and 30% were estimated for the condition presented by the 2016 bathymetry and for draft depths of 15, 16, and 17 meters, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Feb 2024 16:47:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A variable neighborhood search heuristic for real-time barge scheduling in a river-to-sea channel with tidal restrictions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scheduling of barge transportation in narrow channels is critical to transportation efficiency, especially when the tide exists and affects the channel navigation of barges. Barge movements in channels are frequently correlated with other activities (e.g., berth allocation) and must thus be considered concurrently. To enhance transportation efficiency, effective scheduling algorithms are required. In this study, the authors examine the barge scheduling problem arising from a river-to-sea channel with tidal restrictions in the real world, where barges’ loading and unloading operations are placed at both ends of the navigation channel and must be planned and coordinated with their channel movements. To reduce the overall completion time for all barges, they develop a mixed integer linear programming model with several valid inequalities. To satisfy the second-level computational efficiency requirement, a straightforward yet efficient variable neighborhood search algorithm is proposed. Real-world case studies based on a barge transportation project in Boffa, Guinea are conducted. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach is applicable for efficient decision-making and effective in assisting barges to avoid missing feasible tide windows by slightly altering the first-come-first-serve schedule of the barges. With the proposed approach, the size and speed of the barge fleet can be optimized, and the tidal influence is also evaluated quantitatively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 08:53:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanism Responsible for Mixing at the Mouth of Tokyo Bay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2153498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An entire-area survey conducted during spring tide in Tokyo Bay on November 21st, 2002 revealed a vertically well-mixed density at the bay mouth. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was deployed to a depth of 40 m at a location 10 km landward from the mixing. The ADCP survey results indicated suppression of estuarine circulation during the spring tide may have been due to the mixing. The authors used a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic flow model (MEL3D-Tide) and a two-dimensional two-layer model and they carried out field experiments with a Turbulence Ocean Microstructure Acquisition Profiler to evaluate the mechanism responsible for the mixing. They attempted to clarify the criteria of the tidal amplitude when the mixing appeared in Tokyo Bay. Interestingly, computation results indicated that the mixing was not due to the tidal front; it was due to the instability of internal waves caused by topographical effects. The criteria whether a well-mixed density appears or not were also evaluated successfully in terms of the tidal amplitude.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Apr 2023 16:33:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2153498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parametric study and dynamic response analysis of three single curved discrete pontoon floating bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2014682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, three curved floating bridge concepts with a uniform span of 500 m and different radii of curvature are proposed for the crossing of the coastal waters in Singapore. The bridge girder is supported by 4 pontoons along the bridge length and the two ends are connected to the shore. Three different girder cross-sections are considered. Static analysis is first carried out considering the bridge's self-weight, water current forces and various tidal conditions. Next, eigen value and regular wave analyses are performed to assess the effect of bridge radius, cross-sectional rigidity and end connection on the bridge behaviour. Based on the results, several bridge configurations are selected for further study. Finally, irregular wave analysis is carried out to investigate the realistic bridge performance under operational and extreme environmental conditions. Conclusions are drawn based on the simulation results. Recommendations on the design parameters for further investigations are made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2022 10:59:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2014682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ship speed optimisation in green approach to tidal ports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875417</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is the formulation and solution of the optimal green ship approach to a tidal port, from the economic and environmental points of view. The work presented is the first quantitative modeling approach for this problem. In the model presented in this paper , the total cost of ship fuel consumption in the approach of a ship to a tidal port is minimized, which is the sum of the cost of fuel consumption in open sea and of ship waiting cost whilst the ship is waiting for berthing.. The aforesaid cost minimisation is carried out subject to ship draft restrictions in shallow waters due to tidal elevation variation with time. In this manner, not only monetary cost is reduced but also concomitant greenhouse gas emissions reduction is incurred. The model is applied to the real case of a bulker approaching a major tidal port, which is the second import-export port in Brazil and in South America with connecting routes to Europe and Asia. Results obtained by the computational implementation of the model show that the optimum of zero ship waiting time prior to access to port service occurs when ship travel time coincides with tidal window finish time instant. In this scenario, the total waiting cost is a minimum and is equal to the fuel cost in ship travel from its initial position in open sea to destination port. It is recommended that future research explores other constraints that arise in practice, such as a finite number of tidal port berths and the presence of other ships that need to be serviced at a tidal port.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2021 16:27:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875417</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study of Instruction on the Special Passage Track During Change of Tide in Kurushima Traffic Route: The Location Where the Instructions Were Issued and the Accompanying Shift of the Navigation Route</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Essential navigation rules of the Kurushima Traffic Route, when current is favorable, a vessel shall navigate through the Naka Suido Channel. Current is adverse, a vessel shall navigate through the Nishi Suido Channel. But when change of tides is expected or is occurring, Kurushima Martis may instruct a vessel to take special passage track which different from the one prescribed in section. Therefore, by clarifying the judgment criteria and the place where the special instruction has been issued the authors make it possible to judge the intention of the controller early and secure the safe ship traffic in the Kurushima Strait.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2020 10:15:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746153</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical analysis of offshore pipe-lay subjected to environment-induced non-uniformly distributed follower loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1707922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The global pipeline configuration in installation is mainly governed by static lay effects, which, besides pipeline material properties and geometry, primarily depend on its submerged gravity and horizontal tension provided by the laying vessel. These loads are insensitive to the pipeline deformation and preserve both their values and their directions as the pipeline deforms throughout the whole course of the installation. However, these static lay effects may be significantly amplified by the environmental factors, primarily caused by astronomical ocean tides, such as water level variations and hydrodynamic currents. These factors may substantially affect pipeline configuration and significantly increase the internal forces. Moreover, the loads caused by the ocean currents are of a fundamentally different nature comparing to the gravity and the lay tension. They are nonuniformly distributed along the pipeline axis and change both their values and their directions following the nonlinear deformation of the pipeline throughout the course of the laying process. This paper presents a feasible numerical method for a structural analysis of a pipeline static configuration in installation, subjected to non-uniformly distributed, position- and orientation-dependent loading and water level variations. The method considers the whole pipeline, which is partially suspended and partially laid-on a seabed, as a single continuous segment, and is valid for both S-lay and J-lay techniques. The numerical solution adopts finite difference discretization of the pipeline, and proceeds sequentially in an incremental way, following the actual pipe-lay process. At each length increment a new consequent equilibrium configuration is being assessed by consistent minimization of the updated total potential energy, which allows for considering follower loads, which change both their values and their directions following the nonlinear deformation of the pipeline. Representative parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Considered the effects of a power-law current velocity depth-varying profile and water level variations. The method compared to Abaqus/AQUA and its convergence is validated through finite difference grid refinement. The proposed technique presents a less time-consuming alternative to the available special-purpose commercial software that imposes the use of cumbersome Graphical User Interface for a model definition and a result processing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2020 11:21:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1707922</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Precast, Prestressed Concrete Floating Berth at the Haines Ferry Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1650824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A precast, prestressed concrete float was designed to serve as the end berth for the new Alaska Class Ferry (ACF) day boats at the Haines Ferry Terminal, Alaska. The ACF day boats are expected to enhance the loading/unloading operations through the use of bow and stern doors. The concrete float will enable loading/unloading of the ACF without the need for complex operations during significant tidal fluctuations up to 30 feet (10 meters). The concrete float designed is 150 feet long (46 meters), 120 feet wide (36.5 meters), and 17.5 feet deep (5.3 meters). The float will be held in position by a guide-pile dolphin system. Access to and from land will be provided by two 140-foot-long (43 meters) transfer bridges. The float will be fabricated at an off-site plant, towed to site, and installed at its designated location. This paper is focused on discussing the design of an entirely precast concrete floating berth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2020 10:51:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1650824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dolphin Restraint System for the Precast Concrete Floating Berth at the Haines Ferry Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1650795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses design aspects of the guide-pile dolphin restraint system for a precast/prestressed concrete float that will serve as an end berth for the new Alaska Class Ferry (ACF) day boats at the Haines Ferry Terminal. The concrete float designed is 150 feet long, 120 feet wide, and 17.5 feet deep (45.7 by 36.6 by 5.3 m) and contains two landside transfer bridges which enable loading/unloading of the ACF. The guide-pile dolphin restraint system limits the horizontal movement of the float while accommodating tidal fluctuations of up to 30 feet (9.1 m) and heave, roll, and pitch under wave loading. The system resists wind and wave loads, accidental vessel impact loads, and potential liquefaction-induced lateral spreading from a seismic event.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2020 10:51:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1650795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Primer on Modeling in the Coastal Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1540929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This manual provides an introduction to coastal hydrodynamic modeling for transportation engineering professionals. The information presented in this manual can be applied to better understand the use of numerical models in the planning and design of coastal highways. Here, the term “coastal highways” is meant to generally capture the roads, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure that is exposed to, or occasionally exposed to, tides, storm surge, waves, erosion, and sea level rise near the coast. The hydrodynamic models that serve as the focus of this manual are used to describe these processes and their impacts on coastal highways through flooding, wave damage, and scour. The primary audience for this manual is transportation professionals ranging across the spectrum of project delivery (e.g., planners, scientists, engineers, etc.). After reading this manual the audience will understand when, why, and at what level coastal models should be used in the planning and design of coastal highways and bridges; and when to solicit the expertise of a coastal engineer. This manual provides transportation professionals with the information needed to determine scopes of work, prepare requests for professional services, communicate with consultants, and evaluate modeling approaches and results. The manual also provides guidance on when and where hydraulic and hydrodynamic models are used, and how they are used to determine the dependence of bridge hydraulics on the riverine or coastal design flood event. The manual also gives recommendations for the use of models in coastal vulnerability assessments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Oct 2018 21:42:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1540929</guid>
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