<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Toward Implementing the ADC Model of Moral Judgment in Autonomous Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a discussion of autonomous vehicles that are involved in traffic crashes in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and relevant ethical considerations. Specifically, the authors consider approaching the programming of AI on the basis of the agent-deed-consequence (ADC) model,  which helps to replicate moral judgement in AI by evaluating the positive or negative influence of agents, deeds, and consequences in whatever situation is under consideration. The advantages and disadvantages of the ADC model are examined, and the authors consider its role in future research in the ethics of AI.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2025 09:36:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Critical factors influencing cost estimators’ judgements on cost contingencies in highway construction projects: An empirical study in the UK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2480343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unforeseen additional costs are major sources of cost overruns for the UK’s highway projects. General contractors normally allocate cost contingencies in their tender prices to cover these costs, primarily based on the judgements of their cost estimators. However, cost contingencies allocated to the same risk by different cost estimators can vary significantly. Although objective factors influencing the estimation of cost contingencies have been extensively investigated, subjective factors remain underexplored. Therefore, this paper aims to address this gap by investigating the subjective factors influencing cost estimators’ judgements through a qualitative study. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with experienced cost estimators working for general contractors in the UK’s construction industry. A follow-up focus group study was also conducted with seven experienced cost estimators in the UK’s construction industry to validate the interview results. The findings reveal that there are thirteen influencing factors affecting cost estimators’ judgements on cost contingencies in highway construction projects. Seven of them, namely cost estimators’ ability to effectively communicate with stakeholders, self-reflection on previous practice, open-mindedness to project uniqueness, previous project experiences, risk attitude, assumption of the controllability of risks, and perceived quality of tender documents were identified as critical ones. They were grouped into two categories, including expertise-related factors and personal factors. The findings contribute to the lack of research on the subjective factors influencing cost estimators’ judgement-making process in highway construction projects in developed countries. The results also provide new practical insights for general contractors to develop more focused strategies and training programs to enhance the reliability of cost estimators’ judgements on cost contingencies, which can effectively reduce the probability of cost overruns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Dec 2024 17:20:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2480343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lane-Change Feasibility Judgement Algorithm Using Model Predictive Control to Realize Human-Like Decision Making</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387107</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to develop lane-change feasibility judgement algorithm to realize human-like decision making. The authors propose a lane change feasibility judgement method based on model predictive control. They then demonstrate that the proposed method enables an almost definite determination of infeasibility when skilled drivers judge the lane change as infeasible, and determination of feasibility in a greater number of situations compared to a conventional method when skilled drivers judge them as feasible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2024 13:53:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387107</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Judgment of Whether to Resume Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2296454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that affect the judgment of whether or not to resume driving in automobile driving support based on the test results of the hospital. 90 stroke patients over the age of 70 were subjected to neuropsychological examinations and examinations using a driving simulator, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. As a result, two factors, the S–PA unrelated pair and the number of instantaneous visual correctness, were extracted. The authors will continue to analyze the items that determine whether stroke patients can drive or not.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Dec 2023 10:15:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2296454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of factors affecting crash under risk scenarios based on driver homogenous clustering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research on road safety has focused on analyzing the factors that affect crashes. However, previous studies have often neglected differences in crash causation among heterogeneous clusters of drivers. In particular, the differences in the combined effect mechanisms of the factors in the risk scenarios have not been completely explained. Therefore, this study used the K-means algorithm to perform multidimensional feature homogeneous clustering for drivers involved in crashes and near-crashes. Structural equation modeling involving mediating effects was introduced to explore the direct and indirect effects of each influencing factor on vehicle crashes under risk scenarios and compare the differences in crash causation among different driver clusters. The results indicate that the drivers who experienced the risk scenarios can be classified into two homogeneous driver clusters. Significant differences exist in the demographic characteristics, intrinsic driving characteristics, and crash rates between them. In the risk scenario, traffic factors, distraction state, crash avoidance reaction, and maneuver judgment directly affect the crash outcomes of the two cluster drivers. Demographic characteristics and environmental factors have fewer direct influence on the crash outcomes of two-cluster drivers, but produce more complex mediating effects. Analysis of the differences in the influence of factors between clusters indicates that the fundamental cause of crashes for cluster 1 drivers includes poor driving skills. In contrast, cluster 2 drivers’ crashes were more influenced by traffic conditions and their safety awareness. The analysis method of this study can be used to develop more targeted road safety policies to reduce the occurrence of vehicle crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Nov 2023 11:04:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Different Driving Experiences on Following Vehicle Distance When Perceiving Road Rage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1937259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the authors conducted a psychological experiment to identify the driving patterns of road rage that occurs from the following vehicle using a driving simulator. In the experiments, they divided the participants into experienced and inexperienced drivers to compare vehicle distance and degree of risk for normal driving versus backward-attentive driving (i.e., driving while paying attention to the vehicle to one’s rear) when perceiving road rage. The experimental results show that inexperienced drivers perceive shorter vehicle distances during normal driving than they do when engaging in backward-attentive driving. However, there was no changes in perception of vehicle distance for experienced drivers, and stable driving behavior was observed. These results suggest that experienced drivers maintain stable driving, and more readily avoid road rage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 09:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1937259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Autonomous vehicles and moral judgments under risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1891636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Some criticize the data-driven study of driverless car ethics for relying on deterministic crash scenarios where the focus should be on minimizing the occurrence of accidents instead. Indeed, decisions in road traffic are taken in the domain of risk. A relevant ethical question is, however, whether autonomous vehicles should actually minimize an accident’s probability or rather balance the accident’s probability and severity. While ethicists’ introspections might lead them to different conclusions, a participatory paradigm in ethics demands to include laypeople’s intuitions into the societal debate. In three online studies, the authors found that the mere minimization of accident probability in ethical dilemmas does not correspond to the views of their sample. The authors' participants favor a balanced consideration of accident probability and severity. This remains true even if the underlying dilemma is based on a more realistic scenario of allocating minor risks among road users. The authors' findings furthermore illustrate that trolley problems may be informative for autonomous vehicles and emphasize the importance of transparency if manufacturers and the public do not agree on guiding principles in road traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Dec 2021 09:06:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1891636</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lay People's Understanding about Alcohol and Drug-Related impairment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1886962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many substances, such as alcohol, cannabis, illicit drugs, and some prescription drugs, have the potential to impair driving ability, making it imperative to examine people’s understanding and judgments about these impairing effects and their influence on driving. While previous research has shed some light on this topic, this project aims to fill these gaps in the literature by conducting an experimental study to address lay people’s understanding of alcohol and other drug-impairment and impaired driving: What judgments do lay people make about their own and others’ alcohol and other drug-impairment and impaired driving? How does people’s understanding and/or judgments vary by drug type? What is the influence of situational factors on people’s judgments about alcohol- and other drug-impairment and impaired driving? What is the relationship between people’s level of understanding and their judgments about impairment and alcohol- and other drug-impaired driving? To address these questions, the project will recruit participants from an appropriate existing research panel, develop impaired driving-related vignettes for the experiment, develop a questionnaire that gathers information related to the research questions including participants’ general knowledge and understanding of the issue and their judgments of the vignettes, conduct the data collection, analyze the data and produce a final report on the findings. This research has important implications for the traffic safety and will also be useful in informing future research, developing behavioral safety countermeasures, and improving other impaired driving-related systems and processes.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Oct 2021 16:49:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1886962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>To cross or not to cross: A closer look at children’s decision-making on the road</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1851195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study seeks to understand children’s road-crossing decision-making. A range of factors affect children’s judgments, including 1) traffic characteristics, 2) travel behaviour, 3) neuropsychological characteristics and 4) other relevant individual, parental and household factors. The critical factors associated with the road-crossing judgments of 906 participating children from four primary schools were examined within an integrated methodological framework, including physiological measurements, a neuropsychological test, questionnaires and a road-crossing experiment. Binary logistic generalised estimating equations (GEE) modelling was used for statistical analysis of the road-crossing decisions. Younger children were significantly less able to make correct and safe judgments compared with older children. Children also had considerable difficulties making safe judgments for vehicles travelling at over 30 km/h and those approaching from the offside lane. Visual distractions were also associated with significantly poorer road-crossing decisions, independent of child age and gender. Parents and educators should alert children about risky road-crossing situations and educate them accordingly. The findings also provide a solid foundation to inform policy and planning to build and maintain child-friendly neighbourhoods, such as implementing reduced speed limits and traffic calming measures especially in residential and school neighbourhood road environments, in order to improve children’s safety and their wellbeing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Sep 2021 11:54:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1851195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Snap Judgements and Availability Bias in Travel Decisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1869812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Past research has explored how travelers make economic decisions, but only a small number of papers look at financial nudges and price anchoring—how they might cause travelers to make snap judgements about value that undermine rational economic principles. This research explores the behavioral response to different kinds of incentives. It finds that, consistent with theory, when presented with two numbers certain individuals will anchor to a higher number and be willing to pay more. Likewise, it finds that certain consumers are not able to quickly make judgements about the cost of travel. When the survey participants were offered daily or monthly payment plans, payments each day were valued almost twice as much as a single payment each month. This offers important policy considerations for public agencies seeking to reduce driving, particularly as new disruptive platforms emerge and new technology allows for more dynamic and curated data to be used to nudge travel behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2021 16:24:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1869812</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic driving environment complexity quantification method and its verification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To meet the requirements of scenario-based testing for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), driving scenario characterization has become a critical issue. Existing studies have concluded that complexity is a necessary criticality measure for supporting critical AV testing scenario identification. However, the existing scenario complexity quantification studies mainly have two limitations, namely, subjective quantification methods highly rely on human participations and are difficult to apply to big data, and existing objective methods lack consideration of human driver characteristics and hence the performance cannot be guaranteed. To bridge these research gaps, a general objective quantification framework is proposed to quantify human drivers’ judgement on driving environment complexity, by describing the vehicle-vehicle spatial-temporal interactions from the perspectives of quantity, variety, and relations. The model mainly contains three parts. First, to describe quantity information, a dynamic influencing area was set to identify the surrounding vehicles that contribute to driving environment complexity based on Responsibility-Sensitive Safety (RSS) theory. Second, considering the various surrounding vehicles’ driving statuses, behaviors, and intentions, a basic vehicle-pair complexity quantification model was constructed based on encounter angles. Then, nonlinear relationships based upon information entropy theory were introduced to capture the heterogeneous longitudinal and lateral complexities. Third, a vehicle-pair complexity aggregation and smoothing step was conducted to reflect the characteristics of human driver's cognition. To demonstrate the abovementioned model, empirical Field Operational Test (FOT) data from Shanghai urban roadways were used to conduct case studies, and it can be concluded that this model can accurately describe the timing and extent of the complexity change, and reveal the complexity differences due to scenario type and spatial-temporal heterogeneity. Besides, Inter-Rater Reliability (IRR) index was calculated to validate the consistency of scenario complexity judgement between the proposed model and human drivers, and for performance comparison with the existing models. Finally, the applications of the proposed model and its further investigations have been discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 May 2021 20:14:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biased judgments of the effects of speed change on travel time, fuel consumption and braking: Individual differences in the use of simplifying rules producing the same biases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main purpose of this study was to identify different cognitive rules that lead to a particular judgment bias. To fulfill this purpose, a new method Spectral analysis was introduced and applied. Participants judged time saved by driving faster, fuel saved by replacing a car and braking capacity at different speeds. These problems invite the time saving bias (e.g., time saved from speed increases at higher speeds overestimated), the miles per gallon (MPG) illusion (misjudgment of fuel saved by replacing a car) and the braking capacity bias (overestimation of braking capacity after speed increase). The average results replicated the biases. Spectral analysis of individual participants and problems showed that a speed difference rule explained about half of the time saving judgments and about three fourth of the MPG judgments. A difference between speeds rule described about one third of the biased braking judgments and a ratio/proportion rule about one fifth of the time saving and MPG judgments. All rules give biased judgments in all three domains. The paper ends with a discussion of hierarchies of cognitive rules, applications of the results, and how to mitigate or avoid the biases and the risks associated with the biases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 May 2021 12:24:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844402</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing optimism bias in the driver’s seat: Comparing two interventions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1839825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Optimism bias combined with sensation-seeking and risky driving have been proposed to be the main contributing factors to young drivers’ involvement in road traffic collisions. The present study aimed to evaluate how two brief interventions, one based on an unambiguous definition of “good” driving and the other on a hazard perception test, might reduce young drivers’ optimism bias. One hundred and twenty-eight university students were randomly allocated to one of three groups: standard definition, hazard perception or control. Measures evaluating optimism bias were completed before and after the intervention, and questions regarding their sensation-seeking and past risk-taking tendencies were asked at follow-up. Both brief interventions reduced optimism bias levels, but hazard perception had the strongest effect. The effectiveness of the two interventions also differed across individuals depending on their sensation-seeking and past risky driving tendencies. The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of brief interventions to reduce optimism bias.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Apr 2021 09:28:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1839825</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver’s Judgment and Behavior in Parked Vehicle Avoidance Scene with Oncoming Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding characteristics of drivers is important for realizing autonomous driving in urban areas that are accepted by passengers and surroundings. Avoiding parked vehicles is a difficult urban driving situation because of multiple risks such as oncoming and parallel vehicles and pedestrians jumping out of a blind spot. In this study, the authors formulated a hypothesis of the driver's judgment process and driving behavior during parked vehicle avoidance with oncoming vehicles and clarified characteristics of driver’s judgement about whether to go first or wait and of the executed path and speed profile in an experiment on a test course.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2021 09:29:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What is the role of narcissism in the relationship between impulsivity and driving anger expression?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1767106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The contributing factors of aggressive driving have been studying in the last decades. Both impulsivity and narcissism are associated with aggressive driver behaviors. Although the role of these two factors were examined in the same studies, the combined role of these two factors hasn’t been studied yet. To understand the combined effect of them, in the present study, the moderated mediation model for examining the relationships of narcissism, impulsivity, and aggressive driver behavior was developed and tested. Three hundred and four participants completed an online survey battery comprised of Demographic Information Form, Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-Short Form, Barrat Impulsiveness Scale- Short Form, and Driving Anger Expression Inventory. The moderated mediation analyses were conducted using PROCESS macro developed by Hayes and Preacher (2013). The results revealed that only the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and the use of vehicle to express anger is mediated by attentional impulsiveness. Also, this relationship is moderated by grandiose narcissism. In detail, grandiose narcissism moderates the direct effect of vulnerable narcissism on attentional impulsivity and also the direct effect of attentional impulsivity on the use of vehicle to express anger. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings and recommendations for future studies are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Mar 2021 11:13:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1767106</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>