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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Multistage modeling of advanced seat reservation and fare product choices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airlines provide a range of fare products and ancillary services to accommodate travelers’ diverse requirements. This study presents a modeling framework for air travel decisions, focusing on fare product choice and advanced seat selection. The framework is utilized to develop and estimate mixed logit models in multiple stages to enhance air travel demand and revenue forecasting. The proposed models are validated using online survey data collected from a sample of respondents who have traveled from Taipei to Tokyo and/or Taipei to San Francisco. The empirical results indicate that individual socioeconomic status and trip characteristics strongly influence decisions at various stages. Airfare and seat selection fees play crucial roles in air travelers’ decision-making. Significant substitutions between alternatives and notable heterogeneity in preferences were observed. Our findings offer important behavioral and managerial suggestions for airlines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Topological Data Analysis of Departure Delay Co-occurrence in Japanese Domestic Aviation System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors introduce a topological data analysis (TDA) framework to characterize departure‐delay co-occurrence in Japan’s domestic airline networks. By constructing a delay‐based filtration on daily delayed flight networks for All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL), the authors track how airports form delay co-occurrence loops through persistent homology using Vietoris–Rips complex filtration technique. The authors find JAL’s network is more fragmented, while ANA shows wider, longer-lasting delay loops before COVID-19. In winter, airports take longer to join into connected groups, and delay loops last longer. During COVID-19, delays shrink for both airlines. As flights recover, multi-airport loops return, and some last longer than before. Tokyo Haneda Airport and its primary feeder airports emerge as central to the most delay loops, suggesting targeted buffering and schedule adjustments at these airports. The findings demonstrate TDA’s unique ability to uncover higher‐order delay dynamics and assist departure delay management strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 15:12:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674201</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Airline restructuring: A dynamic programming approach combined with genetic algorithm for network and fleet downsizing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the decade following the 2007–2008 financial crisis, more than 1,400 airlines, commercial air services, and charter companies went bankrupt. During the COVID-19 pandemic, hundreds of airlines applied to declare bankruptcy. Despite these challenges, many airlines have demonstrated the ability to recover through successful restructuring following bankruptcy protection. A famous example is Japan Airlines (JAL), which faced bankruptcy in 2010 but successfully returned to the market through the Tokyo Stock Exchange in just two years and eight months. At the core of JAL’s restructuring was network and fleet downsizing. This study formulates a dynamic programming (DP) model to assist the restructuring airline’s action on each route and aircraft, considering the airline's ability to repay debt. A genetic algorithm (GA) is devised to solve the proposed problem. The numerical experiment results suggest that airlines should withdraw routes with huge losses, deficient load factors, low profits, and few connections. Furthermore, the restructuring airline must stop providing flights on routes that do not have direct links to its base country, despite the high connectivity of these routes. For routes with high connectivity and potential profitability, the results suggest that the airline terminates operations in the early stage of restructuring but resumes them later. Regarding fleet downsizing, the airline is required to remove old aircraft types, retain those with moderate debt and assets, and introduce new aircraft types into the fleet. The results closely mirror the patterns observed in JAL’s restructuring, suggesting the feasibility and validity of the proposed approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Productivity impact of government-led bailout of Japan Airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over ten years have passed since Japan Airlines (JAL) filed for bankruptcy. This paper treats how the Japanese government undertook the bailout in January 2010 and subsequent measures to facilitate competition between JAL and the other national air carrier, All Nippon Airways (ANA). After describing the bailout process and post-bailout measures regarding slot allocation at Haneda Airport, the paper assesses the impact of these government interventions on airline productivity. Although JAL's total factor productivity (TFP) plunged with bankruptcy, they managed to turn the business around and TFP rapidly recovered thereafter to exceed that of ANA. Regression Discontinuity (RD) design analysis shows evidence of positive impact of these government interventions on TFP growth rate of the two airlines. As of 2016, JAL and ANA's TFP figures are more-or-less equal. In Japan, a new era of competition of the two legacy air carriers has emerged.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 10:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Competition between airlines and railways in Japan focusing on the travel time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study estimates the price elasticity of demand per airline route using a demand function and airfare function with Japanese data including the access and egress cost to clarify the relationship between airlines and railways by focusing on the travel time. The study also estimates the access and egress cost elasticity of demand per airline route to explore the effect of the access and egress cost on the demand. From the results of estimation, the authors conclude that reducing the total travel time would increase the airline demand and change the relationship between airlines and railways. Additionally, they consider that passengers would be more sensitive to the cost in the case that the average access and egress cost ratio exceeds 30% than in the case that the average ratio is under 30%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:36:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sayonara pandemic, Konnichiwa new normalcy: An analysis of Japanese aviation with COVID-19</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research is to identify the development of the Japanese aviation system throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, covering the evolution towards the onset of COVID-19, the peak of the impact, and the endemic recovery. The study is based on two distinct methodologies, being a combination of data science and network science, based on data for the period from the year 2019 to the year 2023. The authors delineate Japan’s development in contrast to other countries, showcasing how this important country managed to go through the devastating impact of COVID-19. In addition, they provide an outlook on the extent to which Japan’s endemic role in international aviation might differ compared to pre-COVID-19 times. The study is complementary to existing work in discussing the whole period with COVID-19 and laying a focus on the domestic/international connectivity evolution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2025 15:09:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Japan Airlines Flight 516 and Runway Incursions – The Relevance of ICAO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The January 2, 2024 runway collision between a Japan Airlines Airbus A350 and a Japan Coast Guard aircraft at Haneda airport in Tokyo underscores the importance of effective communication in air traffic control.  Investigations will reveal the precise cause, but initial findings suggest a breakdown in communication between the control tower and the aircraft.  Such incidents highlight the need for thorough comprehension and confirmation of instructions.  This article explores issues stemming from the runway incursion and guidelines established in this regard.  It commences with an inquiry into whether there could have been confusion in communication between the air traffic services provider and the Japan Coast Guard plane in terms of taxiing and lining up for takeoff.  The perceived inadequacy of clear communication is the main subject of discussion in the article, and this discussion is preceded by an elaboration on regulatory global perspectives on runway safety.  Possible infrastructural deficiency is also discussed, as are other factors that may lead to runway incursions.  Since the accident involves issues of liability, there is a discussion on relevant Japanese law, as well as the extent to which Japan involves itself in the work of ICAO.  Various programs of ICAO that are calculated to avoid runway incursions, together with regulatory instruments pertaining to Safety Management Systems (SMS) that would assist in their application, form an integral part of the discussion.  Finally, the conclusion presents a summation of observations and recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 10:34:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ripe and ready : ANA enters the new decade with big plans for its LCC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:14:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Peach to overtake Jetstar as Japan's biggest LCC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1603263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dominic Lalk speaks to Peach chief financial officer Junya Okamura about what the Vanilla merger means for the carrier.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2019 12:17:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1603263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welcoming the world : Yuji Hirako, President and CEO of All Nippon Airways attracting tourists to Japan will be vital to the carrier's business</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1589892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2019 14:21:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1589892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nothing vanilla about Peach merger</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1586629</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Michael Allen examines the combination of Japanese low-cost carriers Vanilla Air and Peach and what it means fore the Japanese airline market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2019 16:22:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1586629</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Japan Airlines embraces multiple business models : new subsidiary aimed at hybrid model, JAL's Onishi says; Cathay Pacific will not branch into LCCs--at least for now</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1522376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jul 2018 12:22:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1522376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air Traffic Efficiency Analysis of Airliner Scheduled Flights Using Collaborative Actions for Renovation of Air Traffic Systems Open Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1515713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increase in air traffic worldwide requires improvement of flight operational efficiency. This study aims to reveal the potential benefits, namely, savings on fuel consumption and flight time, which are expected for Japanese airspace, by statistically evaluating the operational efficiency defined by average differences of fuel consumption, flight time, and flight distance between the original and the optimized flight of domestic flights in Japan. The aircraft position and time data used in this study were obtained from Collaborative Actions for Renovation of Air Traffic Systems Open Data—the radar data released by the Japan Civil Aviation Bureau. Flight information, such as air data and fuel flow, is estimated by applying meteorological data and aircraft performance model to the position information of radar data. Each reconstructed trajectory is optimized in terms of flight fuel consumption and flight time with an assumed cost index (CI). Dynamic programming is used as the trajectory optimization method. The flight fuel consumption and flight time of the optimized flight are compared with the original values to evaluate the operational efficiency. Herein, approximately one-third of 1-day data, i.e., 1087 cases of four aircraft types, are analyzed with reasonable CI settings. The research findings suggest that flight fuel consumption and flight distance can be saved by 312 kg and 19.7 km, respectively, on average for the object flights. Following a statistical comparison between the original and the optimized flights, it was observed that two types of features, namely, flying on a detoured path and flying with nonoptimal altitude and speed in the cruise phase, are major factors which deteriorate the total operational efficiency in terms of fuel consumption, flight time, and flight distance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2018 16:53:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1515713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Japanese low-cost carriers plan next wave of growth : ANA wants its LCC subsidiaries to expand range; Jetstar Japan looks to resume growth after hiatus</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2018 11:37:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Asia's innovator : ANA has ambitious growth targets, but its track record indicates it will meet them</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2017 09:57:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481654</guid>
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