<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Leaving home for health care: An examination of the determinants of intercity patient mobility for obstetric care in Hubei Province, China using spatial econometric models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The uneven distribution of high-quality medical resources and intercity patient mobility have attracted increasing attention. However, evidence from developing contexts such as China remains limited, and the multidimensional determinants of these patterns are not yet well understood. On the basis of obstetric inpatient records in Hubei Province, a push–pull–barrier framework and spatial econometric models are used to examine the determinants of intercity patient mobility for obstetric care at tertiary hospitals. The results reveal that 6.30% of obstetric patients seek care across prefecture boundaries. As the provincial center that attracts patients from elsewhere, Wuhan plays a pronounced role, and the areas surrounding Wuhan experience high ratios of intercity patient mobility. Spatial econometric analyses demonstrate that insufficient local medical resources, long travel distances to local hospitals, and proximity to regional medical centers significantly promote intercity patient mobility, whereas limited insurance support and poor transportation accessibility act as institutional and geographical barriers. These findings provide policy insights for the governance of cross-regional patient mobility and the regional planning of medical resources, particularly in the context where medical resources are highly concentrated and medical insurance is administratively fragmented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Obstetric Service Availability and Travel Time to Access Obstetric Services in the U.S., 2010–2021</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hospital-based obstetric services continue to decline in urban and rural areas, which adversely impacts perinatal outcomes. Travel time to obstetric care varies widely across the U.S. because obstetric unit closures have increased travel time for individuals. Prior research has analyzed changes in travel time to obstetric services after obstetric unit closures in one state. This study aimed to identify the change in travel time to hospital-based obstetric services by obstetric service availability between 2010 and 2021, overall and by rurality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inter-station travel reliability assessment of public transportation systems: under multimodal transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving public transportation reliability can enhance travel quality and attract more passengers. However, most existing studies on reliability focus narrowly on a single transportation mode or specific travel time attribute. This paper establishes a comprehensive approach to evaluating travel reliability in multimodal public transportation systems. First, we propose a method to measure inter-station travel time distribution, considering bus, subway, and bike-sharing modes. The travel time encompasses waiting, transfer, and in-vehicle running time. Subsequently, we design a travel reliability indicator that integrates diverse travel choices and corresponding travel time distribution characteristics. Finally, we validate our approach with a case study in Harbin, examining the impact of critical factors on travel reliability through simulation and sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that multimodal transport significantly improves the reliability of public transportation systems. Moreover, effectively guiding passenger travel behavior and enhancing public transportation infrastructure can increase travel reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Distributionally robust vehicle routing with crowdshipping and time windows</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Last-mile delivery with crowdshipping has received much attention from large retailers, in which in-store customers (i.e., occasional drivers) supplement company drivers (i.e., regular drivers) and make deliveries on their way home. However, real-world uncertainty in travel times leads to delays, and the true distribution of travel times is inaccessible. Motivated by these challenges, this paper studies a Vehicle Routing Problem with Crowdshipping and Time Windows (vrpctw) under uncertain travel times. We formulate an arc-based distributionally robust optimization model where the travel time distribution is described by a Wasserstein ambiguity set, and the risk of time window violation is measured by Conditional Value-at-Risk. We reformulate the distributionally robust time window constraints and establish their equivalence to sample average constraints with slightly advanced deadlines. We then formulate an equivalent route-based model and develop an exact branch-price-and-cut algorithm and a column-generation-based heuristic. Extensive computational studies on benchmark instances validate the computational efficiency of our algorithms. Compared with the deterministic vrpctw, our model can more effectively meet the time windows with a slightly additional cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721773</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reser elbilister annorlunda? : verkligt resbeteende som underlag för att styra mot transporteffektivitet : slutrapport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electrification of the passenger car fleet is a central component of Sweden's strategy to achieve its climate targets, including the goal of a 70 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from domestic transport and the objective of reaching net-zero emissions by 2045. To assess the actual effects of electrification, it is essential to understand how plug-in vehicles are used in practice. The aim of this project is to analyze how battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are used compared with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and to examine the implications for transport efficiency and policy design. The study combines GPS-based travel data from TravelVu (762 individuals, more than 80,000 travel days, and approximately 338,000 trip segments), register data on annual vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), and 50 semi-structured interviews with BEV and PHEV users. The quantitative analysis is descriptive and comparative, controlling for socioeconomic and household characteristics. The qualitative analysis deepens the understanding of motivations, charging strategies, and how electric vehicles are integrated into everyday mobility. The results show that BEV users, on average, drive longer distances than ICEV users-corresponding to approximately 4-6 kilometers per day-but do not make more trips per day. The difference thus relates to trip length rather than trip frequency. A substantial share of the difference can be explained by observable factors such as income, household composition, and geography, although a remaining gap persists. PHEVs exhibit driving patterns more similar to those of ICEVs. The interviews illustrate how household resources, vehicle mix, and access to charging influence planning, route choice, and perceived flexibility, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the quantitative patterns. Overall, the findings indicate that the effects of electrification on the transport system cannot be understood solely as a technological shift, but rather as the outcome of interactions between technology, household structure, and geographic context.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Commute time thresholds across different city scales in urban China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Long commutes are typically considered undesirable, yet in China’s super cities, residents endure significantly longer commutes without necessarily reporting lower satisfaction. To explain this phenomenon and systematically examine the differentiated thresholds of commute satisfaction across city scales, this study adopts reference point theory and analyzes large-scale survey data from 59 Chinese cities using a two-stage machine learning approach. Results indicate that commute time is the most influential factor, with satisfaction thresholds rising alongside city scale—from 19.0 min in small cities to 43.5 min in super cities. City size moderates satisfaction in a U-shaped pattern, with a rebound in super cities linked to better transport infrastructure and social comparison effects. Thresholds also vary across commuting modes. From a behavioral economics perspective, the research clarifies the psychological mechanisms behind commute well-being, providing a scientific basis for tailored urban transport policies that enhance residents’ health and quality of life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 09:23:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737806</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating Bus Speed: Update of the TCQSM Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of TCRP Project A-47, “Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual Fourth Edition,” the research team conducted a series of small research tasks to support development of new content for the manual. This TCRP research results digest (RRD) is one of 12 presenting the results of these research tasks. Practitioners use the bus speed estimation method of the TCQSM 3rd edition to quickly forecast the effects of proposed operational changes, such as developing bus lanes or increasing bus stop spacing. This RRD describes the use of archived bus travel time data to validate and update the method using more bus facilities and many more bus travel time observations than were feasible when the research underlying the method was conducted in the late 1990s.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 13:34:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Green Intelligent Transport Model for Urban Mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rapid population growth, urbanization and increasing mobility demands continue to pose serious challenges for urban transportation systems. Traffic congestion, high costs of transportation, and increased CO2 emission levels contribute to climate change impacts, not only that but also lower user satisfaction. This paper introduces a mathematical model (TCES). The model leverages Pareto optimization and linear programming to simultaneously minimize two major conflicting objectives: travel time, and cost emissions (Pollution) while maximizing user satisfaction. The model takes into account the factors which influence the transportation sector, such as passenger demand, real-time traffic data and environmental considerations. This makes the model a scalable and resilient solution to modern transportation, that can be applied in carpooling, ridesharing and city planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 16:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the impact of accessibility on leisure social diversity: A Schelling model approach to 15-minute cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One proposal to improve accessibility is the 15-minute city; the goal is to create a city where all daily necessities are reachable within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from home. However, a potential consequence is the reduction of the role of city centers, which are essential places of interaction among diverse social groups. This study investigates the potential impact that a 15-minute city would have on the co-presence of individuals from different social groups. Using an Agent-Based model and Zurich as a case study, we analyze how a relocation of POIs, as proposed by the 15-minute city, impacts the co-presence of socioeconomic groups in leisure activities, with a focus on bars and restaurants. Two conclusions can be drawn. First, the reorganization of venues reduces the distance traveled by 1.2 kilometers for restaurants and bars. Second, the dissimilarity index of the city center increased by 0.03 (indicating less diversity), but the average dissimilarity of the city decreased by 0.11 (indicating more diversity), showing that a redistribution of POIs following a 15-minute ideal increases the overall co-presence of individuals during leisure activities while reducing the distance traveled. Such insights are valuable for urban and transport policy, as they help to understand the broader social implications of a spatial reorganization of services and activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying local mobility and unraveling nonlinear mechanisms in the 15-minute city: Evidence from residential- and workplace-based activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The “15-minute city” has become a key planning concept and policy framework for neighborhood renewal. In practice, however, facility supply often fails to match residents' actual needs and usage patterns. This highlights the need to shift evaluation from the supply side to the demand side, assessing effectiveness through residents' daily activities and real demands. To address this gap, this study introduces the Local Mobility Index (LMI), derived from individual activity trajectories to quantify local activity intensity and facility use at two primary anchors: residence and workplace. Using Shanghai as a case study, we identified eight categories of neighborhood facilities from POI and AOI data and applied mobile signaling data at the grid scale to construct activity networks and calculate LMI. Explanatory variables captured five dimensions: density, accessibility to nearby facilities, accessibility to transit, functional diversity, and design of street network. An XGBoost model was then used to analyze their nonlinear impacts. Results show that: (1) the LMI exhibits pronounced spatial heterogeneity, indicating uneven progress in implementing the 15-minute city across the metropolitan area; meanwhile, residential- and workplace-based LMIs differ markedly in their distributions, reflecting the differentiated built-environment demands of the two activity patterns; (2) different facility types exert heterogeneous and nonlinear effects on LMI; (3) street network connectivity directly supports LMI and amplifies the positive effects of facilities through interaction. When connectivity is low, simply adding facilities has little impact. This study provides a behavior-oriented framework for evaluating the 15-minute city and offers a quantitative reference for neighborhood renewal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697090</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilience Assessment of Liner Shipping Networks: Considering the Interactive Effects of Transit Time and Node Recovery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697295</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the deepening reliance of global trade on maritime transport, ensuring its stable operation has become a central issue in safeguarding the security of global supply chains. This study aims to uncover the evolutionary mechanism of cascading failures in liner shipping networks under disturbances and to assess their resilience. Building upon the traditional load–capacity framework, this study proposes an extended cascading failure model. By incorporating the distance factor and further considering the interaction between transportation time and recovery time, this model can simulate the cascading effects of a more realistic liner shipping network. Furthermore, by integrating the transitions of node states, this research designs a simple dynamic scheduling rule for load redistribution, aiming to optimize cargo routing under disruptions and thereby suppress cascading effects. Simulation analysis reveals that the interplay between transport time and node recovery time is a critical factor influencing network resilience. Moreover, the dynamic scheduling mechanism effectively suppresses the extent of cascading failures while preserving system efficiency. This study provides theoretical support for the scientific assessment of liner shipping network risks and the enhancement of global supply chain resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697295</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Model of Residential Utility for the Tokyo Area Considering Time Allocation for Commuting and Personal Activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696055</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, we constructed a residence utility model that takes into account residents' personal activities and traveltime as characteristic quantities for each city, and showed the choice of residence of workers considering their workingstyle and lifestyle by taking into account changes in the number of days commuting to the central business district(CBD) and the allocation of time to personal activities. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) Decrease incommuting days may encourage people to live in municipalities far from the CBD. (2) When the number of satelliteoffice workers increases, municipalities far from the CBD and with easy access to satellite offices are more likely to bechosen as a place to live. (3) In areas far from the CBD, there are municipalities where the utility of commuting fewerdays to the CBD and engaging in more private activities is the same as that of the CBD municipalities when commutingto the CBD as before, while differences in activity opportunities may cause differences in utility among municipalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 09:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696055</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Student Population Estimates and School Consolidation Criteria Based on Commutable Areas Determined by Travel Time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, discussions on the consolidation and closure of high schools in Okayama Prefecture have accelerated. In reorganizing high schools, it is necessary to develop plans and standards from a long-term perspective. In this study, the commuting area for each high school was determined based on the commuting time to high school, and the number of students at each high school was estimated based on the population change rates. As a result, many high schools are projected to have fewer than 100 students by 2050. The results of the consolidation simulation suggested that when the consolidation standard is 60 students per grade, 95% of the students can commute to at least one school within 60 minutes, making this a reasonable standard for consolidation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 09:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beyond time: A multidimensional framework for assessing accessibility via active transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 15-, 20 or X-minute city concept is widely used in urban planning because of its simplicity in introducing the concept of accessibility. However, focusing solely on travel time thresholds may not truly optimize accessibility. Effective strategies should ensure equitable distribution of opportunities to all residents and improve network infrastructure and transport offer to reduce travel times and costs. Additionally, urban planning must consider the tradeoff between affordable housing and accessibility. In this context, this paper introduces a comprehensive methodological framework for the estimation of the novel Perception-Aware Equitable Accessibility Index (PEAI), a holistic indicator that assesses accessibility from multiple perspectives, and particularizes it for active mobility. PEAI integrates service availability, infrastructure quality, and housing affordability, together with user-centered insights. The later include residents' tolerance for walking/cycling times and dimension-specific weights. An application of the PEAI in Vancouver (Canada) under the assumption of equal dimensional weights showed that, while 99% of the population is located within median tolerable cycling times and 74.5% within acceptable walking thresholds to essential amenities, just 37.9% live in areas that are truly accessible. Overall, the PEAI framework allows the identification of target group–specific areas of low accessibility that traditional time-focused assessments tend to overlook, demonstrating its potential to inform more equitable planning and policy decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 09:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards smarter on-demand ride-sharing: Leveraging spatiotemporal flexibility to improve efficiency via delayed matching and walking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ride-sharing services have become a key component of urban mobility systems by improving transport efficiency and supporting more effective use of vehicle resources. However, conventional immediate matching strategies often fail to fully exploit temporal and spatial flexibility in user behavior. This study explores an on-demand management strategy that delays matching decisions for selected requests, while allowing passengers to walk to nearby pick-up points. Such flexibility offers the potential to reshape the temporal distribution of demand and better align it with vehicle availability. A two-stage on-demand delayed matching framework is proposed that integrates a multi-agent reinforcement learning-based admission mechanism with a trip-to-vehicle graph-based matching model incorporating walking flexibility, which aims to enhance matching efficiency while reducing travel time costs. Experimental results based on real-world ride-sourcing travel records from central Beijing show that the proposed strategy enhances overall system performance by increasing matching rates, reducing per-order emissions, and boosting platform profitability. For passengers, spatiotemporal flexibility in matching not only lowers pick-up, waiting, and walking times but also slightly reduces average matching time, showing that operational gains can be achieved without sacrificing user experience. The results suggest that modest behavioral adjustments, such as short-distance walking, can ease service imbalances without requiring major infrastructure changes. Ride-sharing platforms can replace uniform immediacy with response times that reflect passengers’ temporal flexibility, while adopting differentiated strategies that account for heterogeneous walking willingness can enhance system feasibility while maintaining user acceptance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 09:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697959</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>