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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Hierarchical path planning for an unmanned surface vehicle based on reachable domain constraints in dynamic island-reef waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2729079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming at the problem of dynamic changes in obstacle boundaries caused by tidal action in reef waters, this paper proposes a hierarchical path planning method for an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) based on reachable domain constraints in dynamic island-reef waters. First, a method for computing the USV’s reachable domain under realistic wave disturbances is established and an offline database is constructed. Second, a tidal-driven dynamic expansion model for reefs is developed to describe the dynamic characteristics of obstacle boundaries. At the global level, an event-driven FSM path re-planning mechanism is designed to achieve on-demand response to environmental changes. At the local level, the reachable domain boundary and dynamic reef constraints are simultaneously integrated into the MPC prediction horizon to generate navigation paths that satisfy both physical reachability and safety requirements. SimuNPS simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can autonomously trigger re-planning and smoothly transition to new paths in dynamic scenarios where reef boundaries continuously change with tides, achieving safe navigation for the USV in simulated dynamic island-reef waters under the considered tidal and wave conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:04:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2729079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Voices of the world: (im)mobility experiences of workers during the COVID-19 pandemic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article has as an objective the analysis of (im)mobilities of workers around the world following the crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. To accomplish this, qualitative research was carried out, featuring 27 subjects from five continents (North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania) who worked from home from March to June 2020. The idea is to unite the similarities and discrepancies of their lived experiences in a period of social distancing through the theoretical lens of mobility and the outlook of political, economic, cultural, and social multilocality and multiplicity. Our main findings focus on the paradoxes of (im)mobility concerning COVID-19 containment policies in different countries, from the lived experience of lockdown in a foreign country and new structures of remote work, to the singularities that led to a (re)invention of the self during the pandemic’s most critical period. Thus, the suspension of the pre-pandemic pace, lifestyle and work routines, however temporary, gave way to the experimentation of new affective mobilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703961</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)-adjusted pedestrian accessibility: urban design exploration for climate-resilience in tropical climates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In dense cities, the urban heat island effect and thermal heat stress are exacerbated by the prevalence of impermeable surfaces and heat-trapping urban morphologies with repercussions including increased mortality rates. Assessing which urban design strategies best mitigate pedestrian heat stress is complex, with many contributing factors. To support computational performance-based planning approaches to heat resilient urban design, this study introduces the novel metric, UTCI-adjusted reach, measuring the number of destinations a pedestrian can reach using a heat-stress adjusted walking distance. This metric underlies the definition of the Reachable Urban Cool Spots (RUCS) method: a globally comparable and computationally efficient approach for evaluating pedestrian heat vulnerability within a masterplan.The RUCS method was tested for 32 masterplans generated for a case study site (112ha) and explored across five design parameters, a sensitivity analysis further clarified the impact of 3 contextual assessment parameters on its results. Across the 32 masterplans, the RUCS score ranged from 0.08% to 18.0% for a single-hour simulation. Multi-day, multi hour simulations for selected masterplans established the diurnal thermal variability of the RUCS score. The introduced methods were shown to effectively synthesize multiple environmental predictions and urban network analyses and to support evidence-based computational design exploration to enhance the walkability of heat-vulnerable cities. RUCS will support planners and health professionals to assess existing districts, and designers to create walkable heat-resilient neighborhoods in the context of a warming climate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Notes from a small island: The continuing evolution of the local bus industry in the British Isles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews recent developments in the local bus industry in the United Kingdom and three crown dependencies (Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey). The industry is well-known for the deregulation implemented in the mid-1980s, but this only affected Great Britain outside London. In London, an alternative regime of comprehensive tendering was developed, whilst in Northern Ireland the industry remained under public ownership and control. Recent trends in these different jurisdictions will be reviewed with particular reference to Bus Back Better, the national bus strategy for England, published in 2021. This has led to some extensions of the concept of franchising, most notably in Greater Manchester, and to the development of enhanced partnerships. In addition to this general high-level review, two case studies are discussed, based on recent student projects at the University of Southampton. The first compares the bus market and industry in Guernsey and Jersey (both competitively tendered), the Isle of Man (publicly owned and controlled) and the Isle of Wight (deregulated). The second examines the bus market and industry in the neighbouring urban regions of Bournemouth and Southampton, where in both cases the successor to the former municipally owned incumbent has recently exited the market. Broad assessments are made of the efficacy of the different organisational structures considered. Conclusions are drawn with respect to likely future developments in the regulatory cycle, the relevance of theories of public value and whether the co-production of services could form a fourth way for the bus industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674358</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the effectiveness of high thermal resistance aggregates in asphalt mixtures for Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates how different asphalt mixtures can mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect by analysing their thermal properties, including conductivity, heat storage, and thermal inertia. Limestone asphalt mixtures (LM), characterised by high thermal inertia, were compared with glass (GM), ceramic (CM), and clay brick (CBM) mixtures, which have lower thermal inertia. Laboratory and field tests conducted during the summers of 2022 and 2023 evaluated how these materials respond to solar radiation and ambient conditions. LM exhibited more stable surface temperatures due to slower heating and cooling, whereas GM, CM, and CBM cooled more quickly at night, which helped reduce heat accumulation and UHI intensity. The research highlights the novel use of recycled materials—glass, ceramic, and brick—in asphalt mixtures and emphasises the importance of optimising air voids to enhance thermal performance. These findings support the development of sustainable asphalt designs that promote daytime heat dissipation and nighttime cooling in urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:53:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LDHs encapsulated phase change material: Towards a highly reflective and thermal storage asphalt pavement for alleviating the urban heat island effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The thermal storage systems based on Phase change materials (PCMs) and the high reflectivity of pavement reflective materials (PRMs) can efficiently mitigate urban heat islands (UHI) effect. However, the low stability of PCM and the uncontrollable reflectivity of PRMs limit their practical application. Therefore, a novel shape-stabilized PCM (LA-SA LDHs) was prepared by intercalating Stearic acid - Lauric acid PCM (LA-SA PCM) into the interlayers of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Compared to previous preparation methods for PCM/LDHs, the LA-SA intercalated LDHs not only involve ionic bonding but also exhibit a nanoconfinement effect, which imparts exceptional shape stability to the composite. Then, the LA-SA LDHs mixed into asphalt to prepare reflective and thermal storage asphalt concrete (LA-SA LDHs MAC). The performance of LA-SA LDHs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and heating-cooling cycle tests. The road performance and thermodynamic performance of LA-SA LDHs MAC were evaluated by the Marshall test, rutting test, and photothermal conversion test. The results show that LA-SA LDHs have a high phase change material retention rate (95.13 %), a satisfactory melting enthalpy (177.2 J/g). LA-SA LDHs MAC reduces the average road surface temperature by 3.06 °C. This study combines the reflective performance of LDHs with the heat storage characteristics of PCM, proposing a novel approach to mitigating the UHI effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:33:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-term bike-sharing demand forecasting and interpretability analysis considering Urban Heat Island (UHI)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and deteriorating air quality are reshaping travel behaviour in many large cities and pose new challenges for the operation of bike-sharing systems. This paper examines how UHI and related environmental conditions affect long-term shared bike demand and how these effects can be incorporated into operational planning, using Shenzhen as a case study. We compile an hourly multi-source dataset that links bike-sharing trips with UHI intensity, meteorological variables and air pollutant concentrations, and propose an Head-Gated Transformer model (HGT)—an improved Transformer with an adaptive multi-head attention mechanism—for 24–72 h ahead demand forecasting. Compared with representative deep learning (LSTM, CNN, standard Transformer) and tree-based (GBDT) benchmarks, Head-Gated Transformer consistently delivers the lowest mean squared and mean absolute errors, reducing 24–72 h prediction errors by around 1%–6% in MSE relative to the best Transformer baseline. Building on this, we combine SHAP analysis, attention visualisation and (bi)variate partial dependence plots to characterise temporal dependence, nonlinearities and interaction effects. The study indicates that residents consider both short-term risks and long-term stability of environmental conditions when traveling, simultaneously reflecting certain rigid demands and adaptive responses. Meanwhile, variables such as UHI have significant interactive, nonlinear, and threshold effects on the travel demand for shared bikes. The research outcomes provide robust data support and policy recommendations to promote shared mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:33:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drivers and Barriers for Shared Mobility on the Scale of an Island: A Stakeholders’ Perspective Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of shared mobility modes into the transportation systems of European cities is continuously growing, providing an alternative option for sustainable mobility. Being implemented mostly in urban environment of Europe’s context, the peculiarities of an island are not taken into account in the frame of any research and policy recommendations available. The aim of this paper is to investigate the drivers and barriers for shared mobility on the scale of an island during both the planning and the operational phase, especially focusing on the North Aegean Region. The identification of factors that enable or hinder the adoption/success of shared systems on an island, as well as the respective conclusions were based on the methodological approach that capitalizes the stakeholders’ perspective. For this purpose, an interview was delivered to 15stakeholders of the Region while the development of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) allowed for a systematic evaluation of critical parameters that affect the implementation of shared mobility. This method compared with the results of the current mobility status of the island as well as the gaps that are identified by the stakeholders provided very interesting insights of the research. Results suggest that prioritizing technological advancements and enhancing user comfort can significantly boost the acceptance and efficiency of shared mobility services while confirm the need for different approach and adaptation of shared mobility aspects to the peculiarities of an islandic context in order to ensure the operational sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Path planning of the unmanned surface vehicle in island and reef environments with time-varying vortices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Island and reef environments pose significant challenges for the unmanned surface vehicle (USV) due to dense coral formations and unpredictable eddies. Such conditions frequently cause heading deviations and elevate collision risks. To enhance navigation safety and efficiency in these challenging environments, we improved the implicit quantile network (IQN) algorithm and introduced the risk-reward balance implicit quantile network (RRB-IQN). This approach calculates a risk coefficient based on the number and distance of obstacles within the USV’s perception range. It adjusts the risk preference in the value distribution, allowing the USV to balance reward maximization and risk minimization. Additionally, we developed a dynamic composite reward function to optimize the USV’s navigation efficiency, even under environmental disturbances. The proposed algorithm was tested in simulated environments designed to mimic typical coral reef features. Results indicate that state-of-the-art algorithms, including standard IQN and other baseline methods, often enter vortex cores or pass through narrow gaps. In contrast, RRB-IQN produces faster, shorter, and safer paths. Moreover, it exhibits robust performance in island and reef environments with time-varying vortices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:12:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How street view shapes cycling behaviour during extreme heat: a case study from Shanghai</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate change intensifies extreme heat events, significantly impacting cycling. The street environment from human perspective shapes travel behaviour, while its influence on cycling during extreme heat remains unclear. We develop the GLOWE street view indicator system and apply it to Shanghai to investigate how street view characteristics affect bike-sharing usage during heat. The findings reveal the crucial role of street view, with a stronger impact on weekends. An increase in greenness enhances the relative cycling volume by 0.1, whereas an excessively high level of enclosure may lead to a 0.1 reduction. Weekday openness and weekend liveliness reflect nonlinear patterns with relative cycling volume. Different travel logics on weekdays and weekends shape different impacts of street view. Additionally, the influence of street view exhibits a clear spatial distribution pattern. This study provides novel evidence on how street attributes shape urban travel under extreme weather, informing climate-adaptive mobility planning and urban governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643260</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beyond proximity: Uncovering accessibility inequities in Barcelona’s climate shelters network for the summer of 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past decade, climate shelters networks have been implemented in various cities worldwide, particularly in areas where the Urban Heat Island effect exacerbates the impact of heat waves. These networks aim to provide thermal comfort and, crucially, to reduce heat-related mortality among vulnerable populations, such as the elderly. However, effective implementation of such networks requires more than merely identifying shelters -it demands strategic planning to ensure true accessibility for at-risk groups. This study evaluates the accessibility of the Climate Shelters Network proposed by the Barcelona City Council during the summer months of 2023 (July and August), focusing specifically on the elderly population due to their heightened vulnerability to heat stress. Accessibility was assessed through three main dimensions: economic (payment), temporal (daily and seasonal operation) and spatial (proximity). Data were sourced from open datasets, fieldwork and direct communication with municipal authorities and shelter facilities. Geographic analysis was conducted using QGIS to define service areas and pedestrian accessibility was measured based on a 6-minute walking threshold under conditions of strong and very strong heat stress, assuming an average walking speed of 3.42 km/h for elderly people. While official municipal data claimed that 97 % of the population was within a 10-minute walking distance of a shelter in this time period, our findings reveal that real accessibility varied depending on the month, day of the week and time. In the worst-case scenario at night, when only a limited number of shelters were open, coverage dropped to 15 % of the total elderly population living in the municipality of Barcelona. This study highlights the importance of incorporating dynamic variables into the planning and management of urban climate adaptation strategies, particularly those intended to safeguard vulnerable populations during extreme heat events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643823</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hyperlocal heat stress around bus stops in Philadelphia: Insights from spatio-temporal microclimate modeling and explainable AI</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect significantly impacts public transit users, particularly those waiting at bus stops, where prolonged exposure to extreme heat poses health risks. Despite increasing attention to climate resilience, limited research has focused on hyperlocal, pedestrian-level thermal stress at bus stops or its relationship with the surrounding urban environment. To address this gap, we generated hourly 1-meter resolution Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) maps for Philadelphia using high-resolution, multi-source geospatial data and microclimate modeling, capturing detailed summer daytime spatio-temporal heat stress patterns around more than 8,000 bus stops. We further developed an explainable machine learning framework, combining Random Forest (RF) and SHAP analysis to uncover complex, nonlinear relationships and threshold effects between heat stress and both built environment and socioeconomic variables. Key findings include: (1) Significant spatio-temporal variation in heat stress, with consistently high levels at midday across the city; (2) Higher heat stress around bus stops located in low-income neighborhoods, while more affluent areas (e.g., higher median household value) exhibit reduced thermal exposure; (3) Green View Index (GVI) and Enclosure emerged as the most effective heat-mitigating features, and (4) complex threshold effects across key urban indicators highlight the importance of targeted and equitable interventions to reduce heat stress in vulnerable areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2026 16:58:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Freight Footprints and Urban Heat Islands: Interactions between Freight Facilities, Built Environment and Thermal Consequences</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous studies on urban heat island (UHI) and its influencing factors have focused on built environment and urban functional areas. However, freight facilities, large-scale facilities with impervious surfaces and high albedo characteristics widely used in the era of e-commerce, have not been fully examined in terms of their potential impacts on land surface temperature (LST). In this study, we applied satellite image datasets and machine learning techniques to identify freight facilities, and employed K-means clustering, multiple linear regression (MLR), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) to investigate how different aggregation patterns of freight facilities, in conjunction with built environmental factors, differentially affect LST. The results show that this method can accurately capture the freight building facilities compared to other data forms. Second, freight facilities have a significant positive impact on LST; the existence of freight facilities will significantly increase the annual average LST by approximately 0.25°C, an effect that amplifies substantially to 0.393°C during summer. Subsequently, we categorized grids into three groups based on the scale, quantity, agglomeration level, and location of freight facilities, and validated the heterogeneous effects of their combination with built environment on LST. The warming effect of impervious surfaces is substantially amplified in freight facilities area, while ecological functions are suppressed or even nullified in highly concentrated area. Additionally, complex and non-linear relationships between the built environment and LST reflect across different freight clusters. This study provides actionable insights for planners and policymakers to develop freight facility planning strategies that prioritize ecological sustainability and long-term development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 10:15:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648042</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A sustainable pavement coating with balanced cooling and adhesion for urban heat reduction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban heat islands intensify pavement distress and increase energy consumption. Heat-reflective coatings are widely used to reduce pavement temperature, but conventional designs often neglect durability, leading to frequent maintenance and additional resource consumption. In this study, a dual-objective optimization framework for cooling performance and bonding strength is established for road heat-reflective coatings. The film-forming material ratio is first optimized according to bonding strength, and the functional filler system is then designed to enhance solar reflectance and cooling capacity. Finally, the proportion between the film-forming matrix and functional fillers is adjusted to identify formulations that achieve a balanced combination of cooling performance and bonding strength. Field measurements on colored coatings show that the proposed formulations can reduce pavement surface temperature by up to about 10 °C under strong solar radiation. Indoor simulations indicate that high-temperature exposure duration is significantly shortened, suggesting a lower risk of rutting and thermal damage in asphalt layers. Combined abrasion and aging tests demonstrate that cooling performance and bonding strength gradually decrease under service-like loading, highlighting the need to consider durability in coating design. Outdoor experiments further reveal that coatings with effective pavement cooling also suppress the rise in near-surface air temperature, indicating potential environmental and economic benefits for urban heat island mitigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 17:10:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermally Conductive Pre-cast Concrete Pavement for Urban Heat Island Mitigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673590</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban areas experience elevated pavement temperatures due to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which increases cooling energy demand and associated carbon emissions. In this project, the work focused on three main components: (1) a comprehensive mechanical study of precast concrete mixes containing microencapsulated organic phase change material (PCM), (2) three-dimensional transient thermal finite element (FE) simulations, and (3) full-scale sidewalk testing evaluated using a Monthly Cooling Benefit Index (MCBI). The mechanical program quantified the influence of PCM dosage on workability and compressive strength and showed a clear trend of decreasing strength with increasing PCM content. However, mixes with moderate PCM dosages retained adequate strength for sidewalk applications, while still providing measurable cooling potential. The calibrated 3D FE model captured the main experimental trends by representing PCM as an increase in effective heat capacity and a reduction in thermal diffusivity. Simulation results confirmed that PCM integration consistently reduced peak surface temperatures relative to the control slab, with mid-range PCM contents offering the best balance between thermal moderation and mechanical performance. A full-scale pilot sidewalk with multiple precast segments—combining PCM with different surface finishes such as sandblasting and diamond grinding—was constructed on the University of Texas at San Antonio campus and monitored over continuous three months. Field measurements showed that segments with moderate PCM content (e.g., around 2.5%) coupled with reflective/high-albedo surface treatments achieved the most persistent reductions in surface temperature compared with the conventional control and PCM-only panels. When quantified using the MCBI, the sandblasted and diamond-ground PCM segments ranked highest, indicating that the combined strategy of moderate PCM dosage and optimized surface finishing provides the most effective and practical cooling benefit for UHI mitigation in urban sidewalks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:54:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673590</guid>
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