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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL SEA ICE THICKNESS MEASURING TECHNIQUES--DEVELOPMENT OF A REMOTE SEA ICE THICKNESS SENSOR: STAGE 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/84534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this report is to present results of a study conducted by C-CORE under a contract with the Transportation Development Centre concerned with the development of an all-weather instrument to remotely measure the thickness of sea ice.  The physical and electrical properties of sea ice which influence the design criteria are provided.  Various potential sea ice thickness measuring techniques, including synthetic pulse radar, CW/FM radar, and pulse compression radar are examined and evaluated.  /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/84534</guid>
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      <title>RESULTS OF FULL-SCALE ICE IMPACT LOAD STUDIES ABOARD C.C.G.S. NORMAN MCLEOD ROGERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to develop new safety standards and regulations for the movement of ships in ice-infested waters, the Canadian Department of Transport initiated in 1974 an overall study of ice problems affecting the operation of ships in the St Lawrence System.  The study included the assessment of ice conditions in critical reaches, the development of an analytical predictive model, full scale impact load measurements and physical modeling of ice impact loading. The mathematical model was completed in April 1974.  The present paper describes the instrumentation and test procedures used during a program of full-scale measurements of impact loads carried out in the course of normal icebreaking operations by the C.C.G.S. Norman McLeod Rogers.  The results of measurements of impact loads, ship speed and mean ice thickness are summarized for a total of 84 runs.  It is concluded that the instrumentation gives realistic results but that further refinement of the mathematical model will be necessary.  Order from BSRA as No. 49,770.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85438</guid>
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      <title>GREAT LAKES ICE THICKNESS PREDICTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Weekly ice thickness data, collected from 24 bay, harbor, and river sites on the Great Lakes, were correlated with freezing degree-day accumulations to develop regression equations between ice thickness and freezing degree-days. The data base at ice measurement sites was 3 to 8 winters in length.  The standard error of estimate varied for individual regression equations and averaged between 7 and 8 cm for five forms of regression equations.  Because the regression equations are empirical, the range of input data used to predict ice thickness should be limited to the range of values used in the derivation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60880</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF SEA ICE USING IMPULSE RADAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although sea ice presents one of the most serious obstacles to ocean engineering under Arctic conditions, techniques to measure and monitor its properties, such as thickness and strength, are still being developed.  This ability is particularly important since the properties of sea ice vary dramatically both spatially and temporally.  This paper presents results from studies made of first year fast ice near Newfoundland.  Particular attention is given to estimating the electrical properties of ice using impulse radar.  The complex reflection coefficient from the ice surface is determined using Fourier techniques, and this approach is a promising first step toward quick in situ or remote estimates of the electrical properties of the ice. These properties are significant, since both the electrical and the mechanical properties of sea ice are dominated by the influence of its brine volume fraction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56998</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PREDICTION OF ARCTIC ICE CONDITIONS FOR OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/54350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A mathematical model is presented as an aid to forecasting of ice conditions for operations in ice-infested waters. The sea ice model interacts with the atmosphere and ocean. The importance of knowledge of ice velocity, thickness distribution, and stress for short-term forecasting of ice conditions is explained.  A sample calculation is shown to demonstrate and clarify the results.  As a test of the performance of the model, observations during the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) and Landsat imagery in April 1975 are used to compare with simulated conditions. The response of the model to these conditions is qualitatively reasonable, but insufficient data on barometric pressures and boundary motion affects the comparison.  The model is too weak to match the observed motions as accurately as desired.  Efforts to eliminate these problems should allow the model to be used as an operational tool to aid in short-term forecasting of sea ice conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/54350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATIONAL ALL-WEATHER GREAT LAKES ICE INFORMATION SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The system utilizes an X-band side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) for determining type, location, and areal distribution of the ice cover in the Great Lakes, and an airborne, S-band, down-looking short pulse radar for obtaining ice thickness.  SLAR images along with hand-drawn interpretative ice charts for various winter shipping areas in the Great Lakes are broadcast to facsimile recorders aboard Great Lakes vessels via the MARAD marine VHF-F, radio network to assist such vessels in navigating both through and around the ice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/51813</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOATING ICE THICKNESS AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION -- HEATED WIRE TECHNIQUE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/44206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The thickness of floating ice is the important parameter to be measured for many applications in the fields of transportation, engineering and climatology.  The requirement for accurate thickness information, with details on the ice structure, led to the development and use of the heated wire ice thickness gage.  Once installed, the gage provides a means of making in-situ thickness measurements on fresh and salt water ice quickly and accurately.  This report describes the measurement methods of determining ice structure from readings obtained, and details of construction of the gage complete with engineering drawings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/44206</guid>
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      <title>DESIGN FACTORS FOR RIVER ICE BOOMS ANALYZED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Model studies were made to determine hydraulic characteristics of structures for protecting ships wintering in rivers under conditions similar to those observed in European and Siberian rivers (ice-cover thickness up to 1.8m. and river depth to 12m.).  The experiments are described, and data are mathematically analyzed.  Formulas graphs for calculating the stresses as a function of ice-cover thickness, flow speed, and width and depth of the river are suggested.  The ice pressure on protective booms in a stream wider than 30 m was found to increase 85-90% due to the friction between the lower ice surface and flowing water.  The friction coefficient is proportional to the ratio of ice thickness to flow depth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE ACCUMULATION ON SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/20074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is very important to understand the phenomenon of icing clearly and estimate the growth rate and amount of ice accreted per unit time on a ship.  In order to investigate actual icing conditions, actual ship experiments were conducted in the winters of 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963.  In addition, an experiment of icing on cylinders was also carried out in a low temperature testing laboratory.  On the other hand, the author has tried to develop a theoretical method of predicting the growth and weight of ice accreted on ships in connection with their stability. In this paper, the author presents the outline of the theoretical study of icing, some main results of indoor and actual ship experiments mentioned above, and the results of the comparison between the growth and weight of accreted ice obtained from the experiments and those estimated by theory and finally confirmed the applicability of this theory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/20074</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PROPOSALS FOR MEASURING THE THICKNESS OF ICE SHEETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This articles describes authors' experience in measuring fresh water ice thickness, over a period of four years. Various gages described are: meter stick gage, jam depth gage, and electric ice thickness gage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A SEA-ICE PENETROMETER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/13298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A 50-lb, pencil-shaped projectile has been developed and tested for use in determining the thickness of sea ice. The device contains an accelerometer and a radio that transmits to a receiving station aboard a launching aircraft.  In the tests the thickness of the ice (when it was completely penetrated) or the depth of penetration (when only partly penetrated) was calculated to within about 3 in., on the basis of data obtained by the penetrometer while it was in the ice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Nov 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/13298</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE THICKNESS OBSERVATIONS, NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/8469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Part 4 for 1964-65 and 1965-66 continues the record with 72 stations incl 23 in Alaska and 49 in Canada (eight of the 12 new Canadian stations are on the St. Lawrence River). Detailed ice thickness measurements across rivers in Alaska, 1961-66, made by the Water Resources Division, US Geological Survey, and maps showing the maximum ice thicknesses, 1964-65 and 1965-66 for northern North America are given. Pt. 5 for 1966-67 and 1967-68, in addition to types of data supra, includes data from six new stations in Alaska and detailed data across rivers in Alaska, 1965-68, by the US Geological Survey.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/8469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE THICKNESS BY SHEAR WAVE PROPAGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of the lack of success in using normal incident reflected acoustic longitudinal waves for sea ice thickness measurements and the time consuming process entailed by refraction acoustic ice thickness measurements, a method of ice thickness measurement was tried using normal incident reflected acoustic shear waves or "S" waves.  This technique was used for sea ice measurements off Pt. Barrow, Alaska during the summer of 1971.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Feb 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10904</guid>
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