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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Application of a Free Drift Tactical Ice Forecast Model in Pack Ice Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The extension of oil and gas exploration in High Arctic offshore locations will likely require floating drilling capability in the presence of high-concentration sea ice (pack ice) at the beginning and end of the open water season. The detection and drift forecasting of potentially unmanageable ice features (PUIF) will be key components of an ice management system designed to manage risk while drilling during pack ice intrusions. In September 2015 during the Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise 2015 (OATRC 2015), an ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company (EMURC) free drift tactical ice forecast model designed to forecast the drift of individual ice floes in low concentration ice conditions was applied in near real-time to high concentration pack ice with predominant thicknesses of medium first-year ice in the Arctic Ocean. The description and application of the proposed ice drift forecast model is presented in this paper. In addition, forecast results are compared to drift data collected during OATRC 2015. It is shown that the free drift forecasting tool produces reasonably accurate and useful forecasts in the high concentration ice observed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Dec 2018 14:03:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Method for Real-Time Estimation of Full-Scale Global Ice Loads on Floating Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes an algorithm that uses conventional measurements found on-board ships coupled with additional Inertial Measurement Units to estimate the motions and global loads acting on them. The work is motivated by the scarce availability of full-scale load data for sea-ice operations and by the invasive instrumentation of strain gauges used to obtain global loads of all degrees of freedom. Full-scale data are key to a number of design, operational, and research aspects related to sea-ice operations. The proposed algorithm is based on four Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) that together with position and heading measurements are used to make estimates of dynamic linear and rotational acceleration (acceleration resulting in motion). The authors show how to use models updated with propulsion and wind measurements to estimate propulsion, hydrodynamic, wind, and ice loads through a setup catering to real-time implementation. A case study with the Swedish icebreaker Oden is presented and discussed. The algorithm effectively yields reasonable ice load history estimations and presents great potential in its further application to real-time global ice load estimations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Dec 2018 14:03:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566223</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Near-Field Ice Management Tactics – Simulation and Field Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Robust near-field ice management tactics have been developed for use in Arctic floating drilling. The tactics provide high confidence that a station-keeping drilling rig can be kept within the managed ice channel throughout periods of complex changes in ice drift direction and speed, and thus effectively mitigate the potentially high economic cost of an emergency disconnection. Kinematic simulations were used to design the systematic arched racetrack tactics which were implemented and tested during the Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise 2015 (OATRC2015) conducted in the pack ice north of Svalbard at about 82°N latitude and 16°30′E longitude. The long duration field tests, conducted over 10 days using two icebreakers, show the virtual drilling rig was maintained within the managed ice channel in complex ice drift conditions that included multiple ice drift loops, cusps, and reversals. Moreover, the field observations, including satellite and helicopter imagery, confirm the fundamental simulation methods. The field results are extended through simulations to assess the impact of icebreaker fleet configuration and capability on outlet ice conditions (floe size and brash content) and the performance of the tactics against long-term ice drift records (over 1200 days with over 18,000 km of drift). Results demonstrate the importance of systematically executing the tactics and confirm that the geostationary drilling rig is kept within the managed ice channel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Dec 2018 14:03:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566258</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Field Measurement of the Reduction in Local Pressure from Ice Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Local ice pressures are an important design consideration for vessels performing offshore stationkeeping operations, particularly in the late spring and early fall shoulder seasons when they tend to govern over global loading in the development of operating limits. This paper presents analysis of full-scale data that demonstrates the reduction in local pressures provided by ice management. The data was collected during the Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise in 2015. The distinguishing aspect of this program was the use of two icebreakers, Oden and Frej, which provided the unique opportunity to conduct a full-scale stationkeeping trial in realistic managed ice conditions. Previous local ice pressure data collection programs have occurred during transit in unmanaged ice, ramming of multi-year ice and bergy bit impacts. These have been used to establish recommendations for local design pressures, however they are not completely representative of conditions while stationkeeping in managed ice. In this study the up-crossing rate method was used to analyze local pressure data collected from strain gaged load panels on the Frej's hull. The results indicate that local pressures from stationkeeping in managed ice are two to four times lower than the transiting cases most analogous to previous data. This provides a sound basis for advocating local design pressures that are lower than current recommendations, and also more representative of actual operating conditions. This can potentially extend the operating envelope of offshore vessels leading to significant savings, while still maintaining limits consistent with accepted risk profiles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Dec 2018 14:03:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566252</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting Ice-Induced Load Amplitudes on Ship Bow Conditional on Ice Thickness and Ship Speed in the Baltic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487974</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation in ice prone waters is a timely topic due to the pursuit for arctic natural resources and sea routes. One important safety aspect in designing ships that enter ice prone waters is to determine the ice-induced loads on ships. However, ice is a particularly inconsistent material; therefore it is difficult to predict the occurring loads when the ship hull breaks the ice. We propose a novel probabilistic, Bayesian, method for modeling and predicting ice load distributions in different ice and operational conditions. We assume the ice loads to be generated from a random process whose parameters change as a function of ice thickness and ship speed. We test four alternative hierarchical Gaussian Process models. The best model shows good performance in predictive validation tests. According to the results the probability of high ice loads increases with increasing ice thickness and increasing speed. The model can be used to predict continuously ice loads in different ice thickness and speed conditions and, with further development, has potential to be utilized in determining the safe way to operate ships in different conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:24:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487974</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Review of Numerical Modelling Techniques for Marine Icing Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1489497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ice accretion reduces the stability, reliability, productivity, and safe operation of offshore exploration vessels, icebreakers, and marine structures in Arctic regions. This paper presents a review of existing literature on ice accumulation on marine vessels and offshore structures. Existing reports for field measured icing data are reviewed, which reveals that wave-collision generated sea spray is the main source of marine icing. Fundamental knowledge of different heat fluxes on the icing surface are analyzed and several numerical techniques for modelling of icing predictions on vessels, drilling rigs, and other offshore structures are critically reviewed. Additionally, this paper identifies methods of improving the ice prediction rate for marine vessels and offshore structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2017 09:53:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1489497</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RECENT PROGRESS IN RIVER ICE ENGINEERING RESEARCH AT CRREL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews and summarizes the results of the research and development efforts in river ice engineering conducted at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) over the past decade and their applications to the Civil Works mission of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Topics covered include winter operation of navigation projects on the major northern U.S. waterways; river ice processes, namely ice transport and accumulation; ice jam documentation, prediction, and mitigation; and bed and bank erosion caused by ice.  The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future challenges and areas of needed research in river ice engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING AND AVOIDING ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/473057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In-flight icing is one of the most difficult aviation weather hazards facing general aviation.  Because most aircraft in the general aviation category are not certified for flight into known icing conditions, techniques for identifying and avoiding in-flight ice are important to maintain safety while increasing the utility and dispatch capability which is part of the AGATE vision.  This report summarizes a brief study effort which : 1) Reviewed current ice identification, forecasting, and avoidance techniques; 2) Assessed feasibility of improved forecasting and ice avoidance procedures; and 3) Identified key issues for the development of improved capability with regard to inflight icing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/473057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REAL-TIME ROAD ICE PREDICTION AND ITS IMPROVEMENT IN ACCURACY THROUGH A SELF-LEARNING PROCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In winter road maintenance, it is important for highway engineers and authorities to know where and when road surface temperature is to fall below freezing and whether road surfaces will remain dry or icy.  To provide this information, several numerical models have been developed in the last decade. However, the accuracy of model prediction in real-time application largely depends on the accuracy of forecast inputs (such as air temperature, dew point, wind speed, cloud type, and cloud amount), which are typically supplied by meteorologists. The experience and skills of the meteorologists are critical in some circumstances for the models to provide useful and reliable output.  There is little doubt that such experience and skills vary individually within a group of meteorologists.  To remedy model prediction errors resulting from input errors, a self-learning process is developed.  The magnitude of error in real-time model input is investigated by comparing forecast input to actual measurements and observations, and the effect of input error on model prediction is demonstrated.  A variety of methods, including self-adjustment and self-quality-control mechanisms, are introduced in this paper to show improvements of a numerical model in 24-hr forecasts and 3-to-6-hr nowcasts of road surface temperature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475917</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIELD TEST OF ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE IN HOKKAIDO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After the studded tire regulation law came into effect, extremely slippery frozen road surfaces occurred in the Sapporo area.  The Hokkaido Development Bureau (HDB) has been conducting Hokkaido-wide surveys of road surface conditions with other road administrators since February 1993.  The purpose of the surveys is to determine frozen road surface occurrence and regional road surface conditions in Hokkaido.  In addition, in the winter of 1993-1994, HDB introduced the Finnish ice prediction systems to downtown Sapporo.  HDB examined the accuracy of the system and clarified its limits of application.  It was confirmed that the system has some limits because of errors in detection, which frequently occurred in cases of much snow, compacted snow, and frozen road surfaces.  In the winter of 1994-1995, a new road surface classification method, which can identify extremely slippery frozen road surfaces and is easily used in winter maintenance operation, was developed.  The Hokkaido-wide winter road surface condition survey was conducted with the use of the new classification method.  In addition, an investigation was begun to develop ice prediction methods by using road weather information system (RWIS) for the greater Sapporo area in the winter of 1995-1996.  In this investigation, use of the radar snowfall forecasting system was also considered, as was the use of forecast information for efficient winter road maintenance. Furthermore, the ideal RWIS of the next generation and the way to exchange and share the information with other organizations are now under discussion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475916</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE DETECTION AND HIGHWAY WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/465286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the spring of 1988, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) entered into an agreement for the installation of an ice detection/forecast system.  The Surface Conditions Analyzing Network (SCAN) System gives the information needed to better monitor and predict icy bridge and road conditions and to take the necessary actions.  The success of the installation prompted the KDOT to expand the system to include 40 installations throughout the state.  The SCAN System has saved the KDOT much time and money by allowing the use of more efficient procedures and less manpower.  On January 23, 1989 a cooperative agreement work order was entered into by the KDOT and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to evaluate the effectiveness of the SCAN System.  The SCAN System was compared to the weather forecasting system in use by the KDOT prior to installation of the SCAN System.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/465286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WEATHER OR NOT ...</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/464203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many areas of the world, special weather warning systems can advise maintenance crews of conditions, and treatments such as salting, gritting or chemicals can be applied before ice or snow get a grip. This article looks at early weather prediction systems in Sweden (Road Weather Information System); Norway (Road Weather Station 4030); United Kingdom; Finland (Road Weather Service system); U.S. (SCAN); Germany (Fumosens E fog detector); and France (Meteo'max weather system).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Sep 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/464203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF AN ICE DETECTION/PREDICTION SYSTEM AT THE GRAND RIVER BRIDGE, HWY 401</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/454918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the results of trials of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation state-of-the-art ice prediction/detection system.  The installation is a computer-based system which provides information about bridge deck and highway surface conditions.  The Ministry conducted two winter trials in the Kitchener district to assess the usefulness of a video camera for remote monitoring of bridge deck conditions.  The report also evaluates the cost effectiveness of the Ministry system, based on its ability to detect potentially hazardous icing conditions in time to carry out road salting operations, thereby avoiding costly road accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/454918</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE MANAGEMENT IN THE BARENTS SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/438209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exploration drilling is moving further north in the Barent Sea. In 1988 the rig "Ross Rig" drilled two wells north of 73 degrees latitude south-east of Bjornoya. In order to maintain a drilling operation with a minimum of downtime as well as risk due to ice incursion, it is necessary to develop a strategy for effective forecasting and response to the ice threat. The paper briefly describes the ice conditions affecting marine structures/operations in the western part of the Barents Sea. the ice regimes are compared with those in Canadian waters where exploration drilling has been carried out for more than a decade. As a part of the ESSO/SINTEF Arctic Research Program (ESARC), the performance of state of art ice management techniques was estimated, primarily from Canadian operations. The adoption and applicability of these management techniques to the Barents Sea are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/438209</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WEATHER AND PREDICTIVE ROAD CONDITION MONITORING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Significant savings in costs as well as environmental benefits arise out of forecasting where and when ice, snow and fog are affecting the road network. The Vaisala IceCast system which has an open system architecture allows traffic departments to view and predict the complete weather and road situation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415766</guid>
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