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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>WATER DRAG ON SEA ICE - A REVISIT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geostrophic and surface water drag on sea ice are presented for rough turbulent flow in a neutrally stable boundary layer. The geostrophic drag coefficient and the direction of the surface shear stress are obtained by using similarity theory and by determining the constants as required by similarity theory from available data. Theoretical model predictions according to a simple eddy viscosity approach are also presented showing good agreement with both the semi-empirical approaches and the data. The surface drag coefficient referenced to an elevation z based on the logarithmic boundary layer flow model is also given together with data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437188</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ICE DRIFT AND UNDER ICE CURRENTS IN THE BARENTS SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of an environmental data measurement programme in the Barents Sea, conducted by Oceanor on behalf of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, a dedicated experiment was carried out during winter 1987-88, incorporating measurements of ocean currents under ice and ARGOS satellite tracking of ice floes. The analysis of the data from this experiment have up to date concentrated on ice drift trajectories, but features of general interest have also been found from the current measurements. The main conclusions to be drawn from the data at the present stage of analysis are 1) a strong correlation is found between ice drift and local wind 2) ice floe drift is closely coupled to the tidal current regime of the region 3)current measurements at 10m depth and below reveal no evident correlation with ice drift at frequencies away from tidal frequencies and 4) the current response at 10m and below are dominated by topographic effects and mesoscale oceanographic processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437187</guid>
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      <title>A THREE DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS OF BUOYANTLY UNSTABLE ICEBERGS - PART II: MODEL STIMULATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/434920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a companion paper the theoretical aspects of a three-dimensional model for the dynamic behaviour of Arctic icebergs were described. In this paper the behaviour of that model is examined through several model simulations. Simulations show that the model can be used to advantages in determining the final equilibrium position of an iceberg which is subjected to a disturbing force and which, depending on the initial conditions, has more than one possible equilibrium orientation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/434920</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF SEA ICE DRIFT IN A COASTAL ICE ZONE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[From March to July 1982 a satellite transmitting weather station was deployed in the coastal ice zone (CIZ) 150km north of Alaska. Sea ice in this area may be influenced by synoptic scale winds, mesoscale winds, ocean currents and coastal shearing and compaction transmitted through internal ice stresses. These influences complicate ice movement predictions in the CIZ; however, the use of mesoscale network computed winds, rather than synoptic scale winds, accounts for many of the influences and simplifies the prediction process. Data was collected to compute compute mesoscale pressure network winds, surface winds and ice velocity. Speed ratios and turning angles between computed network geostrophic winds, surface winds and ice drift were compared. A plotting algorithm was implemented to superimpose mesoscale wind vectors on the buoy's track. Also, in late April, a large lead developed along the Canadian Archipelago which resulted in an apparent rotation of the entire ice sheet in the Beaufort Sea and an increase in ice velocity in the study area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437262</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A THREE DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS OF BUOYANTLY UNSTABLE ICEBERGS - PAR I: THEORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/434919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a dynamic model developed for the purpose of determining the final equilibrium configurations of buoyantly unstable icebergs. The model places no restrictions on the size, shape or dimensionality of the iceberg or on the variation range of the configuration coordinates. Furthermore, it includes all six degrees of freedom and is based on a Lagrangian formulation of the dynamic equations of motion. It can be used to advantage in those situations in which the iceberg has a complicated potential function and can acquire enough momentum and kinetic energy in the initial phase of its motion to make its final configuration uncertain on the basis of a static potential analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/434919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF VOLTAGE POLARITY ON ICE ACCRETIONS ON SHORT STRING INSULATORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/434985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the effect of voltage polarity on ice deposits accumulated on short-string porcelain insulators. Ice deposits were formed from supercooled droplets with a mean volume diameter of 85 micrometers in a cold room maintained at - 12 degree C. The air velocity and the liquid water content were 3.3 m/s and 2.0 g/m3 respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/434985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON MODELLING THE ENERGETICS OF THE RIDGING PROCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/434918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A discrete element model is developed and used to simulate numerically the pressure ridging process in sea ice. With this model it is possible to keep track explicitly of frictional and collisional energy losses which has not been possible in previous studies. The results show the total energy losses in ridging to be two to three times larger than previously thought. These results are consistent with large-scale ice rheologies based on a statistical treatment of the ridging process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/434918</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LARGE-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTURES IN MULTI-YEAR ARCTIC PACK ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fractures (leads) in sea ice occur in a large range of scales, from widths of metres to kilometres. Multi-sensor remote sensing methods allow for the determination of fracture characteristics throughout the full range of scales. Thermal and visible wavelength data from operational satellites allow for detection of features greater than 250 metres wide, with coverage several times per day. Higher resolution imagery can be used to determine smaller-scale lead characteristics. Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) imagery is used to determine the distribution of large fractures. Case studies were conducted for the Canada Basin using satellite observations from the period 1980-85. Wind fields, derived from Arctic Ocean Buoy Program pressure data are correlated with the observed fracture fields, providing a quantitative relationship between fracture orientation and geostrophic winds. Increased understanding of fracture fields and their relationship to atmospheric and other forcings furthers our knowledge of ice dynamics and can be useful for engineering and transportation in the Arctic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FINITE-ELEMENT SIMULATION OF ICE-SHEET INDENTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/408929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The total force exerted by ice on a structure and the actual distribution of the load across the ice-structure interface has been widely researched.  The authors implement a nonlinear phenomenological constitutive law for ice in a finite-element procedure.  The features of the algorithm that are specific to the constitutive law are described.  The finite-element formulation is used in a series of simulations of plane stress indentation of ice sheets using both rectangular and cylindrical indentors.  Numerical results are presented for peak average indentor stress versus indentation rate, average indentor stress versus indentor displacement, and stress distribution in the vicinity of the indentor.  Comparisons with published experimental data were favorable for simulations in the regime of ductile behavior; however, data were unreliable for transition and brittle regimes due to the limitations of the constitutive model at higher strain rates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/408929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHAOTIC DYNAMICS IN CONTINUOUS-MODE ICEBREAKING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Presented in this paper are the results of an exploratory study on the application of chaos theory to continuous-mode icebreaking by a towed model-scale icebreaker hull. An overview of chaos theory is given and includes brief discussions on dissipative systems, chaotic dynamics, strange attractors and fractal dimensions. The present study seeks to determine, by means of chaos theory, whether continuous-mode icebreaking should indeed be characterized as being intrinsically stochastic, and then to assess what insight could be gained by application of chaos theory to continuous-mode icebreaking. Based on the results, it is quite evident that continuous-mode icebreaking by a towed hull comprises a chaotic- dynamic system of comparatively low dimension. Other implications of the results are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/406957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIP ICEBREAKING DYNAMICS AND LEVEL ICE RESISTANCE TESTING ABOARD USCGC POLAR STAR IN ANTARCTICA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tests to measure and record ship motions during icebreaking and maneuvering in thick level ice were conducted in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica aboard USCGC POLAR STAR from January 16-23. The objectives of the icebreaking dynamics phase of the performance testing were to determine distribution of magnitude and frequency of ship motions as a function of ice thickness and vessel speed; to analyze icebreaking patterns; and to measure ship level ice resistance and broken ice cusp size. The maneuvering test phase is reported in a separate volume published by Canadian participants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NOTES ON ICEBREAKING WITH AIR CUSHION VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/404055</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A theoretical approach to the icebreaking of floating ice plates by means of air cushion vehicles (ACVs) is presented. The method makes use of currently available analytical equations for determining the response of floating ice sheets to moving ACVs. Deflection and strain values of the ice under a load moving at constant speed are maximized when the speed is equal to a critical value, a function of craft length and water depth.  When subjected to moving loads with speeds of less than half the critical value, the ice sheet response is similar to that in reaction to a stationary load. Examples of the calculation procedures are given, and the results compare favorably with published data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/404055</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELEMENT OF ICE DYNAMICS IN THE ARCTIC ICE PACK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with basic considerations that have been used recently to express the so-called constitutive equation of the moving Arctic ice pack. The hypothesis that the maximum internal pressure is caused by the energy required for ice ridging has been shown recently to give very low and improbable values for the maximum internal pressure within the pack.  Other mechanisms have been examined and a new fracture concept is proposed that gives a limiting pressure in the range of 40 to 140 kN/m for winter conditions. These values seem acceptable for numerical modelling of the ice pack movement. A corresponding constitutive equation is derived.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON THE SEA ICE CONDITIONS IN THE GREENLAND AND BARENTS SEAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the present paper is to summarize our knowledge on the sea ice conditions of the Greenland and Barents Seas.  The Atlantic sector of the Arctic may be divided into ... the East Greenland current, the Jan Mayen Gyre and the Barents Sea.  The ice drift and the composition of the ice in these areas are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167215</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORRELATION OF STORMS AND MAJOR ICE MOVEMENTS IN THE NEARSHORE ALASKAN BEAUFORT SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Regional meteorology, ice conditons, and major ice movements measured in the nearshore Alaskan Beaufort Sea during the period December 1976 to May 1977 are compared. Data acquired in a joint-industry program and in a government program are considered along with remote imagery, such as LANDSAT, SLAR, and aerial photographs.  Correlation between major ice movements and the direction and sequence of storms is described.  The implications of these findings for modeling nearshore ice dynamics are discussed. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167216</guid>
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