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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
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      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF SHIP ICING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/23391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report, the third in a series on the problem of ship icing, pertains to the investigation of the physical nature of icing.  Topics discussed include hydrometeorology, ice adhesion, adhesion reducing coatings, deicers and marine ice dielectric properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>A STUDY OF SOUTH DAKOTA DEICER NUMBER 2: IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS AND/OR SYNERGIES RESPONSIBLE FOR FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AND PREVENTION OF ICE ADHESION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/460357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The deicing materials developed by the South Dakota Department of Transportation (S.D. DOT) have been evaluated together with their component materials.  It has been found that the deicer designated SD2 is effective in greatly reducing the bond strength of ice to Portland Cement Concrete which has been treated with the material.  Also, it is suggested that the effectiveness of SD2 is a result of a synergism between its components.  An apparatus has been developed which can monitor the cooling curve of solutions through their freezing points. Experiments in this device have shown that SD2 freezes into a disordered solid, as does one of its components, sodium glycolate.  It is concluded that there could be very significant benefits from a continuation of this work, not only to determine whether the properties of SD2 can be attributed to a synergistic mechanism, but also to seek a fundamental understanding which, in time, may allow the development of equally effective, but perhaps less expensive, deicers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Aug 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ICE ADHESION STUDY. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/145446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A mathematical investigation on the ice loading on a bottom founded conical structure operating as a drilling platform in 30 to 60 feet of water in the South Beaufort Sea is described.  Following the selection of the properties of ice sheets and ridges likely to be encountered in the area of interest, mathematical simulators for the prediction of the forces exerted by these formations on the cone were developed.  The simulators incorporate the effects of ice adhesion, friction, and failure and post-failure behaviour of the ice sheet or ridge.  Analytical methods based on statics and beam and plate theory were used to determine the sensitivity of the loads to different system parameters including water depth and cone angle.  Subsequently, more refined calculations were made using a finite element computer program to model the failure and post-failure behaviour of sheets and ridges acting together.  When operating in 30 feet of water loads due to the adhesion of the ice sheet govern.  In 60 feet the loadings imposed by healed ridges govern.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ICE ACCUMULATION ON SHIPS (FOURTH REPORT)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/24823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the third report, the author presented the results of his comparison between the growth rate and amount of ice accreted on patrol boats obtained from icing experiments conducted at sea and the rate and amount of ice estimated by the theories of forced convection of heat developed in the first and second reports.  It is also advanced that the growth rate and amount of ice accreted on any vessels, can be estimated approximately under any ambient air temperature, wind velocity and duration of icing at sea through the results of these studies.  This paper describes some materials for ambient air temperatures and relative wind velocities during icing on ships, which have been collected through questionnaires entrusted to various types of patrol boats in the northern waters around Japan over several years.  The weather condition of the growth of ice accreted on ship has been made considerably clearer by these investigations.  Therefore, assuming conditional ambient air temperature, wind velocity and duration of icing on ships from the above mentioned materials, and picking up four vessels, whose navigations are scheduled in the northern waters, the amounts and heights of centres of gravity of ice accreted on them are estimated, and the change of ships' stability before and after icing is also presented.  It is also indicated that the centre of gravity of ice accreted on ship can be estimated satisfactorily by these theories.  Finally, the author has made a comparison of the two kinds of amounts and centres of gravity of ice accreted on various types of patrol boats and two fishing vessels estimated by these theories and by the USSR icing norms respectively.  It is pointed out through the results of the comparison that the USSR icing norms contain some defects basically and new icing norms are proposed by the author on the basis of the already reported investigations and studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Dec 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>AN APPROACH TO THE SHIPBOARD ICING PROBLEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12184</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Deals with criteria and performance standards for a coating to which ice will not adhere, specifically with extrinsic factors which affect ice adhesion, due to the environment rather than to the properties of the ice and substrate: the types of bonds formed between molecules of ice and those of the substrate; number of bonds of each type per unit area; flexibility of the bulk substrate relative to that of ice; method of test; purity of the water; interfacial area; temperature; age of the ice-substrate joint and rate of stress application. Tabulated data for ice adhesion to 41 compounds are given. Materials which show deicing properties are the Dow Corning Corp. silicone resin XZ-8-3057 and duPont's FEP Teflon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12184</guid>
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