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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>SIZE EFFECT IN PENETRATION OF SEA ICE PLATE WITH PART-THROUGH CRACKS. I: THEORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper analyzes the vertical penetration of a small object through a floating sea ice plate.  The analysis takes into account the fact that the bending cracks reach only through part of the ice plate thickness and have a variable depth profile.  The cracks are modeled according to the Rice-Levey nonlinear softening line spring model.  The plate-crack interaction is characterized in terms of the compliance functions for the bending moments and normal forces in the crack plane, which are computed by an energy-based variational finite-difference method.  The radial crack is divided into vertical strips, and a numerical algorithm with step-by-step loading is developed to calculate the vertical growth of the crack in each strip for a prescribed radial crack length increment.  The initiation of crack strips from the surface of the plate is decided on the basis of a yield strength criterion with a fracture based flow rule.  Systems of up to 300 nonlinear equations are solved by the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm.  The maximum load is reached when the circumferential cracks begin to form.  Numerical calculations, comparison of the results with test data, and a study of scaling laws are relegated to the companion paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542065</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RECENT PROGRESS IN RIVER ICE ENGINEERING RESEARCH AT CRREL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews and summarizes the results of the research and development efforts in river ice engineering conducted at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) over the past decade and their applications to the Civil Works mission of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Topics covered include winter operation of navigation projects on the major northern U.S. waterways; river ice processes, namely ice transport and accumulation; ice jam documentation, prediction, and mitigation; and bed and bank erosion caused by ice.  The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future challenges and areas of needed research in river ice engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539790</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SURVEY AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RANGING TECHNIQUES FOR PROPELLER BLADE ICE LOADS MEASUREMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/472229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in optical instrumentation suggest the possibility of obtaining data on marine propeller loads in ice-covered waters by measuring blade tip deflections using optical ranging techniques.  This report presents results of an investigation of measurement technologies and commercial hardware suitable for making full-scale marine propeller blade masurements.  Experimental requirements for a blade deflection measurement system suitable for measurement of ice loads acting on icebreaker propeller blades in service were established. Alternative conceptual approaches to achieve remote optical measurement of blade tip deflections were reviewed and evaluated against those requirements.  The availability of suitable optical measurement systems and components was then surveyed. The most promising measurement methodology of a suitable system that could be built using commercially available components is identified and described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/472229</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRANSIT SIMULATION MODEL FOR SHIPS IN BALTIC ICE CONDITIONS. DOCUMENTATION OF THE CALCULATED ROUTINE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/465480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report outlines a computer program, which simulates the passage of a vessel across an ice covered route.  The main purpose of the program is to provide a means of roughly determining a ship's suitability for transiting a route of various ice conditions.  The program is to be used during the preliminary design stages, and it measures a ship's suitability in terms of speed and energy expenditure.  Ship's speed and energy expenditure calculations are based on ice resistance formulae, developed mainly for the Baltic.  The Baltic ice conditions included in the program are those of open water, channel ice, level ice, and packed ice,]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/465480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SECOND GENERATION ICE NAVIGATION SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, PHASE III: FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/453538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Canarctic recently completed the five-year shipboard ice navigation support system (SINSS) program to develop an ice intelligence system for ice class vessels to enable them to safely and efficiently navigate through heavy sea ice conditions.  The program resulted in a number of innovative ideas that could not be tested on the SINSS hardware base.  This report discusses changes and upgrades in the system resulting from the field trial.   A detailed description of the user interface is given and recommendations are made for future developments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/453538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECENT ICE SEA FIELDS ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES IN THE OKHOTSK SEA COAST IN JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/438454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of prevailing low oil prices, hydrocarbon resource development in ice-covered sea areas of the Arctic is proceeding at a slower pace. However, the ice-covered sea along the Okhotsk Sea coast is providing sites for other scientific and industrial activities, such as the Okhotsk Program, the Pack Ice Barriers Project, ice sea tourism etc. Past activities and future plans for Okhotsk Sea coast research are described as well as the state-of-the-art of ice/sea engineering in Japan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/438454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIP EVALUATION AND SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT TESTING ON THE RV NATHANIEL B. PALMER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/411407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Part of a series of projects addressing the problems of ship evacuation and marine crew survival in ice-covered waters. Between August and September 1992, the United States research vessel Nathaniel B. Palmer sailed to the Weddell Sea in the Antarctic.  The voyage provided an opportunity to conduct an investigation into the maneuverability of lifeboats in difficult ice conditions.  Evacuation exercises were conducted in soft grey ice up to 10 cm in thickness; thin ice of about 15 cm in thickness; brash ice consisting of small pancakes and slush; and newly forming sea ice of about 1-2 m in diameter and about 5 cm in thickness.  The voyage also provided an opportunity to field test the Cocoon 4/DL personal insulated environment and the Pheylonian Life Light beeswax candle.  This report provides the results of the investigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/411407</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BERING SEA DATA COLLECTION ABOARD USCGC POLAR STAR, FEBRUARY-MARCH 1984, VOLUME 2: SHIP PERFORMANCE DATA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/393508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Environmental and ship performance data were collected in the Bering Sea aboard USCGC POLAR STAR during the period February-March 1984. This was the sixth phase of a multiyear program to assess the operational feasibility of a year-round transportation system serving Alaska. This is the second volume of a two volume set and reports POLAR class performance during operations in the Bering Sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/393508</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A HANDBOOK OF ICE OPERATIONS FOR THE U.S. COAST GUARD'S WTGB CLASS CUTTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/392693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1978, a new class of U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker was introduced on the Great Lakes. This handbook was designed for use by the deck officers and deck petty officers who will operate these 140-foot, minimally-manned vessels. Particularly emphasized are the cutter's capabilities and limitations, proven icebreaking techniques and overall performance in the ice. A survey of techniques includes breaking out a beset vessel, methods for freeing ice along the sides of ships, assisting tug-barge combinations, establishing tracks around river bends, ramming icebreaking, towing in ice, mooring and others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/392693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICEBERG DETECTION BY RADAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance of marine radar for ice detection is investigated using iceberg observational data collected during three years of offshore drilling in the Labrador Sea region. One thousand "first sightings" of icebergs during drilling operations revealed a maximum range of detection of 87km, with the median value being 27.8km. A subset of over two hundred observations was used to examine the variation in range of first detection as a function of iceberg height, waterline length and projected area. Also, presented are envelope curves representing the upper and lower detection bounds for the observed data set. The values, derived as they are from actual marine radar performance, represent a unique iceberg detection data set.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MAINTAINING YEAR ROUND SHIPPING IN FINLAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article begins by detailing the complete aids to navigation systems in Finland. Distinction is then made between primary aids that must remain operational in all ice conditions  and secondary aids that facilitate and simplify navigation. Four categories of channel (as classified in Finland) are set out. At the end of the article various types of marks suitable for use in ice are explained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BREAKING THE ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/403782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reprints an address delivered by the author at a conference on defense preparedness. The subject dealt with is that of under-ice operations of nuclear submarine warships. Among the aspects covered are:  the advantages of nuclear propulsion; structural and sensor requirements; communications; the under-ice marine environment; the maneuvers of surfacing through ice and of diving; vigilance against fire and flood; and strategic considerations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/403782</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIP DESIGNERS ATLAS FOR NORTHERN MARITIME STRATEGY OPERATING AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394464</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Operational areas of interest to the U.S. Navy are dictated by the maritime strategy and have in recent years included cold weather regions.  Surface combatants must be designed with the capability to conduct prolonged operations in northern latitudes and in the vicinity of the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). This report is intended to aid in ship design by listing specific environmental conditions for selected northern latitude regions that are considered to be important for future naval operations.  This atlas also presents the comparison of extreme cases of the surface and atmospheric environmental parameters for each of the potential operational areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394464</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE SEAMANSHIP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seven basic safety rules are listed for navigating in ice. Useful hints and observations are then offered on anchoring and towing in ice; on the braking effect of the rudder; on lights and signals for vessels beset; on abandoning ship in ice; and on the freezing of ballast and fresh water tanks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395149</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OFFSHORE VEHICLE DESIGN: THE CONSEQUENCES OF OPERATING IN ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the design and operation of marine vehicles that provide support for Arctic offshore engineering. It is primarily written against a background of operation in the Beaufort Sea, the only region in which offshore work in fully ice-infested waters is in progress.  Quantitative ship design data are not introduced; with the relatively few ships in service, parametric relationships would be unreliable and reference to particular ships is usually restricted by commercial interests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395416</guid>
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