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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>SEA ICE STUDIES IN THE SPITSBERGEN-GREENLAND AREA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/44732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author has identified the following significant results. Data showed unexpected great variations in the drift velocity of the ice in the Fram Strait.  Land map improvements were achieved by LANDSAT in the eastern part of the Svalbard archipelago.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/44732</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RECENT PROGRESS IN RIVER ICE ENGINEERING RESEARCH AT CRREL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews and summarizes the results of the research and development efforts in river ice engineering conducted at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) over the past decade and their applications to the Civil Works mission of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Topics covered include winter operation of navigation projects on the major northern U.S. waterways; river ice processes, namely ice transport and accumulation; ice jam documentation, prediction, and mitigation; and bed and bank erosion caused by ice.  The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future challenges and areas of needed research in river ice engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNDER COVER TRANSPORT AND ACCUMULATION OF FRAZIL GRANULES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/414967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large localized accumulations of frazil ice particles observed in an ice-covered river is referred to as a frazil jam.  Frazil jams can cause flooding, damage structures, hinder navigation, and reduce energy for hydropower production.  This article explores the under cover transport of frazil granules and its relation to frazil jam evolution.  An analogous concept of ice transport capacity to bed sediment transport is developed and validated with field data obtained from the Hequ reach of the Yellow River. Through analysis, investigators find that ice-transport capacity can be explained by existing bed load transport formulas for low-density sediments.  The effect of particle shape on transport capacity is considered in view of the various shapes of frazil granules.  In laboratory experiments, low-density chips simulate frazil granules to determine the transport rate over a wide range of flow conditions.  A generalized cover load transport algorithm is formulated based on laboratory data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/414967</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT OF THE RETREAT OF QORI KALIS GLAZIER IN THE TROPICAL ANDES OF PERU BY TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/378761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although the consequences of global warming in the last century may be most pronounced on glaciers of the tropics and subtropics, documentation of their recent retreat is extremely limited. The extent and volume of the largest outlet glacier from the Quelccaya Ice Cap (14 degrees S, 71 degrees W, 5200 m above sea level) have been measured four times between 1963 and 1991, once by aerial and three times by terrestrial photogrammetry. Drastic and accelerating rates of retreat of the terminus and of ice volume loss have been documented. The rate of retreat was nearly three times as fast between 1983 and 1991 as between 1963 and 1978 and the rate of volume loss was over seven times as great. These results are consistent with the warming in this region and with the behavior of tropical glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca in Peru and in the Ruwenzori Mountains and on Mount Kenya in East Africa.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Aug 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/378761</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SATELLITE STUDIES OF FRESH-WATER ICE MOVEMENT ON LAKE ERIE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ice formation, movement, and break-up in Lake Erie are different in each sub-basin, Western, Central, and Eastern, owing to the variation in depth of water, geomorphology, and meteorologic factors. Ice movement after initial break-up in 1974-77 resulted in the accumulation of ice at the entrance of the Niagara River at the eastern end of the lake. In 1973, satellite images show the unusual development of an ice dam across the entire width of Lake Erie and the 'ice plug' at the mouth of the Niagara did not form. The effect of wind direction on break-up patterns is seen to be critical to any attempt at forecasting date of complete ice melt as well as day-to-day distribution of ice. Satellite observation of ice in Lake Erie--and in all large lakes--provides information regularly, routinely, and synoptically form a point in space.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORRELATION OF STORMS AND MAJOR ICE MOVEMENTS IN THE NEARSHORE ALASKAN BEAUFORT SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Regional meteorology, ice conditons, and major ice movements measured in the nearshore Alaskan Beaufort Sea during the period December 1976 to May 1977 are compared. Data acquired in a joint-industry program and in a government program are considered along with remote imagery, such as LANDSAT, SLAR, and aerial photographs.  Correlation between major ice movements and the direction and sequence of storms is described.  The implications of these findings for modeling nearshore ice dynamics are discussed. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167216</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICEBERG INVESTIGATION ALONG THE WEST COAST OF GREENLAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Both the Ministry for Greenland represented by the Greenland Technical Organization and the Petroleum Industry have conducted extensive measuring programmes ... aimed at determining the frequency of occurrence of icebergs near the petroleum concession areas ... The measuring programmes, methods and measuring equipment are described in the paper.  Typical results of the investigations include iceberg characteristics, geographical iceberg density distribution and correlation between large scale iceberg movements and current and wind measurements.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167217</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>OIL IN MOVING PACK ICE--LABORATORY STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a series of three laboratory tests, largely qualitative in nature, during which two different crude oils were released under moving ice.  The moving pack ice was simulated by small ice floes, about 30 cm in diameter, confined in a 3 m diameter steel ring, in a basin, in a cold room, and agitated by the slow back and forth motion of the confining ring. ... observations, relative to the spreading of the oil, the effect of wind and waves and countermeasures are ... described.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WINTER ICE MOTION IN THE SOUTHERN BEAUFORT SEA FROM RAMS BUOY DATA ANALYSIS 1975-1978</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, samples of drift tracks and daily ice movement statistics are presented; the data from the three winters are summarized, and the application of these data to oil industry requirements is discussed particularly with reference to engineering design and the fate of an oil spill in moving ice.  Order from NSFI as No. 22313.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODEL AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ICE RESISTANT OFFSHORE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to meet the demand for offshore oil development in the Sub-arctic and Arctic, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. has conducted research to establish technology to predict the ice loads applied on various shapes of ice resistant structures as a basis for designing optimum structures.  The ice force measuring experiments have included laboratory tests performed by Arctec Inc., U.S.A., outdoor tests using medium size models in a lagoon and field tests on a large size tower specially installed in the Okhotsk Sea.  This large tower was built in August 1976, 600 m off Mombetsu in Hokkaido at a water depth of 6.5 m and had a cylindrical shape of 9.5 m in height and 2.5 m in diameter.  This tower was converted the next year to a conically shaped structure of 11 m in height and 5.5 m diameter at the water line.  In winter the site was covered with pack ice ranging from 30 to 60 cm in thickness. The ice loads were sensed by measuring bending strains at the tower root and transmitted through sub-sea cable to land, and observations of ice behavior around the tower were conducted.  Model tests of a mono-cone, mono-pod, four-legged conical structures, and four-legged cylindrical structures were conducted in an ice model basin of Arctec Inc.  These were tested in unconsolidated and semiconsolidated first-year pressure ridges and rafted ice. Also, outdoor tests have been conducted at the Saroma Lagoon near Mombetsu since 1976 using medium sized models on various types of ice-resistant structures.  The phenomena of vibratory crushing were also investigated.  In this paper the outline of these tests including the correlation of ice loads on cone-shaped structure between the different tests is presented as well as some design consideration for ice-resistant structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE ACTION ON NANISIVIK WHARF, STRATHCONA SOUND, N.W.T., WINTER 1978-1979</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Field observations have been made over three winters at a vertically faced wharf in an area of limited horizontal ice movement but substantial vertical movement due to tides. Ice thickness was profiled and vertical ice movements were measured.  A reasonably consistent pattern of ice behaviour adjacent to the wharf was established, characterized by the formation of a transition ice zone between the first-year sea ice and the wharf.  The behaviour and factors affecting growth of this zone are described. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICE MOVING IN SEAWATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To understand the melting of ice which is moving in sea water, the interdisciplinary team at the Naval Postgraduate School searched for advanced theoretical equations on the subject while simultaneously looking for the results of experimental work.  The theoretical work of Dr. Owen Griffin at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., came to the attention of the NPS scientists, and the team asked Dr. Griffin to extend his melt equations, which include consideration of heat, mass, and momentum transfer under conditions of laminar flow, to take account of turbulent flow.  Unable to discover significant experimental work on the subject of glacial ice moving in sea water, the team decided to conduct experiments on moving ice in (sea) water (1) to test and verify or modify Dr. Griffin's equations, and (2) to determine the rates of melt, volumetric changes and associated volumetric dimensions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DYNAMICS OF SEA ICE STUDIED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A joint field study of extreme ice dynamics and features was conducted in April 1980 off the northwest coast of the Canadian Archipelago by Dome Petroleum Limited on behalf of its partners.  A number of worst case conditions were investigated, and dramatic new light has been thrown on the ice regime of the area, features that may drift into the south-east Beaufort Sea.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LONG-TERM TRACKING OF ARCTIC ICEBERGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seven Greenland icebergs were tracked, two in 1977 and five in 1978, using ADRAMS (Air-Deployable Random Access Measurement System) ice buoys. The ice buoys transmit a signal to the NIMBUS-6 satellite which is used in computing the buoy's position. Observation periods ranged from 138 days to 202 days. The tracking of two icebergs began near Disko Island, Greenland, and the tracking of the other five began on the Baffin Island side of Baffin Bay near Davis Straits. The icebergs initially located near Disko Island did not appear to be influenced by any well-defined current system, the drift track of each was erratic and the drift speeds generally less than 0.20 m/s. The icebergs initially located along the coast of Baffin Island followed the prevailing currents southward. These icebergs drifted at speeds as high as 0.8 m/s with model speeds generally falling between 0.10 m/s and 0.20 m/s. Groundings occurred frequently occupying 40 percent of the observed time. Data processing methods, accuracy of the ice buoy system, and a detailed analysis of each iceberg's drift is presented. It was estimated using the drift data obtained, that approximately 190 days are needed for an average size iceberg to travel the 1100 nautical miles from Cape Dyer, Baffin Island, to the outer limits of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL IN PACK ICE COLDROOM TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/158376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to investigate the behaviour and fate of crude oil spilled in moving pack ice...Two different crudes (Atkinson and Prudhoe Bay) were spilled under scaled down ice floes confined in a 3m diameter basin and agitated by the back and forth motion of the confining ring...(Au)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/158376</guid>
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