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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Decarbonizing heavy-duty engines : advanced optical diagnostics for sustainable gaseous fuel combustion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the pressing challenge of decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation, this thesis explores advanced combustion strategies using sustainable gaseous fuels, specifically hydrogen and methane, in internal combustion engines (ICEs). While electrification remains difficult to implement in long-haul applications due to energy density and infrastructure limitations, this work identifies and refines alternative pathways that retain the practicality of ICEs while mitigating their environmental impact. A core innovation in this research is the application of advanced optical diagnostics, including high-speed imaging, natural luminosity, Schlieren imaging, and laser-induced fluorescence, to capture in-cylinder combustion phenomena in unprecedented detail. This enables a real-time, spatially resolved understanding of fuel behavior, air-fuel mixing, jet-wall interactions, and late-cycle oxidation under engine-relevant conditions. The thesis also presents the first comprehensive optical investigation of gaseous fuel jets in the context of unconventional piston bowl geometries, specifically the wave piston. Originally developed for diesel engines, the wave piston's impact on hydrogen and methane direct injection (DI) is explored both experimentally and computationally.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On-board compressor water injection for civil aircraft emission reductions: Range performance with fuel burn analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance benefit of compressor water injection for a stand-alone jet engine has been investigated in previous work conducted by the authors, as well as other studies. For the same required thrust, the benefits include reduced specific fuel consumption, turbine inlet temperature and NOₓ emissions. The additional weight implication for aircraft (narrow and wide-body type) with their typical engine type (two and three-spool) for the varied range is investigated here. The emphasis of this study is to establish whether the performance benefit restricted to take-off and parts of the climb, offsets the additional weight penalty of the water injection system, onboard the aircraft. An in-house aircraft performance tool has been used and the changes in performance due to water injection are determined by an evaporation model previously developed. This study shows that the shortest range of 4 missions offers small overall fuel savings of 0.42% per flight cycle. The longest mission, in which the injection equipment is carried for longer (though mostly empty water tank), brings about an overall increase in fuel consumed, by about 0.05%. For the same range, the aircraft powered by a three-spool engine shows better performance. However, both aircraft equally benefit from landing and take-off NOₓ emission reductions of around 43%. Water Injection is shown to result in similar performance benefits as 25% take-off derate but without the penalties in fuel burn or increased take-off and climb times. Reductions in turbine inlet temperature obtained are worth considerable attention as a means of decreasing the direct operating costs of an airline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2019 10:34:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578002</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HERCULES-1: the long term (2004-2014) R&amp;D programme on large engine technologies for ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the year 2004, the Integrated Project HERCULES-A (High Efficiency Engine R&D on Combustion with Ultra Low Emissions for Ships) was initiated by the major engine makers MAN & WARTSILA, which together hold 90% of the world market. It was the Phase I of the HERCULES R&D programme on large engine technologies. HERCULES-A involved 42 industrial &university partners, with a budget of 33 M€, partly funded by the European Union. HERCULES-B was the Phase II of the Programme, from 2008 to 2011, with 32 participant organisations and 26 M€ budget. The general targets for emissions and fuel consumption were retained in HERCULES-B. The HERCULES-C project (2012-2015), with 22 participant organisations and 17 M€ budget, is the Phase III of the HERCULES programme and adopts an extensive integration of the multitude of new technologies identified in Phase I and Phase II, for engine processes optimisation, system control, as well as engine reliability and lifetime. This paper provides an overview of the main achievements of the major R&D programme HERCULES in the 10 years of his existence and the future prospects of the related work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2014 10:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327856</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEV HiFORS injector with continuous rate shaping: influence on mixture formation and combustion process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327850</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper covers the investigations carried out with the HiFORS high pressure fast opening rate shaping injector on optical and single cylinder research engine test rigs. The optical investigations were conducted in an optically accessible high pressure, high temperature chamber using shadowgraphy and OH chemoluminescence detection, thereby capturing both liquid and gaseous penetration as well as combustion areas. The single cylinder investigations were carried out at a 0.4 l research engine in different operating points from low part load to full load. Compared to a serial production piezo injector, base measurements using conventional square injection profiles already show reduced combustion noise at improved NOx-soot trade-off as well as lowered HC and CO emissions. Detailed investigations at part load operating points explore the potential of different continuous rate shaping patterns, while the injector’s high injection pressure capability of up to 2500 bar and its influence on engine performance is tested at full load operation points.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2014 10:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327850</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie sollte mit Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) Effekten bei praktischen Anwendungen umgegangen werden?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1237179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Das Ermuedungsdesign von hochbeanspruchten Motorkomponenten ist ein Schluesselfaktor fuer zuverlaessige Antriebsstraenge in der Automobilindustrie. In diesem Kontext sind Lastannahmen sehr bedeutend, da diese mit dem Vordesign von wichtigen Maschinenelementen zusammenhaengen. Lastanalysen werden ueblicherweise mit experimentellen Methoden durchgefuehrt, da die Lastsimulationen oft nicht praezise genug sind. Beispielsweise treten VHCF (Very High Cycle Fatigue)-Schwierigkeiten bei modernen Kraftstoff-Direkteinspritzsystemen auf, diese haben Lastspektren mit einer hohen Zyklenzahl von bis zu 10 hoch 9 zusammen mit einer sehr leistungsstarken Form der Spektren. Gleichzeitig ist es notwendig die Eigenschaften von Kraftstoffen waehrend des Betriebes zu beruecksichtigen, da diese das Ermuedungsverhalten signifikant beeinflussen koennen. Beispielsweise werden in vielen Laendern Ethanol-basierte Kraftstoffe verwendet, und insbesondere deren Additive koennen zu signifikanten Schwingungsrisskorrosionserscheinungen fuehren. Darueber hinaus ist wohl bekannt, dass Materialeinschluesse eine wichtige Bedeutung fuer das VHCF-Verhalten insbesondere von hochfesten Staehlen haben. Dieser Beitrag behandelt Moeglichkeiten, um VHCF-Schwierigkeiten im Betrieb von Komponenten zu vermeiden und um so zuverlaessigere Systeme zu erhalten. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Fatigue designing of high-stressed engine components is a key factor for reliable power train systems in automotive industry. In this context load assumptions are very important since this is attended with a pre-designing of important machine elements. Load analyses are usually performed by using experimental methods since the accuracy of load simulations are often not precise enough. An example for VHCF problems occurs in modern high pressure pumps for gasoline direct injection systems, which have load spectra with a large amount of cycles up to 10 to the power of 9 including a very powerful shape of the spectra. At the same time it is necessary to consider the properties of fuels in service since they might affect the fatigue strength significantly. For example, ethanol-based gasoline fuels are used in a lot of countries worldwide and especially their additives may lead to significant corrosion fatigue effects. In addition, it is well known that material inclusions play an important role for the VHCF behaviour especially for high-strength steels. This paper deals with possibilities to avoid VHCF problems of components in service to maintain reliable systems. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2013 08:44:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1237179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Un-throttling a direct injection gasoline homogeneous mixture engine with variable valve actuation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1100255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fuel economy, exhaust emissions, the in-cylinder flow field, the fuel spray behaviour and combustion characteristics with early inlet valve closure (EIVC) strategies aimed at reducing parasitic induction work owing to throttling were investigated using  two direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines with identical combustion chamber geometries and fuel injection systems. One of the engines had extensive optical access through a transparent piston crown and transparent cylinder liner, while the other all-metal engine enabled continuous running. Engine running was carried out at low and intermediate engine loads (~3 and ~6bar indicated mean effective pressure) and two engine speeds (2000 and 3500r/min). Specific fuel consumption was reduced by almost 6% without significant deterioration in gaseous exhaust pollutant emissions at the lowest engine speed of 2000rpm, lowest load of 2.7bar with the 2.1mm lift camshaft and only one inlet valve operating. The in-cylinder bulk flow and turbulence and the thermodynamic conditions during combustion were affected significantly by EIVC operation]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 16:14:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1100255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Organic gas emissions from a stoichiometric direct injection spark ignition engine operating on ethanol/gasoline blends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1100067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Organic gas emissions from a stoichiometric direct injection spark ignition engine operating on ethanol/gasoline blends were investigated under warmed-up and cold idle conditions. The speciated emissions showed that the total organic gas emissions decreased with increase in ethanol content. The mole fraction of ethanol in the exhaust is proportional to the volume fraction of ethanol in the fuel. The ethanol-acetaldehyde ratio (by mol) in the exhaust is 6. These results applied to both the warmed-up and the cold idle conditions, with the exception of E85 at cold idle because of the difficulty in fuel evaporation. The dependence of the organic gas emissions on injection timing may be divided into three regimes. With early injection, the fuel bounce from the piston results in high emissions. With injection in mid-stroke, the emissions are low and not sensitive to the fuel pressure. With injection close to the bottom of the stroke, the interaction of the fuel deposit on the wall and the piston (which comes up shortly) results in higher emissions. This behaviour was found to be similar for all the ethanol/gasoline blends with the exception of E85 under cold idle condition]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 15:37:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1100067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of diesel engine performance by variable valve train system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of variable valve timing and lift were studied in order to improve the thermal efficiency of a diesel engine, while maintaining low emission levels. At high load conditions, early closing of one of the intake valves or early intake valve opening enhanced swirl intensity without increased pumping losses, and retarded intake valve closing reduces the effective compression ratio, both of which result in increased exhaust gas recirculation ratio and an advanced fuel injection timing. Consequently low nitrogen oxide formation and an improved thermal efficiency can be achieved simultaneously. At low load conditions, the injected fuel is dispersed in the cylinder by air swirl because of the small fuel quantity, and the increased effective compression ratio achieved by the early intake valve closing becomes effective at reducing hydrocarbon emissions. It was found that the variable valve timing and lift system introduced in this research can flexibly change the parameters that govern engine combustion at various engine operating conditions. As a result, a 40% reduction of engine-out nitrogen oxide emissions and 4% improvement of fuel consumption in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) are achieved. Furthermore, low-end torque could be increased by 40%, utilizing exhaust pressure pulsation by matching of exhaust valve opening timing, and the overlap of intake and exhaust valve opening around top dead centre in the intake stroke. To enhance these benefits a new piston chamber with deep valve pockets was developed and investigated]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 15:13:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of increased injection pressures of up to 1000?bar - opportunities in stratified operation in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of thermodynamic and optical investigations at the upper load limit of stratified charge operation in a spray-guided direct-injection engine are presented. Variations of the injection pressure from 200 to 1000bar were performed. The associated effects on mixture preparation and soot formation were investigated. The mixture preparation process and flame propagation information were recorded using a high-speed intensified complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera. In order to investigate soot formation and oxidation behaviour, soot concentrations are measured using the extended two-colour method. Increasing the injection pressure has a positive influence on combustion in stratified operation at the upper load limit. With an improved stratification hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides emissions are steadily improved with increasing injection pressure]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 14:57:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of two-stage injection on unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions in smokeless low-temperature diesel combustion with ultra-high exhaust gas recirculation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099850</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of two-stage fuel injection by varying the dwell between the two injections as well as the fuel quantity in each injection on the unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, experimentally with a single-cylinder diesel engine were investigated. With the optimized dwell and injection ratio, two-stage injection reduced the UHC and CO emissions, but these emissions were still at high levels in the ultra-high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) smokeless low temperature combustion (LTC) regime. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the in-cylinder spray and mixture formation processes showed that with the two-stage injection, over-rich mixture in the squish zones can be significantly avoided but the over-lean mixtures at centre of the combustion chamber are little reduced, and these would be likely to be a significant source of UHC and CO emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 14:55:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099850</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performances and emissions of direct injection diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel mixed fuel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To study the application of biodiesel to diesel engines, the performance tests of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel-diesel mixed fuel with different mixing ratios are conducted, and its power outputs, fuel economies and emissions are measured and compared with the one of diesel operation. The results indicate that when the load is 2 200 r/min, the effective specific energy consumption decreases, NOx emission increases;smoke emission decreases at high load and keeps almost no change at low and middle loads; HC emission decreases at low and middle loads and keeps the same at high loads, and CO emission maintains the same; at full load characteristics, the power output increases slightly, HC and smoke emissions decrease, CO and NOx emissions increase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2011 13:54:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099570</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recent Improvements of the Long-Term Robustness of NOx Storage Catalysts Systems for Diesel Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1084763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main focus of powertrain development is shifting gradually to the improvement of fuel economy and the reduction of CO2 emissions. Lean burn combustion approaches such as the diesel engine or stratified spray-guided gasoline direct injection technology are an important element in achieving those goals due to the good fuel economy associated with these engine concepts. A substantial success factor for both types of engines is the further improvement of innovative exhaust gas aftertreatment solutions able to convert nitrogen oxides, or NOx under oxidizing conditions. The NOx storage catalyst or lean NOx trap (LNT) has become the most widely adopted choice for engines with gasoline direct injection systems and also for the current diesel Bluetec systems from DaimlerChrysler. In the heavy duty sector, as well as for the introduction of heavy passenger vehicles for the BIN5 legislation in the USA, urea-SCR technology is already in use in series production or is being developed for series production. In this paper, requirements and trends for future NOx aftertreatment technologies are discussed. Ongoing development work focusing on improving the durability and sulfur resistance of LNT formulations will be presented and discussed in detail. For the covering abstract see ITRD E141518.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Dec 2010 08:47:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1084763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXHAUST IMPROVEMENT IN OTTO ENGINES BY TWO-STAGE COMBUSTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1069718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IN AN INVESTIGATION OF TWO-STAGE COMBUSTION IN A DIVIDED COMBUSTION CHAMBER IT WAS FOUND THAT, BECAUSE OF THE FLEXIBILITY OF ADJUSTMENT OF THE AIR RATIOS IN THE TWO CHAMBERS, IMPROVEMENTS COULD BE EFFECTED IN THE EXHAUST GASES. OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE IS THE SUBSTANTIALLY SMALLER DEPENDENCE OF  THE EMISSION ON THE AIR RATIO IN AN HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE WITH INJECTION  ONLY INTO THE CHAMBER. IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER ENGINE THE CYCLIC VARIATIONS OF THE COMBUSTION THRUST ARE SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER THAN IN THE CONVENTIONAL OTTO ENGINE. THE UNIFORMITY IS COMPARABLE TO THAT OF THE DIESEL ENGINE. IT IS THEREFORE TO BE EXPECTED THAT THE IMPROVEMENT IN POSSIBLE LEANNESS OF THE MIXTURE WILL BE RETAINED IN PRACTICAL DRIVING.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 12:09:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1069718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETOXICATING EXHAUST FUMES FROM HIGH CAPACITY ENGINES NOW AND IN THE FUTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1067209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE USE OF A FOUR STROKE HIGH LITRE CAPACITY OTTO SUCTION ENGINE IN ORDER  TO COMPLY WITH THE PRESENT AND FUTURE REGULATIONS GOVERNING EXHAUST FUME  EMISSIONS IS ONLY POSSIBLE BY MEANS OF A TECHNICALLY APPLICABLE SUCTION SYSTEM.  IT IS NECESSARY TO EQUIP EACH CYLINDER WITH A THROTTLE VALVE TO BE FITTED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE INDUCTION VALVE.  DUE TO THE LARGE OVERLAP AREA ON THE CAMSHAFT, THESE ENGINES HAVE A NITRIC OXIDE LEVEL WELL BELOW THE REGULATION LIMIT.  FOR THIS REASON, IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE REGULATION LIMITS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE HYDROCARBONS IT IS NECESSARY TO FIT THE ENGINE WITH PARTICULARLY SUITABLE ACCURATELY FUNCTIONING AND WELL ADJUSTED CARBURETTORS OR INJECTION FITMENTS.  PROBLEMS ARISING IN RELATION TO COMPLIANCE WITH EXHAUST FUME LIMITS ARE DISCUSSED ON THE BASIS OF FOUR STANDARD ENGINE TYPES FROM THE BMW FOUR AND SIX CYLINDER SERIES (115 TO 230) HP.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 10:39:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1067209</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPARATUS FOR THE RAPID MEASUREMENT OF THE FUEL AIR RATIO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1065720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE METHOD DETERMINES THE FUEL AIR RATIO OF ENGINES WITH ELECTRONIC PETROL INJECTION AND INDICATES THIS DIRECTLY. THE FUEL SUPPLY IS THEREFORE OBTAINED FOR THE INJECTION VALVES BY MEANS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNALS AND THE AIR SUPPLY MEASURED BY MEANS OF A HOT WIRE PROBE FOR EACH TURN OF THE CRANKSHAFT.  THE RELATION OF AIR SUPPLY TO THE FILAMENT CURRENT IS HOWEVER NOT LINEAR.  OBTAINING THE SIGNAL FOR THE AIR SUPPLY IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF THE CALCULATION EQUATION.  THERE IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE USE OF THE EQUIPMENT (CONNECTION AND INSTALLATION).  EXPERIENCE TO DATE HAS SHOWN THAT THE EQUIPMENT IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN DEVELOPMENT WORK ON THE REDUCTION OF POLLUTANT EMISSION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 09:59:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1065720</guid>
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