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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Mechanical degradation of grout during tunnel excavation in hard rock</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excavation of underground spaces in large scale infrastructure projects encounters challenges with water ingress. A common method to reduce the water ingress is grouting to limit the zone of influence. Demands on lowering the water ingress are high, which reduces the excavation rate. Research aiming to make the grouting process more efficient is ongoing. One stage in the process is the time between completed grouting and continued excavation. Usually, it is determined that the grout needs to reach a certain shear strength before the excavation is continued. This pause in excavation is often set to five hours, to not mechanically degrade grout during excavation. The aim of the work presented in this thesis has been to study the necessary pause in excavation and to study the effective penetration length in a laboratory environment by implementing theories on viscous fingering. Rheometer measurements were done by conducting rheological and mechanical measurements on grout. Rotatory tests and oscillatory tests have been conducted in a Rheometer with different measurement geometries. A modified version of a three interval thixotropy test (3iTT) was used to measure the recovery time of grout, in conjunction with amplitude sweeps to measure shear strength and flow point. The cone and plate geometry were the most appropriate measurement geometry to study the properties early in the curing process. When longer tests were conducted, the plate and plate geometry was more suitable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598634</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A hydrogeological approach for sustainable technical solutions in tunnel construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534219</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grouting theory and grouting practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The underground is often used during construction of infrastructure works such as railroads, metro, and roads. Tunnelling is however costly and stipulates high demand on safety and environmental consciousness. With regards to the environment the tunnels need to be sealed to reduce seepage of water into the tunnel and to avoid harmful lowering of the ground water table and potential damages to the surroundings. Sealing of the tunnels are usually performed with grouting, and to increase the possibility to achieve good results many research projects have been performed. What has not been studied to any great extent previously is the largescale variation of hydrogeological properties or the importance of the contractors works and process limitations. In this project several field studies have been used with the objective to study the grouting process. In every case study hundreds or thousands of grout holes have been analysed. The case studies show that there is a correlation between seepage of water, grout take and most prominently the existence of zones. This means that there is a possibility to identify more conductive areas with for example grout take and consequently to increase the amount of grout works in these areas to reduce the seepage into the tunnel. This project has also studied the grout theory and the application of ”The real-time grout control method” and shows that the theory is applicable to interpret the grout process and may also be useful to identify effects on the fractures/rock mass such as for example jacking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of dynamic grouting stage 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The water ingress into subsurface infrastructures from the surrounding environment may lead to environmental, economic, and sustainability problems. Sufficient spread of grout in rock fractures is necessary for obtaining the required sealing of the rock fractures. At lab-scale, dynamic grouting substantially improved the spread of grout in the microfractures. The initial experimental set ups consisted of short-slot and long-slot along with a gas-tank as the pressure source. The aim of this work is to develop dynamic grouting in the field-scale, maximize the efficiency of the new technique and adapt recent knowledge obtained in lab-scale tests to field application so that this new technique can be used in tunnel construction. In this project, an innovative grout distributor unit was developed and tested in the lab. Furthermore, the technique was examined at the Äspö HRL using the distributor unit and the testing set up to study potential issues that may occur during grouting and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method under field conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:06:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389079</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Automated MWD data processing and unified database building</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous forecasting of the ground conditions ahead of the tunnel face during construction projects like tunneling is of great interest. Nowadays, in tunneling projects, analyzing the acquired measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data has been demonstrated to be a helpful method for assessing the rock mass conditions. However, the MWD is a monitoring technique that provides significant large records and analysis of a large amount of generated data not only is time-consuming. The purpose of this work is to provide a generalized and automated tool for large amounts of MWD data filtering and normalization in order to help in more appropriate grouting design systems, at the mean time to investigate the possibilities of applying artificial intelligence (AI) on MWD data for predicting bedrock quality conditions and designing appropriate grouting systems. One test dataset containing MWD, real-time grouting data, and field protocols from Stockholm Bypass project was investigated and analyzed within this project. An automated process for filtering and normalizing MWD data using a combination of Mode and Percentile gate bands was developed for efficient removal of the noisy data caused by rig components, i.e. collaring and coupling effects from rod extensions. The presented approach in the form of single hole and peer group-based methods were developed compared, and automated to evaluate the applicability of the normalizing methods in removing the hole depth dependencies of MWD data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:06:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389073</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rock grouting design : Rheological aspects and radial flow visualizations with ultrasound</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rheological properties of cement-based grouts play a crucial role in determining the final spread in grouted rock formations. In rheological terms, cement grouts are known to be complex time-dependent yield stress fluids, but their steady flow behavior is often described by the simple Bingham constitutive law. The Bingham parameters obtained from the linear curve fitting to flow curve data are then used in grout propagation calculations during the design phase, e.g., for rock fracture grouting in tunnel construction. Since cement grouts are time-dependent and thixotropic suspensions, the interpretation of their flow curves during conventional rotational rheometry is often complicated by the presence of wall slip, thixotropy, flow localization, and sedimentation, particularly at low shear rates. A systematic approach was carried out as part of the research work to study these effects within the constraints of the concentric cylinder geometry (Couette) and for different cement grout concentrations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:27:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An experimental study of the influence of dynamic pressure on improving grout penetrability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344744</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to increase the sealing efficiency in rock grouting, the fractures should be entirely grouted while the filtration of cement particles is an obstacle. By reducing the filtration, penetrability of grout will be increased resulting in a more reliable grouting. Some of the advantages of controlling filtration are decreas in time, costs and the environmental impacts of the projects. Increase in the safety margins of the projects during both the construction and the operation are also among the benefits of regulating the filtration. Use of variable pressure for improving grout penetrability has been studied in both the lab and the field over the years. The focus of the previous investigations was mainly on application of high frequency oscillating pressure using artificial parallel plates without constrictions with openning sizes larger than 100 μm. The mechanism of improvement of grout penetrability was interpreted as reduction in viscosity due to the oscillation in all those studies. The missing parts of the resulted knowledge are the influences of different shapes of the variable pressure and the effects of low frequencies i.e. longer cycle periods to penetrate through micro fractures smaller than 100 μm with constrictions. Moreover, other mechanisms of improvement of grout penetrability might also be more efficient than reduction in viscosity due to the oscillation. The focus of this study is therefore to investigat the influence of low frequency instantaneous variable pressure with different peak and rest periods on regulating the filtration. A pneumatic pressure control system has been thus employed using parallel plates with constrictions of 43 and 30 μm. The proposed mechanism of action was change of flow pattern due to the change in pressure and the corresponding velocity. Comparison of results of the variable and the constant pressures revealed the great impact of the examined variable pressure on improving grout penetrability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:24:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344744</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BeFo 440 - Injektering av bergsprickor under höga hydrauliska gradienter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Grouting of rock joints with considerable hydraulic gradient, i.e. flowing water, is a challenging issue in many rock engineering projects. Typical situations include post-excavation grouting and remedial grouting of dam foundations. There is still a need for basic research regarding the behaviour of the fresh grout in flowing water. Not until we understand this complex hydromechanics will it be possible to develop reliable design methodologies that can predict the decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the grouted rock mass. We propose an experimental research project to investigate 1) the erosion of fresh grout during grouting in flowing water, and 2) the likely favourable effect of relief wells that reduces the hydraulic gradient. In addition, we plan to develop a design methodology for remedial grouting of dam foundations, and a case study related to the subject will be made. The findings will be relevant also for post-excavation grouting in tunnels with similar hydraulic environments. The project results can therefore be highly useful in future application studies for post-excavation grouting. The project is part of a PhD project at KTH.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BeFo 447 - Modellering av injektering i spricknätverk med alternativa reologiska modeller för cementbruk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modeling of cement grout propagation in fractured rocks is important for the design, monitoring and operation of rock grouting. The real time grouting control (RTGC) method has been developed to predict the grouting process, which has significantly advanced the theoretical analysis of rock grouting. However, the RTGC method was developed based on analytical solutions of Bingham fluids flow in parallel plates, without considering the realistic rheological properties of cement grouts and the complex geometrical conditions of 3D fracture networks. In this proposal, we aim to develop a 3D fracture network model to analyze cement grouts propagation in fractured rocks, which is a major step towards high-precision modeling of the grouting process. The complex geometrical conditions of rock fracture networks and the complex rheological properties of cement grouts will be explicitly considered in the 3D fracture network model. Thus, this proposed project will finally extend the RTGC method and provide a new computational tool to model the rock grouting process more precisely. Using the 3D fracture network model, the impacts of 3D network structures, heterogeneous fracture transmissivity and grout rheological properties on the grouting process will be investigated and a workflow of rock grouting based on 3D fracture network modeling will be proposed to be implemented in engineering practice. The developed 3D fracture network model and investigation results will contribute to advancement of the rock grouting technique in construction and maintenance of underground infrastructures in Scandinavia and in Sweden.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Handbuch Spezialtiefbau, Band 4: Verpressanker − Konsolidierte Fassung von DIN EN 1537 und DIN SPEC 18537</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Die europaeischen Normen DIN EN 1537:2014-07 und DIN SPEC 18537:2017-11 gelten fuer Verpressanker, die mit dem Baugrund durch Verpressgut verbunden, vorgespannt und geprueft werden. Diese koennen sowohl fuer Dauer- als auch fuer Kurzzeitanwendungen eingesetzt werden. Die DIN EN 1537 regelt die Ausfuehrung von Verpressankern, die DIN SPEC 18537 enthaelt Festlegungen, die ergaenzend zur DIN EN 1537 gelten und ist nur in Verbindung mit DIN EN 1537 anwendbar. Um die Arbeit mit der Norm zur Ausfuehrung von Verpressankern im Spezialtiefbau in der taeglichen Praxis zu erleichtern, wurden die beiden Dokumententexte zu einem in sich abgeschlossenen Werk mit fortlaufend lesbarem Text anwenderfreundlich zusammengefasst. Die zweite Auflage dieses Handbuchs stellt somit die konsolidierten Originaltexte der beiden Normen bereit. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2018 14:42:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1563521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Uretek Deep Injection Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1349905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project assesses the capacity of an in-situ urethane stabilized soil mass to halt subsidence on an Interstate highway. An area of subsidence is approximately 100 meters long in the southbound barrel of I-89 from mile marker 0.124 to 0.153 in Hartford, Vermont. The location’s annual average daily traffic is amongst the highest in eastern Vermont, averaging 38,000 vehicles per day. Historically, the roadway section was originally constructed in the 1950s and it is believed that the majority of the fill material used was taken from the rock cut sections in the connecting ramps on the south side of the I-89/I-91 interchange. Project Hartford IM 089-1 (60) was initiated and bids were let on the project in 2013 to stabilize the site and alleviate ongoing maintenance costs. For planning and design purposes, Applied Research Associates (ARA) consultants were contracted to determine the extent of the instability through a variety of noninvasive geophysical and non-destructive testing. This data was utilized to approximate the total amount of injection material that would be needed to stabilize the area through the injection process. URETEK USA was subcontracted through J.A. McDonald to use a patented deep injection method to stabilize the underlying subsurface of the highway. URETEK 486, a family of two-component, lightweight expansive polymers developed by Bayer MaterialScience LLC of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was injected in the base soil in a grid pattern, typically 4-foot by 4-foot to stabilize and compact weaker or loose soils to improve the load bearing capacity. The material was injected in cold temperatures successfully. This report summarizes the installation and first year data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2015 10:24:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1349905</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cable Impregnation for Post-Tension Grouting Problems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343602</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thousands of bridge structures utilize grouted high-strength, post-tension strands. Problems with grouting techniques and grout materials has resulted in bridges with deficient grout including voids, segregated grout, chloride contaminated grout and soft grout. These problems have promoted corrosion and failure of post-tension tendons, some within 6 to 17 years of service. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has spent more than $55 million (USD) repairing 11 post-tension bridges to date. A cost-effective corrosion mitigation technique has been developed to minimize the corrosion of post-tension bridges which have grouting issues. This paper describes the development and implementation of this technique including application to grouted tendons of the Ringling Bridge (Sarasota, FL) and the I-95 / I-295 Interchange in Jacksonville, FL.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Feb 2015 16:30:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343602</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Consolidation grouting using horizontal directional drilling technology in the Praga district of Warsaw prior to TBM tunnelling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1340460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The central section of the Warsaw 2nd Metro Line required preventive measures to protect buildings located in the Praga district above the tunnel alignment. The sections passing below buildings with EPB machines were certainly one of the most critical points. It was decided to carry out ground treatment in order to consolidate the subsoil around the tunnels. For this purpose grouting holes up to 261 m long were drilled by HDD following the tunnel path. Tunnelling did not affect the structures located above the ground, which always remained under close supervision with the use of specialist and multithreaded monitoring. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2015 11:50:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1340460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Construction challenges for urban tunnelling. The Copenhagen Metro Circle Line</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1340457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Cityringen (The City Circle) project is the latest phase of the metro system in Copenhagen, Denmark. The phase comprises the construction of 17 new stations, three shafts, a control and maintenance centre and 16.5 km of twin-tube tunnel excavated by four Earth Pressure Balance TBMs. The design and build contract was awarded in January 2011 and inauguration is planned for late 2018. The geology in the project area includes 10 to 30 m of quaternary sand, gravel and clay tills underlain by limestone, often containing benches of flint or other hard horizons. The stations and shafts are constructed with secant pile walls or diaphragm walls. Permeation grouting is undertaken for one cavern and grouting for the break-in and break-out of the TBMs. Groundwater control is carried out by pumping from abstraction wells at the bottom of the deep excavation, treating the abstracted groundwater and recharging between 95 and 100 % of the groundwater. A monitoring system consisting of a comprehensive database system has been adopted, where real time information from the TBMs and from buildings and structures adjacent to the works is collected. Movement is monitored by an extensive 3D monitoring system together with extensometers, inclinometers and piezometers. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2015 11:50:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1340457</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerisch gestuetzte Entwicklung von Geraeten und Verfahren des Spezialtiefbaus</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1321076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ln dem Beitrag werden drei Beispiele zu numerisch gestuetzten Entwicklungsmoeglichkeiten vorgestellt. Dazu werden Simulationsmoeglichkeiten zum Ruetteldruckverfahren, zum geregelten Einbringen von Profilen und zur Herstellung von Bohrpfaehlen aufgezeigt. Die vorgestellten Beispiele zeigen, dass die numerisch gestuetzte Entwicklung von Geraeten und Verfahren des Spezialtiefbaus moeglich ist. Moderne numerische Methoden wie die GEL-Methode ermoeglichen die realistische Simulation von komplexen Herstellungsprozessen und die Untersuchung damit verbundener Effekte und Einfluesse auf Werkzeug und Boden. Eine Kopplung von Optimierungsverfahren mit numerischen Simulationen ermoeglicht die computergestuetzte Entwicklung von Regelungstechniken und Herstellverfahren. Der grosse Vorteil der numerischen Simulationen bei derartigen Entwicklungen sind die immer gleichen Randbedingungen bei Parametervariationen. Dieses ist bei Modellversuchen nur sehr schwierig zu gewaehrleisten und bei in situ-Versuchen nahezu unmoeglich. Numerische Simulationen bieten zahlreiche Einsatzmoeglichkeiten bei der ersten Konzeptionierung bis zur Entwicklung von Prototypen und stellen, in Kombination mit wenigen Versuchsreihen zur Validierung der numerischen Modelle, ein umfangreiches und leistungsstarkes Werkzeug dar. (A) (Geotechnik und industrielle Verfahren: Beitraege zum 12. Geotechnik-Tag in Muenchen, 2013.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2014 13:51:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1321076</guid>
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