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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON VISUAL UNIT ACTIVITY IN THE THALAMUS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The investigator studied the effects of ethanol on the spontaneous activity of single neurons in functionally differentiated subnuclei of a posterior thalamic visual projection area, nucleus rotundus, in the anesthetized pigeon. Low doses of ethanol, 0.05 - 0.10 ml/kg (producing blood levels of about 0.005 - 0.010%) , inhibited activity in anterior rotundus but had complex excitatory-inhibitory effects on posterior rotundal cells. Nonvisual dorsal thalamic cells, and 'lateral geniculate' neurons were inhibited by ethanol but threshold doses (0.25 - 0.40 ml/kg) were far higher than those for the rotundal cells (0.05 ml/kg). These differing dose-response curves for visual and nonvisual thalamic neurons suggest: (1) low doses of ethanol may seriously impair peripheral visual functions; (2) The behavioral effects of ethanol are highly dose-dependent; (3) Effects of low doses of ethanol may not be extrapolated from high-dose effects since high-dose effects may 'mask' effects dominant at low doses; (4) The effects of a given dose of ethanol may vary widely and unpredictably among individuals. Thus, the notorious unpredictability of ethanol-induced changes in behavior or task performance may be the inevitable consequence of the reported differential dose-response effects on single neurons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTED IN NEBRASKA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN EXPERIMENTAL CONCRETE ROAD ABOUT 6 MILES LONG WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 1950 AND ANOTHER IN 1951. BOTH INCORPORATED FLY-ASH AS REPLACEMENT FOR SOME OF THE CEMENT ON CERTAIN SECTIONS. MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTS ARE DESCRIBED. CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY-ASH HAD SLIGHTLY LOWER STRENGTHS AT EARLY AGES THAN SIMILAR CONCRETE NOT CONTAINING FLY-ASH BUT AT LATER AGES THE FLY-ASH CONCRETE HAD THE HIGHER STRENGTHS. THE FLY-ASH INCREASED THE DURABILITY IN FREEZING AND THAWING OF CONCRETE HAVING A SAND-GRAVEL AGGREGATE, AND INHIBITED EXPANSION AND MAP-CRACKING RESULTING FROM CEMENT-AGGREGATE REACTION. REPLACEMENT OF SOME OF THE GRAVEL BY CRUSHED LIMESTONE AGGREGATE ALSO INHIBITED EXPANSION. ALL SECTIONS CONSTRUCTED WITH 165 LB OR MORE OF FLY ASH PER CUBIC YARD OF CONCRETE ARE IN BETTER CONDITION THAN SIMILAR CONCRETE WITHOUT FLY ASH.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONTROL OF MOISTURE AND VOLUME CHANGES IN CLAY SUBGRADES BY SUBDRAINAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[OBSERVATIONS OF THE VERTICAL HEAVE AT THE EDGE OF A RUNWAY PAVEMENT AND MOISTURE VARIATIONS IN THE CLAY SUBGRADE AS AFFECTED BY THE SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEM ARE PRESENTED. THE PAPER ALSO REPORTS ON A MODEL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF TWO DIFFERENT FILTER MATERIALS ON THE DRYING OF THE CLAY SUBGRADE NEAR THE SUBDRAINAGE UNDER DIFFERENT SURFACING CONDITIONS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEM HAS A DEFINITE BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON THE MOISTURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE CLAY. BY REMOVING FREE WATER WHICH PENETRATES CRACKS, IT HELPS IN MAINTAINING A LOW RANGE OF MOISTURE VARIATIONS BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER AND THUS INHIBITS LARGE MOVEMENT AT THE EDGE OF THE PAVEMENT. THE SELECTION OF THE FILTER MATERIAL SHOULD BE GOVERNED MAINLY BY MOISTURE VARIATION CONSIDERATIONS. IT IS DESIRABLE TO USE A FINE PERMEABLE MATERIAL FOR THE SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEM BECAUSE SUCH A MATERIAL WOULD TEND TO SERVE AS A MOISTURE RESERVOIR FOR THE CLAY DURING THE DRYING PERIOD AND ACT AS A CAPILLARY CUT-OFF AGAINST DRYING OUT OF THE CLAY UNDERNEATH THE PAVEMENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126671</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMPARISON OF INHIBITIVE BLASTING TECHNIQUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FRESHLY ABRASIVE BLASTED STEEL OFTEN CORRODES IN A HUMID ATMOSPHERE RESULTING IN POSSIBLE COATING FAILURE. A LABORATORY STUDY OF DRY, INHIBITIVE BLASTING METHODS SHOWED THAT INCORPORATION OF 5% STEARIC ACID IN THE ABRASIVE PROVIDED EXCELLENT INHIBITION TO ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION AND WAS SUPERIOR TO MIXTURES OF ABRASIVE AND ZINC OR ALUMINUM GRANULES. MOREOVER, STEARIC ACID PROCESS ELIMINATES NEED FOR TEMPORARY COATINGS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING ABRASIVE BLASTING. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONCRETE EXPOSURE TESTS - PHASE 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS IS A REPORT ON THE RESULTS OBTAINED ON 15 TEST SLABS OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE, SUBJECTED TO OUTDOOR FREEZING AND THAWING WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE. THE PURPOSES OF THESE TESTS WERE /A/ TO DETERMINE THE COMPARATIVE QUALITIES OF THREE WETTING AGENTS IN PRODUCING HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, /B/ TO ASSAY THE VALUE OF SURFACE SEALANTS PRESENTLY IN USE BY THE NEW YORK STATE THRUWAY AUTHORITY, /C/ TO OBTAIN A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF WET CURING VERSUS AIR CURING, AND /D/ TO DETERMINE THE SPALL INHIBITING QUALITIES OF EXPANDED SHALE WHEN USED AS A FINE AGGREGATE. RECORDS ON THE SLABS INCLUDE SLUMP TESTS AND AIR-ENTRAINMENT TESTS ON EACH MIX, DAILY TEMPERATURE READINGS AND OBSERVED FREEZE-THAW CYCLES, MONTHLY PHOTOGRAPHS, AND THE WEIGHT OF EACH SLAB ON THE FIRST DAY OF EXPOSURE AND THE FINAL DAY OF THE TESTING PHASE. THE RESULTS OF ONE WINTER OF EXPOSURE ARE PRESENTED. THE SLABS HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO NORMAL WEATHERING SINCE JUNE 1963 AND REMAINED SO UNTIL THE FALL OF 1963, WHEN PHASE TWO OF THE DE-ICING SALTS APPLICATION BEGAN. IT IS PLANNED TO TEST TO DESTRUCTION. THE MORE PROMISING MIXES AND COATINGS ARE NOW BEING TRIED IN THE REPAIRS OF STRUCTURES SO THAT THEIR USE CAN BE EVALUATED UNDER ACTUAL FIELD CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101394</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FROST SENSITIVITY OF STONE AND CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/95566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RESULTS OF RESEARCHES CONDUCTED AT C.E.B.T.P. DURING RECENT YEARS ARE SUMMARIZED. FOR STONE SAMPLES THE INHIBITION TEST UNDER VACUUM IS TOO DRASTIC AND IS NON- SELECTIVE. FREEZE-THAW CYCLES YIELD USEFUL RESULTS PROVIDED THE SPECIMEN IS IMMERSED WHILE STILL FROZEN, WHEN THE DEGREE OF SATURATION REACHES A CRITICAL VALUE THE STONE EXPANDS AT SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURE AND THERE IS RISK OF FAILURE. THE LESS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EQUILIBRIUM AND CRITICAL (THRESHOLD FOR FROST DAMAGE) CONTENTS OF WATER, THE MORE THE STONE IS LIABLE TO FROST DAMAGE. TOTAL POROSITY IS A DETERMINANT, BUT IS NOT SPECIFIC BY ANY MEANS. PORE-SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION PROVIDE THE MOST VALUABLE DATA FOR WATER ABSORPTION OF STONE, WHILST POROSITY AND LIMITING WATER ABSORPTION CONTENT PERMIT STONES TO BE CLASSIFIED (IN RESPECT OF THEIR FROST RESISTANCE) ACCORDING TO STRUCTURAL POSITION AND EXTERNAL CLIMATE. CONCLUSIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF FREEZING OF FRESH CONCRETE, ON THE MINIMUM STRENGTHS TO PREVENT FAILURE OF THE CONCRETE BY MODERATE FROST, ON THE EFFECT OF FROST ON DIFFERENT QUALITIES OF CONCRETE, AND ON THE PROTECTION OF CONCRETE BY HEAT AT EARLY AGES ARE SUMMARIZED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/95566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY IN CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/359803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improvements in the properties of portland cement concrete can be achieved through the use of mineral admixtures such as coal fly ash.  One such improvement is the potential reduction of alkali-silica reactivity (ASR), which causes an expansive reaction in certain aggregates and can lead to deterioration of the concrete.  In sufficient amounts, fly ash may be used to inhibit ASR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/359803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECYCLING BITUMINOUS CONCRETE THROUGH USE IN CEMENT-TREATED BASE: CASE STUDY, FREDONIA STREETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reconstruction of a low-volume road through Fredonia, Arizona, was the first pavement structure constructed under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) that incorporated an old road base, including ground bituminous concrete, into a cement-treated-base (CTB) design.  The shortage of nearby suitable road-base material resulted in the consideration of stabilization of the existing pavement structure.  If cement stabilization was to be used, ADOT experience indicated that an asphalt-rubber stress-absorbing membrane interlayer would be required to inhibit reflective cracking through the asphalt surface.  Three different structural sections were constructed based on varying soil types and availability of recyclable road base.  On this particular project, the use of a CTB that incorporated reprocessed bituminous concrete and aggregate base from the previous pavement structure saved ADOT approximately $120,000. This savings is based on a structurally equivalent pavement that consisted of full-depth asphaltic concrete and costs based on the contractors' bid prices for this item on this job.  An additional consideration that made this alternative attractive was the simplicity of construction techniques. It is believed that cement stabilization of old, recyclable pavements will prove to be a low-cost, high-strength alternatives to thick asphalt concrete sections when aggregate availability is a problem.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME PROBLEMS OF LANGUAGE-BASED COMMUNICATION WITH DATA BASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/188977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of its complexity the natural language is rarely used in problem solving by computers, but it is often used in data base searching. Retrieval language differs from system to system so that for the same kind of job there exist different command sets for different data bases. In order to avoid possibility of misunderstanding and error it is desirable to implement a universal command set by aid of which all data bases could be searched independently from computer system on which they are processed. Such a relatively successful attempt has been made, for example, on Euronet-DIANE system. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/188977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GENERAL AVIATION DYNAMICS. AN EXTENSION OF THE COST IMPACT STUDY TO INCLUDE DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS IN THE FORECASTING OF GENERAL AVIATION ACTIVITY. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/50943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report, in four volumes, presents the General Aviation Dynamics (GAD) model which was developed for the Federal Aviation Administration by Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. The GAD model is a dynamic simulation model of the general aviation (GA) system and can be used to forecast GA activity, evaluate alternative policy actions, or perform sensitivity analyses. It has three major sectors, depicting the most important state variables in the model; pilot supply, aircraft utilization, and aircraft demand. Essentially, the GAD model consists of a set of nonlinear, simultaneous, first order difference equations which explicitly describe the decision policies followed by users of general aviation. The model is designed to be implemented through an interactive computer dialogue feature that guides the analyst through a series of procedures and analytical options.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Aug 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/50943</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SECOND APPRAISAL OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SELF-REACTION HAZARDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/49187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A literature survey was carried out to collect and evaluate test methods and test data on hazardous materials which undergo self-decomposition. Some thermal tests are regarded as valuable because they give quantitative data indicating the limit of thermal stability for specified materials. With the assistance of the CHETAH predictive scheme, a hazard evaluation was conducted on a selected group of compounds normally considered safe. Results showed a tendency to identify these safe materials as hazardous so as not to err in evaluating a truly hazardous compound. In a study of accidental polymerization of bulk chemicals, free radical polymerization involving olefins was considered the polymerization process most likely to occur inadvertently during transport. A calorimetric test procedure appeared to offer the promise of yielding data from which an unambiguous reactivity scale could be developed. The test procedure should have a firm relationship to the theory of thermal explosion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/49187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT ON VISION OF TERMINATIONS AND ISOLATED LENGTHS OF FIXED LIGHTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/139246</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is generally regarded as good practice to provide a transition zone at the cessation of street lighting to ensure smooth adaption to vehicle headlighting. This practice is based on the general attributes of vision rather than on investigations into the specific practical situation. A laboratory simulation shows that an abrupt change from fixed lighting to low beam vehicle headlighting can elevate the reaction time of objects viewed at the instant of change. The degree of inhibition depends on the difficulty of the visual task and the level of the street lighting. Although the inhibition can be appreciable it ceases within one second of the change and therefore, transition lighting is unwarranted. The data suggest that the greatest difficulty in leaving fixed lighting is the general lowering of visibility. Thus, the cessation of fixed lighting should not coincide with a lowering of general construction standards.  /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/139246</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF FLY ASH WITH RESPECT TO THE CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/108284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED THAT SHOWED THAT COAL FLY ASH ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR OF CORROSION IF IT IS STIMULATED HYDRAULICALLY BY LIME ADDITION TO THE CONCRETE OR LIME PRODUCED BY HYDRATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT HAVING A LARGE QUANTITY OF ALITE (CEMENT-ASH RATIO OF 1 TO 5). IN ALL CASES WHEN FLY ASH IS STIMULATED HYDRAULICALLY, IT ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR OF CORROSION. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Apr 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/108284</guid>
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