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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Understanding the Baltic Dry Index (BDI): an explainable decomposition approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) is a crucial indicator of the dry bulk freight market, offering insights into the shipping industry’s health and activity levels. In this study, we introduce an explainable decomposition framework to unveil the underlying mechanisms of BDI dynamics. Utilizing historical data from 1 November 1999, to 5 March 2024, we decompose BDI into trends, seasonal fluctuations, and externally derived influences. Our experiments have identified the magnitude of trend changes from major global events over the past two decades. Intriguingly, we find that advancements in industry and technology contribute significantly to upward trends in BDI. We also explore BDI’s seasonality, identifying distinct cyclical patterns within a year, including the Christmas and Chinese New Year effects, and more interestingly, a trough in late June due to the receding in shipping demand for the three major bulk. Our findings further offer valuable insights into understanding BDI fluctuations, aiding decision-making processes in the maritime freight market. We find that Natural Gas and the Dollar Index are potent signals for BDI one week to one month ahead, while the NASDAQ 100 Index emerges as a leading indicator for longer forecasting horizons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2026 08:51:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647030</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mapping mobility: Introduction of an index-based approach to understanding human mobilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the multifaceted challenges associated with translating the concept of human mobilities into practical application within the realm of international planning. Additionally, it introduces the utilization of a scientific index methodology as a viable solution to address these challenges. Although scientific indices are not commonly employed in planning practices, they prove to be well-suited for the structured operationalization of intricate phenomena, such as mobility. Following a concise theoretical overview, this paper systematically outlines the process of operationalizing a social science-based concept of mobility to create an index. To facilitate this endeavor, a theoretical framework for a Mobility Index is constructed, and a comprehensive list of essential indicators required for its computation is developed, drawing from international research. Subsequently, this spatial mobility index is computed using accessibility and user survey data from a district in Berlin, Germany. The outcomes of this index are then visually depicted on maps, offering a clear representation of disparities in mobility options across the studied area. Consequently, the mobility index introduces an innovative approach for planning professionals to identify variations in human mobilities within their study areas, facilitating more informed decision-making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Dec 2024 12:49:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450733</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Are there bubbles in shipping freight during COVID-19?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2198041</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the potential bubbles' shipping freight rates during the pandemic through the Generalized Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The results explore multiple bubbles in the freight rates during corona disease (COVID-19). Moreover, the result finds that Baltic Dry Index is the most explosive and shows four bubbles, followed by Baltic Clean Tanker Index. The volatile behavior has been more frequent and pronounced since the second quarter of 2021, mainly instigated by the economic recovery. The results detect four bubbles in Baltic Dry Index caused by strong demand for raw materials and uncertainty restrictions. Furthermore, a single bubble in the Baltic Dirty Tanker Index is caused by the increasing oil price, growing demand for floating storage while burst due to new restrictions of the second wave, declining oil prices, and shortages of vessels. The need for oil products, logistical problems and the highest oil prices are the leading determinants of Baltic Clean Tanker index bubbles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 11:59:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2198041</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of a Resilience Index for the Florida Surface Transportation System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344940</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation resilience has a multifaceted nature, which requires analyzing various factors across multiple domains (i.e., technical, social, economic, and environmental) for evaluation. However, existing resilience indicators, which are based mainly on the physical conditions of transportation assets, are not comprehensive enough to provide information about resilience. To develop effective resilience-related policies and programs, current resilience metrics need to capture holistic aspects of transportation resilience. This project proposes a composite index framework to quantitatively measure and monitor various aspects of regional transportation infrastructure’s resilience to wind- and water-related hazards. The developed resilience index enables transportation planners to (i) effectively monitor and analyze trends of a broad range of resilience factors by streamlining their otherwise abundant information and (ii) prioritize resilience-related projects based on resilience needs (i.e., which aspects of resilience require improvement based on the trends of the factors). As a case study, the resilience index was developed for the Florida District 5 surface transportation systems. The resilience index trends indicated that the overall resilience of the surface transportation system to both wind- and water-related hazards have improved in the past decade while further providing insights into micro-level resilience trends for planning guidance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2024 17:05:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344940</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of the Freight Service Index: A Case Study in Henan Province</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2018973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation industry is closely related to the macroeconomic development. The transportation services index (TSI) can be used to measure the relationship between them. The freight services index in Henan Province (HNFSI) is proposed based on the TSI. The HNFSI index is used to analyze the correlation, the periodicity, and the impact of COVID-19 between the development of economic and transportation in Henan Province. The results show that the correlation coefficient between the HNFSI index and the Growth Rate of Industrial Added Value which represents trends in economic development, is 0.745. The freight transportation demand increases with a certain periodicity and regularity. Due to the influence of COVID-19, the HNFSI in January 2020 decreased by 37.7% compared to the same period of 2019, and decreased by 56.3% in February. However, after March 2020, the freight service is greatly improved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 10:56:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2018973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A TOD index integrating development potential, economic vibrancy, and socio-economic factors for encouraging polycentric cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There has been a significant amount of research on the methods that city planners can use to identify and pursue opportunities for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). This research has been primarily centred on population density, walkability, land-use diversity, and available parking around potential transit nodes, all of which are often aggregated into a single TOD Index. However, a major attribute omitted in these index calculations is development potential. To efficiently assess the benefits of TOD for a given area, city planners must focus on whether there are development opportunities around transit nodes that could encourage polycentric development. The authors propose a TOD Index that focuses on integrating socio-environmental characteristics, economic vibrancy, and development potential for TOD projects around transit systems. The index comprises three layers, that, in tandem, will enable the potential maximization of transit use: (1) socio-environmental characteristics, (2) economic vibrancy, and (3) development potential. The authors use the city of Montreal to demonstrate how the new index works and how it can be adapted to other cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 10:56:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decades-old freight index gets redesign, eliminates smaller vessels from equation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Mar 2018 09:31:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>U.S. Bank's freight index could be competitor to Cass</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481691</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2017 09:59:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481691</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Productivity growth in urban freight transport: An index number approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improvement of operational efficiency is a common goal of most governmental freight transport policies. Productivity and efficiency analysis consequently provides a sound knowledge base. This paper illustrates how axiomatic production theory can be applied to model road freight transport, and proposes a logistics efficiency measure as the function representation. Based thereon, a logistics productivity index that decomposes into technical, cargo mix, vehicle capacity, and efficiency changes is established to determine the rate and drivers of growth. Emphasizing urban logistics, the paper discusses the limited access to reliable data at the micro level and illustrates how local or regional freight transport can be evaluated applying pseudo panel techniques to national freight surveys. Correspondingly, the theoretical productivity index is implemented on a pseudo panel covering the 24 largest cities in Norway between 2008 and 2012, when 12 of them entered a collaboration agreement to promote efficient transport. The results indicate a modest 0.6% average productivity growth. Efficiency change is the key driver of growth, countered by technical stagnation and regress. Negative productivity growth is expected if this trend continues. Moreover, the results do not reveal productivity gains from urban agglomeration or membership of the collaboration agreement, suggesting that prevailing transport and land use policies have so far been unable to foster productivity growth in urban freight transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 May 2017 09:45:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Index numbers for monitoring transit service quality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1396060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The measurement of transit service quality is very important for guaranteeing a transport supply characterized by satisfactory service levels for the passengers. Even more important is the monitoring of the levels of service quality over time, which can be very useful to determine if the goals established by the transport planners are being met or exceeded. The status and evolution of transit service quality can be monitored through periodic and regular updating of the opinions expressed by the passengers about the service during the well-known Customer Satisfaction Surveys, allowing the effect of policies to be evaluated and specific interventions to be introduced. In this work, just the issue of monitoring service quality based on users’ opinions is approached, and the index numbers usually applied in the economic and industrial field are proposed for this purpose. Index numbers permit to study the fluctuations or variations of a variable or more variables over time, providing a powerful measurement for making comparisons and predictions of the analyzed concept. The index numbers were calculated on the basis of data collected from Customer Satisfaction Surveys addressed to the passengers of the metropolitan public service of Granada (Spain). The analyzed time period has been established from 2007 to 2013. Interesting results derive from the calculation of the index numbers. Since both perceptions and importance rates are considered in this methodology, the results can inform, not only on the satisfaction tendencies but also on the trend on customers’ priorities, which is actually the expected quality. Therefore, policies could more efficiently be designed to adjust the service to the users’ real needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 16:57:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1396060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air transport liberalisation and airport dependency: developing a composite index</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air transport liberalisation in Europe has produced some major changes to the networks operated by airlines and the services available at airports. Within this context the degree of airport dependency in terms of market, spatial and temporal concentration is important to know from an economic geography and risk management perspective. A composite index called the Airport Dependency Index (ADI) is developed to measure airport dependency based on the concept of the relative Gini coefficient. Liberalisation has had varying impacts depending on the size and type of airport and so a comparison is made of the degree of dependency at a large sample of European airports using the ADI. The ADI has the potential to provide insight on the sustainability and worthiness of financing airport projects, and on whether airports should diversify further their activities by investing in the growth and expansion of their network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jan 2016 17:13:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395651</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Picking a winner : schedule reliability indexes becoming important parameter in ocean carrier selection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1348070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2015 10:05:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1348070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Return lead–lag and volatility transmission in shipping freight markets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1332889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the return lead–lag and volatility transmission between dry bulk shipping and container shipping freight markets over the period before, during and after the 2008 financial tsunami. Both cointegration analysis and the Granger causality test are applied to explore the lead–lag relationship between the Baltic dry index (BDI) and the China containerized freight index (CCFI). Besides, in the study the authors employed GARCH–BEKK model, which allows for transmission in freight volatility. On the whole, the empirical results show that the BDI reflects the economic climate earlier than the CCFI during the financial tsunami, whereas the CCFI leads the BDI after the financial tsunami. The price formation hypothesis could well explain the relationship. Moreover, volatility spillovers are found in most subperiods. The dynamics of the conditional volatilities differ, but causality links in the variance are found to be strong and bidirectional in normal periods, and unidirectional during the financial tsunami. Therefore, the occurrence of the financial tsunami could be regarded as an interference factor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2014 12:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1332889</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rockwood uses a formula to predict comparative sales of competing bizjets : driving price by cabin volume, range by DOCs he obtains a factor where aircraft with the lowest number win</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1333522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Dec 2014 14:21:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1333522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Life cycle cost analysis based on the fundamental cost contributors for asphalt pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A life cycle costing system should include the key variables that drive future costs in order to provide a framework for reducing the risk of under- or overestimating the future costs for maintenance and rehabilitation activities. In Sweden, price of oil products is mostly affected by the global economy rather than by the national economy. Whereas the price index of oil products has had a high fluctuation in different time periods, the cost fluctuation related to labour and equipment has been steady and followed the consumer price index (CPI). Contribution of the oil products was shown to be more than 50% of the total costs regarding construction and rehabilitation of asphalt pavements in Sweden. Consequently, it was observed that neither Swedish road construction price index (Vägindex) nor CPI has properly reflected the price trend regarding the asphalt pavement construction at the project level. Therefore, in this study, a framework is suggested in which energy- and time-related costs are treated with different inflation indices in order to perform a better financial risk assessment regarding future costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2014 09:11:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1327957</guid>
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