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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Understanding determinants of willingness to pay for airport shuttle service of urban air mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to investigate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for an Urban Air Mobility (UAM) airport shuttle service. The survey was designed to target Incheon International Airport in South Korea and includes questions about WTP, socioeconomic attributes, airport-related behaviors, and experiences and opinions related to airport access and UAM. The questions for WTP were designed for specific fare scenarios, and a model was developed using a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method to estimate WTP in the specific fare scenarios. A total of 1634 people responded to the survey, and its results were analyzed using a double-bounded dichotomous choice model to examine the effects of socioeconomic and airport-related factors on WTP. The modeling result shows an average WTP of 60,173 KRW (approximately 48 USD) and a median of 48,521 KRW (approximately 39 USD) per 30 min for the UAM airport shuttle service, indicating lower WTP compared to the suggested fares from various organizations. This highlights the need for feasible pricing in the early market to attract the public. Meanwhile, taxi users exhibited 97 % higher WTP probability compared to airport shuttle users, while private car drivers showed a 34 % increase. This is noteworthy in that UAM has the potential to replace ground taxis or be another transportation mode similar to taxis. Moreover, respondents aware of UAM technology demonstrated 19 % higher WTP, indicating the importance of promoting UAM to the public and making them perceive the substantial effects of UAM. The findings of this study provide important information to policymakers and industry stakeholders to devise effective pricing strategies and policies for the successful integration of UAM into current transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2025 09:57:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570068</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Risk of COVID-19 transmission on long-haul flights: During the COVID-19 pandemic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2422941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to determine the possibility of COVID-19 transmission through in-flight contact during flights for many patients with confirmed COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore infection prevention and control (IPC) methods for overseas infectious diseases. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on flight with a large number of confirmed case among. Delhi- Incheon flights in 2020. This flight was selected to confirm transmission through close contact with the cabin, with a total of 14 confirmed cases out of 190 passengers (including 10 flight attendants). After confirming COVID-19 test results for those entering Korea, the authors conducted an epidemiological investigation on confirmed patients to determine their general characteristics and epidemiological relevance. The authors analyzed the epidemiological relevance, occupational information, incubation period, and COVID-19 variation and genotype among confirmed patients who were in close contact with confirmed cases, and analyzed the possibility of transmission according to the distance of close contact in the flight. One confirmed patient was found to be highly likely to be infected due to close contact with the cabin. However, it occurred within two rows, not within 1 meter. In addition, considering the aerodynamics in the cabin and local incidence rate, infection in an unspecified number of local people could not be excluded. It was analyzed that the reason for reducing infection from close contact on board for a long time in a flight with a large number of confirmed cases was the effective IPC method. In order to prevent overseas infectious diseases caused by flights, autonomous IPC management of airlines and passengers is necessary in addition to national quarantine management such as symptom screening before boarding, wearing passenger masks while boarding, food and beverage restrictions, disinfection of public spaces, distancing between passengers, close contact management after boarding, and self-quarantine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2025 15:51:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2422941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Examining airport agility at air cargo hub airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2464819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Covid-19 pandemic impacted nearly every aspect of airport operations, highlighting the importance of airport agility. Due to its importance, it is crutial for us to understand the role of agility at airports prior to and during unexpected disruptions. The authors investigated airport agility for air cargo hub airports using a structural equation model, particularly at Incheon International Airport (ICN). This study uses 27 variables to evaluate the agility of the air cargo business for a hub airport. The authors find that digital transformation, flight services, information sharing, and accessibility enhance the agility of air cargo hub airports. The survey shows that air cargo experts perceive ICN airport as having satisfactory agile response capabilities. Agility is essential to resilience, which will deliver a competitive advantage and aid the long-term prosperity of the air cargo business. Airports must collaborate to share, align, and improve their collective resilience to improve the productivity and performance of air cargo hubs. Developing innovative airport models enabled by new technologies, such as digital transformation, increases the efficiency and agility of the airport. The ICN's strategy as an air cargo hub airport is responsive to customer needs to mitigate disruptions through digitalization, offering value-added services with adaptability. The application of digitalization improves the airport's agility and efficiency and mitigates uncertainty in the air cargo industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 10:43:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2464819</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization of demand responsive transit operations based on dynamic passenger requests using maximum time delay rate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Demand-responsive transit (DRT) offers on-demand service for comfortable and convenient trips. Despite these advantages, efficient DRT operation requires addressing several considerations. This study resolves the conflict between passengers wanting quick travel and operators seeking maximum revenue by formulating a multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP) to maximize revenue and minimize total travel time. Additionally, DRT operators should balance the benefits of accepted passengers, concerned about increased travel time from new passengers, and requesting passengers who intend to use DRT. To address this, unlike previous studies with fixed time windows, this study introduces the maximum time delay rate (MTR), setting a proportional threshold for each accepted passenger's travel time based on their scheduled travel time, incorporating behavioral economics principles. In this view, the utility of increased or decreased time varies according to the scheduled travel time, considered a sunk cost. When the increased travel time from a new request is within the allowable range, the request is accepted, then the passenger decides whether to choose DRT over other modes. The authors apply their methodology to dynamic passenger requests generated from taxi data in Incheon, South Korea. For each combination of operational parameters of DRT, they plot a Pareto optimal set of revenue and total travel time. The results demonstrate the substantial influence of MTR and minimum fare distance on passenger numbers and travel time in DRT operations. This study's methodology and results help DRT operators and the public find desirable operation strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2024 11:12:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing your airport customer experience measurement model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2355322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent times, there has been a shifting paradigm in the realm of customer service, transitioning from a focus on the supplier’s quality management to prioritising the quality experience of customers. The primary objective of this study is to introduce a novel model known as the airport customer experience measurement model (Airport-CXMM). This model is designed to facilitate enhanced customer-orientated service experience management and to reframe the assessment criteria for quantifying the customer experience (CX) within airport environments. Airport-CXMM takes into account three pivotal components — customer service quality, customer effort and customer value — all of which are critical factors in shaping CX, along with the influential factors traditionally employed in established models. Moreover, the study utilises the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to effectively capture the relative importance and assign quantitative weights to each of these factors. To demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of Airport-CXMM, the model underwent validation through both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), utilising passenger survey data obtained from Incheon International Airport (ICN). This study holds significant value as it introduces an innovative model for the quantitative measurement of CX within airport settings. It is anticipated that Airport-CXMM can be effectively harnessed by airport operators and other stakeholders in the industry, enabling them to systematically manage and formulate strategies aimed at enhancing the CX, aligning with the recent shift in the customer service paradigm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 15:18:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2355322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of airport efficiency on air traffic, using DEA and multilateral resistance terms gravity models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the bias-corrected airport efficiency by employing a slacks-based measurement-data envelopment analysis model with a bootstrapping technique. The impacts of airport efficiency on bilateral passenger traffic and freight volume are then assessed by developing a novel robust gravity model incorporating multilateral resistance (MR) terms and the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) method to address heteroscedasticity. The authors collected air route data using Incheon airport with a sample of 50 airports in 28 countries for 2006–2015. The results from all the applied models revealed a significant and positive effect of airport efficiency on passenger traffic and freight volume.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2023 17:04:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119165</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Who gives up a private car for a car-sharing service? An empirical case study of Incheon City, South Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2035390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car-sharing services are an example of sharing economy business models in urban transportation. Car-sharing is attracting global attention as a practical test subject within sharing economies. A few studies have been conducted on the effects of car-sharing, but little research has been performed on the effects of car-sharing on the disposal of owned cars and the purchase of new cars. This study analyzes the characteristics of people who change car ownership plans or intentions to purchase a private car after using car-sharing services. The authors conducted a survey on car-sharing users, focusing on the question, “Has there been a change in private car ownership and purchase plans after using car-sharing?” The authors used a multinomial logistic regression model for statistical analysis. Based on their main findings, the authors suggest four strategies to promote car-sharing. First, there should be a focus on car-sharing coupons or promotional brochures for women who are considering buying a new car. Second, there should be promotions for elderly users of car-sharing. Third, car-sharing stations should be established near residences with low household membership, low household income, and limited space for parking. Fourth, the service management status of car-sharing companies contracted with local governments should be assessed to maintain high satisfaction levels in users. This study is meaningful in that it presents specific policies to both increase the use of car-sharing and reduce private car ownership.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Oct 2022 16:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2035390</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An application of in-vehicle recording technologies to analyze injury severity in crashes between taxis and two-wheelers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventionally, the crash data used in traffic safety analysis have been collected by the police dispatched to the crash scene. Therefore, crash information inevitably includes errors that influence traffic safety analysis. Such errors can include the crash speed, crash time, crash location, and other crash characteristics. The advances in in-vehicle video recording (IVVR) technologies have recently enabled traffic safety professionals to use more accurate crash information based on crash data reconstruction methods. Although a few studies have been conducted to identify the factors affecting the crash injury severity using such detailed crash data, there was no effort to analyze the factors affecting the injury severity in crashes between taxis and two-wheelers (TWs), including bicycles and motorcycles. Therefore, this study analyzes the injury severity of TW riders in taxi-TW crashes with the accurate crash data collected by taxis equipped with IVVR devices in Incheon, Korea. Two hundred and forty-eight crash data from two years (2010–2011) were used to perform this objective. The factors affecting the injury severity to TW riders were identified based on a partial proportional odds model for these data. Seven variables were found to affect the injury severity significantly: crash speed, second collision, third collision, Delta-V, crashes that occurred with a non-helmeted motorcycle rider, crashes where the collision type was sideswipe, and crashes under rainy or snowy weather conditions. On the other hand, two variables regarding crashes, where the taxi driver behavior helped reduce visible and severe injuries, were changing lanes and the young TW riders (<18 years).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2022 17:29:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900998</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The relationship between trends in COVID-19 prevalence and traffic levels in South Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1765469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 pandemic on March 12, 2020. Several studies have indicated that densely populated urban environments and the heavy dependence on traffic could increase the potential spread of COVID-19. This study investigated the association between changes in traffic volume and the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea.  This study analyzed the daily national traffic and traffic trend for 3 months from January 1, 2020. Traffic data were measured using 6307 vehicle detection system (VDS). This study analyzed the difference in traffic levels between 2019 and 2020. Non-linear regression was performed to analyze the change in traffic trend in 2020. The relationship between traffic and confirmed COVID-19 cases was analyzed using single linear regression.  The mean daily nationwide level of traffic for the first 3 months of 2020 was 143 655 563 vehicles, which was 9.7% lower than the same period in 2019 (159 044 566 vehicles). All regions showed a decreasing trend in traffic in February, which shifted to an increasing trend from March. In Incheon there was a positive, but insignificant, linear relationship between increasing numbers of newly confirmed cases and increasing traffic (beta = 43 146; p = 0.056).  Numbers of newly confirmed COVID-19 patients have been decreasing since March, while the traffic has been increasing. The fact that traffic is increasing indicates greater contact between people, which in turn increases the risk of further COVID-19 spread. Therefore, the government will need to devise suitable policies, such as total social distancing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Feb 2021 10:12:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1765469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Whether low-cost-carrier passengers spend more on duty-free goods at the airport? Evidence from Incheon International Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With a dramatic growth in the low-cost carrier (LCC) traffic around the world, many airports have built budget terminals to accommodate the LCC flights with cheaper airport charge to the airlines but inferior shopping environment and service quality to the passengers. This study aims to answer the following research questions: i). Whether the LCC passengers have higher purchasing power than FSC (full-service carrier) passengers for the airport concessions, particularly the duty-free goods? ii). Would the budget terminal design contribute to or jeopardize the LCC passengers' airport concession expenditure? iii). How could the airport operator maximize its concession revenue by re-designing terminal or re-allocating flight slots? The authors collect the actual airport duty-free transaction data from Incheon International Airport (ICN) for an empirical investigation. The empirical evidence first suggests that LCC passengers could have comparable or even higher purchasing power than FSC passengers in consuming duty-free goods at the airport. Among all the LCC passengers, Chinese have the highest purchasing power. Second, the inferior shopping environment and service quality of budget terminal seriously jeopardize the duty-free sales from the LCC passengers. Third, counterfactual analyses show that, if ICN could convert its budget terminal into a conventional terminal, 44 million USD more duty-free sales can be generated per year. Even keeping the current terminal design, re-allocating the LCC flights between the budget terminal and conventional terminal could bring approximately 4.9 million USD more duty-free sales per year. The findings provide managerial implications to ICN and other airports for effective airport revenue management. First, the budget terminal design may not be ideal to accommodate LCC traffic as it damages the concession revenue from particular LCC passengers with high purchasing power. Second, exploring the concession revenue from the growing LCC traffic could help maintain an airport's advantage in aeronautical charge under single-till regulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2020 15:46:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708129</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle Speed Prediction Using a Markov Chain With Speed Constraints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1648361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modern vehicles are designed to improve fuel consumption while satisfying emissions regulations. As a result, powertrains are becoming increasingly complex and changing rapidly. Optimal control based on the future vehicle speed is one way to address these changes. In this approach, accurate prediction of velocity is closely related to the performance of optimal control. However, there exists uncertainty and complexity in predicting the driver’s behavior, which can be influenced by the surrounding driving environment. In order to overcome such limitations, the authors propose a prediction algorithm of vehicle speed based on a stochastic model using a Markov chain with speed constraints. The Markov chain, which forms the basis of the proposed algorithm, generates the velocity trajectory stochastically within speed constraints. The constraints are estimated by an empirical model that takes into account the road geometry and is organized by the intuitive form of matrices. To reduce the complexity of the vehicle position and roadway integration, a curvilinear coordinate system is presented using GPS information and a roadway geometry model. Based on these coordinates, the algorithm predicts the future velocity for each cycle from the current vehicle position up to the ahead distance. The proposed algorithm is evaluated through experiments in an urban area, and the test vehicle collects driving data on the roadway position domain. The algorithm was verified in the following conditions: free of surrounding vehicles and traffic lights, the average velocity of the test vehicle is 47.8 km/h, and the maximum velocity of the test vehicle is 66.6 km/h. The experimental results show that a 3.8041 km/h root-mean-square-error is achieved with a prediction horizon of up to 200 m.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Sep 2019 12:07:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1648361</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Competitiveness for Major International Airports in Northeast Asia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth of air passenger demand and competition among major international airports in Asia has raised governments’ attention to re-examine their dual-airport or multiple-airport policy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current development and determine the factors influencing the competitive strength of routes between the international hub airports in Northeast Asia and other airports at local cities based on passenger demand, airlines, and airport attributes. A demand competitive indicator is proposed to present the competitiveness and connectivity of selected routes connecting to Narita and Incheon International Airports. In order to clarify the relationship between the demand competitive indicator and components, we used a multivariate regression approach. The results of the analysis show that air passengers in local cities could more convenient connections using Incheon as the hub airport for reaching destination overseas. While Korean airline companies have applied and operated for the routes between Incheon Airport and local airports in Japan, which attracts air passengers to use Incheon as hub airport for their overseas itineraries, Narita offered limited domestic flight service but focuses its operation connecting to most major airports in Japan with higher passenger demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2019 09:55:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient airplane arrival scheduling using a set partitioning-based branch-and-price method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents an exact algorithm that is combined with a heuristic method to find the optimal solution for an airplane landing problem. For a given set of airplanes and runways, the objective is to minimize the accumulated deviations from the target landing time of the airplanes. A cost associated with landing either earlier or later than the target landing time is incurred for each airplane within its predetermined time window. In order to manage this type of large-scale optimization problem, a set partitioning formulation that results in a mixed integer linear program is proposed. One key contribution of this article is the development of a branch-and-price methodology, in which the column generation method is integrated with the branch-and-bound method in order to find the optimal integer solution. In addition to the exact algorithm, a simple heuristic method is also presented to tighten the solution space. Numerical experiments are undertaken for the proposed algorithm in order to confirm its effectiveness using public data from the OR-Library. As an application in the real-world situation of airplane landing, air traffic data from Incheon International Airport is employed to assure the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2018 09:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GPS Performance Assessment of Cable-Stayed Bridge using Wavelet Transform and Monte-Carlo Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global Positioning System (GPS) is an emerging tool of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) that can be used to help in understanding the nature of dynamic deformation/vibrations and explore the factors affecting the structural damage in three directions. In this study, the GPS geodetic survey techniques has been used on the Incheon Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge (ILSCSB) in Korea. Both of the bridge deck and pylon have been monitored using the high-rate (10 Hz) GPS measurements in lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions. The time series analysis has been carried out to evaluate the three-dimensional structural behavior of the bridge in time and frequency domains. The multi-filtering approach, wavelet transform, and Monte Carlo simulation of GPS data have been applied, including the fundamental frequency, the dominating deformation, and energy content of the bridge. The results reveal that the proposed methods based on the GPS-SHM system provide a potential technique for monitoring the dynamic characteristics of bridges with adequate performance. Furthermore, it can help in confirming the safety of a bridge under dynamic loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2018 15:33:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effects of the servicescape of airport transfer amenities on the behavioral intentions of transfer passengers: A case study on Incheon International Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research aims to explore the effects that the servicescape attributes of Incheon International Airport (IIA) transfer amenities have on perceived servicescape, emotional response, customer satisfaction, airport image, and behavioral intentions. A total of 305 transfer passengers in an IIA transfer lounge were surveyed, and the responses were analyzed using a structural equation model. Among six servicescape attributes, cleanliness, amusement, and functionality turned out to have positive effects on perceived servicescape. In turn, perceived servicescape had a positive effect on emotional response and customer satisfaction, and it also had a statistically significant effect on airport image and behavioral intentions. It is believed that this research can serve as a starting point for future studies on the diverse servicescapes of airport facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2018 13:44:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531678</guid>
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