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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Risk of invasive species spread by recreational boaters remains high despite widespread adoption of conservation behaviors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The spread of non-native aquatic species among waterbodies has become a major social, environmental, and economic concern. An important mechanism of this spread is the inadvertent transport of organisms on recreational boats as they are moved among waterbodies. Organisms can survive on the exterior of the boat, the interior, attached to fishing tackle, and can be intentionally moved by boaters. In response, local, state, and federal U.S. agencies have invested in outreach campaigns to educate boaters about the impacts of invasive aquatic species and the ways that boaters can reduce the risk of spread. The authors surveyed boaters in the U.S. state of Illinois to determine their travel patterns and how frequently they clean different parts of their boats. A majority of boaters reported that they always take recommended actions to clean their boat exterior (72% of respondents), boat interior (78%), and fishing tackle (55%), and only 4% reported that they intentionally move organisms. The authors used network methods to analyze the movement of recreational boaters and found strong connections among 28 highly visited waterbodies. When they removed the 38% of respondents who Always take recommended actions to reduce risk of species spread by all four mechanisms this network was minimally altered and still contained all 28 waterbodies. This indicates that despite high adoption of conservation behaviors there is a continuing risk of non-native species transport among all waterbodies. This work shows that further action is necessary if the impacts of invasive aquatic species are to be reduced in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2019 10:30:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630029</guid>
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      <title>Metabarcoding and machine learning analysis of environmental DNA in ballast water arriving to hub ports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1636139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While ballast water has long been linked to the global transport of invasive species, little is known about its microbiome. Herein, the authors used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabarcoding to perform the most comprehensive microbiological survey of ballast water arriving to hub ports to date. In total, the authors characterized 41 ballast, 20 harbor, and 6 open ocean water samples from four world ports (Shanghai, China; Singapore; Durban, South Africa; Los Angeles, California). In addition, the authors cultured Enterococcus and E. coli to evaluate adherence to International Maritime Organization standards for ballast discharge. Five of the 41 vessels - all of which were loaded in China - did not comply with standards for at least one indicator organism. Dominant bacterial taxa of ballast water at the class level were Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidia. Ballast water samples were composed of significantly lower proportions of Oxyphotobacteria than either ocean or harbor samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and machine learning were used to identify and test potential biomarkers for classifying sample types (ocean, harbor, ballast). Eight candidate biomarkers were used to achieve 81% (k nearest neighbors) to 88% (random forest) classification accuracy. Further research of these biomarkers could aid the development of techniques to rapidly assess ballast water origin.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2019 08:00:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1636139</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Antifouling paint schemes for green SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in antifouling (AF) paints in general prevent fouling in about 95% of the vessel's immersed surface. However the remaining area which amounts to 5% or less of the total area does get fouled. Although this level of fouling has marginal impact on the routine performance of the vessel it is a predominant vector for the transmigration of invasive species which is now a serious environmental concern. Virtually all ocean going vessels are coated with antifouling paints predominant among them are “Self polishing coatings”. CFD analysis conducted on various types of vessels have indicated that there are certain “hotspots” where the polishing rates are exceedingly high and would polish the AF paints at a much faster rate and ultimately result in the failure of the AF coating. A possible solution to this issue is to first identify these hotspots and suitable paint schemes/formulations are to be applied in such areas. An experimental procedure utilizing a “drum-test” apparatus can be used to compute the coating thicknesses based on wall shear stresses. Such painting schemes would prevent the premature failure of the AF coating in general and significantly reduce the risk of transmigration of invasive species in particular.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2019 11:48:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578241</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>High diversity and potential translocation of DNA viruses in ballast water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballast water is a common vector for the transport of invasive species to new marine and aquatic environments. The authors used a metagenomics approach to examine the composition and diversity of viral communities in ballast water from ships originating in Mexico, Saudi Arabia, New York, and Panama, and in water from the port of their destination in Busan, Korea. Myoviridae was the most abundant virus family in ballast water, followed Podoviridae and Siphoviridae. The authors also identified viruses that infect invertebrates, amoebas, and algae in ballast water and in the Busan port water. Interestingly, there were several viruses that infect humans or other animals (Swinepox virus, Raccoonpox virus, Suid herpesvirus, and Human endogenous retrovirus) in the samples from New York and Panama. In addition, there were giant viruses in all the ballast water samples, especially, identified Megavirus chilensis in New York and Panama, and Pandoravirus salinus in Mexico and Saudi Arabia. These results provide detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the viruses present in ballast water, document significant viral diversity, and indicate the potential translocation of viruses via ballast water.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Feb 2019 16:25:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571733</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Local variation within marinas: Effects of pollutants and implications for invasive species</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1536771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban structures like marinas are dominant features of coasts, often hotspots for invasive species. The processes that govern the distribution of invasive species within and between marinas are not well understood. The authors therefore investigated the impacts of local-scale variability within and between marinas, analysing fouling communities at two zones (inner and outer) within three close marinas in accordance with pollutants recorded in the water and sediment. Communities varied between zones, however no significant differences in abundances of invasive species was recorded. The inner zones contained higher levels of copper and other pollutants and were correlated with lower biodiversity and abundances of many species in comparison to the outer zones. Only the native Ascidiella aspersa was found in greater abundances in the inner zones. This local-scale variability and how it impacts biodiversity is important for consideration for coastal managers in mitigating the build-up of pollutants and spread of invasive species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:17:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1536771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of imaging-in-flow system (FlowCAM) for systematic ballast water management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1532813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Assessing the disinfection of ballast water and its compliance with international standards requires determining the size, viability, and concentration of planktonic organisms. The FlowCAM (Flow Cytometer and Microscope) is an Imaging Flow Cytometry designed to obtain the particle concentration, images, and quantitative morphologic information. The objective in this paper is to establish the basis for transforming the FlowCAM from being a laboratory analyzer into a tool for systematic monitoring of ballast water. The capacity of the FlowCAM was evaluated by analyzing artificial microbeads, phytoplankton monocultures, and real seawater samples. Microbead analyses reported high accuracy and precision in size and concentration measurements. Monoculture analyses showed the effect of disinfection treatments in cell appearance and growth. Low concentration and heterogeneity of particles in real seawater analyses require the comprehensive observation of images by experts. Additionally, some physical characteristics of the device must be improved. The optimization of device configuration enables the quick transferring of files and information between parties involved in ballast water management. FlowCAM may become a feasible technology for this after the device and protocols are adapted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2018 16:37:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1532813</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Revisiting the basis for US ballast water regulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1536109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport and release of invasive organisms in ballast water has harmed ecosystems, economic activities and human health. Current US ballast water regulations intended to minimize the discharge of such organisms are based on results reported by a scientific advisory committee in 2011. Using the same methods, the authors re-analyzed the data evaluated by the committee as well as new data. The authors find that the committee's analysis was flawed, and that some treatment systems can meet limits that are 10 times (for zooplankton) or 1000 times (for phytoplankton) more stringent than the committee reported. These findings suggest that US ballast water standards, and similar standards in a recently ratified international agreement, should be re-evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2018 16:34:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1536109</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Pest Insect (Gypsy Moth) Control with Eco Friendly Measure on an Expressway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors report on a study on insect pest control, especially in gypsy moths. Rest areas on expressways of Japan are equipped with some facilities, such as restaurants, shops, and toilets, where drivers take a rest. Recently, outbreaks of gypsy moths have been frequently occurring in Hokkaido at summer time and many moths make drivers at the rest area uncomfortable. Moreover, at interchanges (ICs) with electronic toll collection (ETC) systems, communication errors often occur when moths stick to a sensor light. However, excessive usage of insecticides should be refrained. Therefore, the authors have sought out ecofriendly procedures to control the numbers of gypsy moth. They chose the light trap method as a cost-effective technical solution. They set up lights with various wavelengths, such as a black light, a UV cut light and so on. The authors found significant differences between lamps emitting different wavelengths on their attraction. By specifying the wavelength of light to which moths respond, the authors will be able to maximize the efficiency of the light trap method. Their ultimate goal is to develop commercial products that effectively and economically capture gypsy moths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:02:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk Reduction of an Invasive Insect by Targeting Surveillance Efforts with the Assistance of a Phenology Model and International Maritime Shipping Routes and Schedules</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar [Linnaeus]) is an exotic pest that was accidentally released from its rearing facility in Medford, MA, USA in 1868 or 1869 and has spread to a number of cities across the United States and Canada. Females of the Asian subspecies of gypsy moth (AGM) (L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica) are capable of strong directed flight, which results in long-range dispersal. To detect and prevent introduction of AGM into North America, inspections of maritime vessels are conducted before departure from regulated Asian ports and upon arrival at North American ports. Vessel inspection is the responsibility of Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service—Plant Protection & Quarantine (APHIS-PPQ) in the USA and of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in Canada. In this article, the author describes a decision support tool designed to partition the allocation of inspection resources among multiple vessels according to estimates of potential onboard AGM population and larval emergence pattern. Using a multigenerational phenology, the decision support tool can estimate the potential onboard population of egg masses. The work aims to describe a fully functional risk estimation system in which gypsy moth phenology is simulated in each of the regulated Asian ports that are visited by the vessel of interest. Additionally, the onboard population of eggs is augmented at each visited regulated port by calculating the intersection between the port oviposition period and the dates on which the vessel was in port. Onboard phenology is simulated as the vessel travels from port to port and multiple independent simulations are used to create a probability distribution of the size and timing of larval emergence.  The author suggests that risk reduction is improved by multiple, complementary tactics including examination of vessels at departure port and destination port. The research illustrates that risk can differ substantially between vessels whose lists of port visitations and scheduled arrivals at a destination port are not differentiated by current APHIS-PPQ and CFIA regulatory rules.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:29:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of transportation and translocation on dispersal behaviour in the invasive cane toad.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1486105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biological invasions transport organisms to novel environments; but how does the translocation process influence movement patterns of the invader? Plausibly, the stress of encountering a novel environment, or of the transport process, might induce rapid dispersal from the release site-potentially enhancing (or reducing) invader success and spread. We investigated the effect of transportation and release to novel environments on dispersal-relevant traits of one of the world's most notorious invaders, the cane toad (Rhinella marina). We collected toads in northern New South Wales from heath and woodland habitats, manipulated the level of transport stress and either returned toads to their exact collection point (residents) or reciprocally translocated them to a novel site. Both translocation and the level of transport stress drastically altered toad dispersal rates for at least 5 days post-release. Translocated toads (depending on their level of transport stress and release habitat) moved on average two to five times further per day (mean range 67-148 m) than did residents (mean range 22-34 m). Translocated toads also moved on more days, and moved further from their release point than did resident toads, but did not move in straighter lines. A higher level of transport stress (simulating long-distance translocation) had no significant effect on movements of resident toads but amplified the dispersal of translocated toads only when released into woodland habitat. These behavioural shifts induced by translocation and transportation may affect an invader's ability to colonise novel sites, and need to be incorporated into plans for invader control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Oct 2017 11:18:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1486105</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evidence-Based Decision Making to Underpin the Thresholds in New Zealand's Craft Risk Management Standard: Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vessel biofouling is a significant pathway for the introduction of nonindigenous marine species (NIMS). New Zealand is the first nation to regulate the vessel biofouling pathway, with controls scheduled to come into force in May 2018. The Craft Risk Management Standard (CRMS): Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand specifies the hull fouling thresholds that vessels must meet; and here, the authors present the evidence-based decisions that underpin these thresholds.  Under the CRMS, a vessel must arrive in New Zealand with a “clean hull,” the thresholds for which are governed by the intended duration of a vessel's stay in New Zealand. For example, long-stay (≥21 days) vessels must meet a more stringent standard of hull cleanliness due to the increased likelihood of release and establishment of NIMS. While setting a clean hull threshold at “slime layer only” can be tractable when vessels operate within the specifications of antifouling coatings, incidental amounts of macrofouling can establish even under the best management practices. Because of such instances, the thresholds within the CRMS were designed to allow for the presence of some macrofouling species, albeit with restrictions to minimize biosecurity risk. These thresholds are intended to limit species richness and to prevent successful reproduction and settlement of the allowed taxonomic groups while considering the practicality and feasibility of implementation.  The difficulties of managing biofouling on different areas of the hull are acknowledged within these thresholds. For example, a greater tolerance of macrofouling has been allowed for niche areas due to the difficulties in preventing biofouling on these areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 2017 16:10:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Florida Inlets and Intertidal Biofouling Communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reports on the identity and coverage of rocky intertidal species in the major inlets of Florida’s Atlantic coast. From north to south, these inlets are Fort George, St. Augustine, Ponce De Leon, Port Canaveral, Sebastian, Fort Pierce, Jupiter, Lake Worth, Boca Raton, Port Everglades, Baker’s Haulover, and Port of Miami. Dominant coverage in the southerly inlets included star corals (Siderastrea radians, 62% Port of Miami), ribbed barnacles (Tetraclita stalactifera, 18% Port Everglades), and zoanthid corals (Palythoa sp., 40% Baker’s Haulover). In the north, the community shifted and species absent in the south became common (e.g., eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica, 9% Fort George, 15% St. Augustine; the macroalga Enteromorpha lactuca, 10% Fort George, 17% Sebastian Inlet). The invasive bryozoan Bugula neritina was always present north of the Port of Miami and was a major community component north of Port Everglades (e.g., 27% Fort Pierce Inlet and 22% Ponce de Leon Inlet). Correlations between intertidal populations and environmental indicators included the oyster C. virginica with various sea surface temperature (SST) parameters (e.g., inverse correlations with max SST, R 2 = 0.81, p = .038). Likewise, the coralline alga Pneophyllum fragile was correlated with various SST parameters (e.g., min SST, R 2 = 0.51, p = .020). Bare rock and B. neritina both showed inverse correlations with the human population of inlet drainage basins (R 2 = 0.28, p = .040 and R 2 = 0.33, p = .026, respectively), the latter relationship an unexpected pattern for a notorious invader. These data show latitudinal patterns and provide baselines for future comparisons in the wake of projected climate change.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 2017 16:10:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467528</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ship ballast water as a main vector of marine introductions in the Mediterranean Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marine invasive species are currently recognized as one of the most significant threats to global biodiversity. Marine bioinvasions are more likely in the Mediterranean Sea because of its wide temperature range, degraded habitats, historical and high volume of shipping traffic, and high occurrence of aquaculture. One of the main vectors of marine introductions globally and Mediterranean-wide is commercial shipping. Of the 3,000–4,000 species transferred around the world via commercial vessels, approximately 30% of these species may have been redistributed in the Mediterranean. Ships and marine invasive species arriving in the Mediterranean are mainly from temperate to cold-water regions. Standardized research and management approaches between countries are required to address the threat of ballast water borne marine invasives on a global scale. Regionally, a Mediterranean program involving the different states is currently needed to develop a common line of research and management operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2016 09:03:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Possible effects of climate change on the spread of invasive marine species and implications for maritime industries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global climate change stands to have major implications for maritime industries, including fisheries and aquaculture, recreation and tourism, and shipping and ports. Amongst these implications are the possible effects of climate change on the dispersal and distribution of marine species, as environmental conditions in the world’s seas and oceans change with climate change. This paper explores, in an introductory manner only, the potential impacts of climate change on marine bio-invasions, the possible effect of these impacts on maritime industries, and the possible implications for the way that we manage these industries, including ship’s ballast water and sediments and hull fouling, to prevent and reduce marine bio-invasions. The paper presents the case for the inclusion of this topic on the programme of 1st International Conference on the Impacts of Climate Change on Maritime Industries (ICCMI 2008), planned to be held in Malmö, Sweden in June 2008, where international experts in the science of climate change and marine bio-invasions might present more detailed scientific and technical papers on the issue.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2016 09:02:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411732</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Economical Effects of the Bio-Invasions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418966</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to examine the economical effects of the bio-invasive phenomenon, beginning with global considerations in this respect, and ending with proposing legal and scientific measures, for preventing the undesirable effects of this phenomenon. As an example, it presents an analysis of the Black Sea ecosystem problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2016 17:09:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418966</guid>
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