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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on Flag State Responsibilities and ‘Open Registers’ for Vessel Registration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this study is to provide the contracting authority and the European Commission (in particular the Directorate General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) with an up-to-date analysis of the economic dynamics and the effects of the use of so-called “open registers” for sea-going vessels (often closely related to “flags of convenience”). It also compares open registers used as flags of convenience with national (closed) registers, highlighting their differences and implications. The study responds to the EU’s strategic priorities outlined in the June 2022 international ocean governance agenda. The Joint Communication of the Commission and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on international ocean governance, specifically identified the fulfilment of flag States responsibilities by those acting as open registers as one of the priorities for the EU International Ocean Governance agenda. It announced the Commission’s intention to launch a “study exposing the models of operators using open registers and the various actors involved in the functioning of these registers, as well as proposing solutions to address problems identified”. The study, therefore, aims to assess the drivers and effects associated with open registers used as flags of convenience. Recognising the complex, often opaque landscape — characterised by limited transparency, biased industry reports, and sector-specific sensitivities — this analysis focuses on understanding their impacts on economic, social, environmental and security policy objectives of the European Union (EU) and relevant international frameworks. The use of the term "open registers" in this document does not imply or suggest in any way any substandard practices by EU Member States that utilise open registers. The term is used without any judgment or assumption about the quality, integrity, or effectiveness of the practices implemented by these Member States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 13:54:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657018</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EU Transport Infrastructure: Further Delays and Some Cost Increases, but a Reinforced Governance Framework Is in Place for the Future (An Update of ECA Special Report 10/2020)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Megaprojects are key to the completion of the EU trans-European transport network. In 2020, we published a special report showing major delays, cost increases, weak coordination between member states, and weaknesses in the Commission’s oversight. This report provides an update, taking into account developments since then. We observed a further increase in the combined cost of the megaprojects, mainly driven by two of them, and additional delays which imply that the EU core network will not be completed by the 2030 deadline. In 2024, new legal provisions were introduced with the potential to improve the Commission’s oversight of the implementation of the network, although the changes will mostly be relevant for projects that started later than the megaprojects we audited. ECA special report pursuant to Article 287(4), second subparagraph, TFEU.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 10:11:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657020</guid>
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      <title>Resolving Stakeholder Conflicts in Overseas Port Investment Projects: Improved Graph Model for Conflict Resolution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compared to typical challenges in port investment projects, such as land compensation and environmental pollution, overseas port investment projects (OPIPs) face complex international political environments and cultural differences. These factors lead to stakeholder conflicts, causing project delays, cost overruns, or even cancellations. Developing effective methods for managing stakeholder conflicts in OPIPs has become a pressing and challenging research issue. This study integrates the graph model for conflict resolution with the intuitionistic fuzzy set-TOPSIS algorithm and develops a five-stage evolution model for OPIPs’ stakeholder conflicts. The model is validated through labor conflicts at Kyaukpyu Port in Myanmar. The results indicated that (1) Kyaukphyu Port developed two distinct approaches to resolve labor employment conflicts: a government-led mode centered on policy adjustment and cooperation, and an enterprise-driven conflict escalation mode characterized by government delay and enterprise withdrawal; (2) the timing and approach of government intervention, along with corporate social responsibility, were key factors influencing the resolution pathways of labor employment conflict; and (3) stakeholder conflicts in OPIPs progress through the stages of potential opposition, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes, with conflict intensity following a typical inverted U-shaped trend. This study provides decision-makers with a scientific tool for conflict management and resolution pathways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646103</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Geopolitical Sprint to Arctic Resources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Arctic waters are expected to become seasonally ice-free by 2035, opening up access to unspoiled natural resources and shipping routes. This development creates a host of maritime opportunities and threats for the eight nations with land territories in the Arctic and other states with Arctic interests. Governance over the seas in the region is largely driven by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and various regional fisheries management organizations and is facilitated by the Arctic Council—the primary body for regional cooperation. For nations who are signatory, UNCLOS contains a process for arbitrating competing and overlapping claims to subsea natural resources. However, increased Arctic access is likely to further intensify territorial disputes as countries race to seize vast economic opportunities and contend for greater control of resources in the region, including the enormous reserves of oil, natural gas, and minerals that hold the key to military defense and economic growth. As the Arctic continues to evolve geopolitically, the international community must prioritize a rules-based resource extraction to ensure long-term sustainability and global security.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 13:22:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting geopolitical instability through GNSS anomalies and air traffic data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines whether GNSS anomalies in ADS-B data can serve as early indicators of geopolitical events, such as civil unrest or military conflict. Prior research suggests a link between air traffic volume and GNSS anomalies, particularly in regions with potential political instability. Using ADS-B data from the OpenSky Network and conflict data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), this study analyzes the relationship between GNSS anomalies and geopolitical tensions, including battles, violent protests, riots, explosions, and violence against civilians. GNSS anomalies are measured by the density of GNSS gaps and deviations, normalized by total traffic in a region. The findings suggest a connection between GNSS disruptions and political unrest, with anomalies often aligning with early conflict stages. The study indicates that GNSS interference patterns, combined with air traffic and other data, may offer insights into the timing and location of emerging geopolitical risks. This research enhances understanding of GNSS interference in aviation and proposes using open-source aviation data for geopolitical risk assessments, potentially enabling aviation stakeholders to mitigate risks in conflict-prone regions and supporting near real-time warnings for geopolitical instabilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 09:09:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628377</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MIKTA maritime research gaps: Data-driven machine learning approach for sustainable collaboration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime industry is a cornerstone of global trade but faces significant sustainability challenges. International collaboration is crucial to address these issues, particularly for middle-income nations like MIKTA countries. This study employs a data analytics and machine learning approach to identify potential areas for collaborative research in sustainable maritime technology within MIKTA. By utilizing Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, we categorized research papers into sub-fields and identified potential collaborations. Network and self-organizing map (SOM) analyses further refined these findings, revealing three priority areas with high collaboration potential but limited research: (1) developing a Sustainable Maritime Economy Realization Model (Indonesia-Korea), (2) creating an environmentally friendly and efficient port operation system (Mexico-Australia), and (3) establishing a Sustainable Management System for port workforce safety and health (Indonesia-Turkey). These insights can inform research and policy agendas, accelerating the development and adoption of sustainable maritime technologies within MIKTA and contributing to global maritime sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 13:32:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587186</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced supply chain resilience under geopolitical risks: The role of artificial intelligence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on supply chain resilience (SCR) under geopolitical risks (GPR) through a tractable research framework and empirical analysis. We first develop a general equilibrium model with stochastic supply chain shocks to specify the underlying economic mechanism. The results show that the existence of geopolitical factors will increase the risk cost of firms maintaining supply chain relations, thus weakening SCR. However, the significant cost reductions, efficiency gains, and improvement of contractual completeness resulting from AI greatly empower firms to increase profits, thereby mitigating the disruption of uncertain risks to the supply chain, which leads to enhanced SCR. AI could mitigate the negative effects of GPR to a certain extent, but this depends on the relative magnitude of the positive and negative incentive effects of AI. We then perform two-way fixed effects estimations using data on Chinese listed firms. The empirical results validate our main theoretical analysis and confirm the role of firm profit as a bridge between AI and SCR, along with its attendant premise. Our further exploration confirms the moderating effect of AI in high-tech and high-competition industries, which may be attributed to the predominance of positive incentive effects of AI. Finally, our analysis results call for firms to strike a balance between the breadth and depth of AI applications, thus comprehensively strengthening the ability of the supply chain to cope with uncertainty.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:49:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584354</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhancing shipping network efficiency: The geopolitical effects of the maritime silk road from the port investment perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of economic globalisation, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, as an important global economic co-operation initiative, aims to promote economic and cultural exchanges between countries along the route. As a key node of the Maritime Silk Road, ports play a crucial role in logistics, trade and cultural exchanges, and their level of investment and development directly affects the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the Maritime Silk Road. This study proposes a port investment optimisation model based on vulnerability and resilience perspectives, aiming to enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of the Maritime Silk Road in the 21st century. By constructing a network topology model, this study quantifies key topological indicators of the port network, including degree centrality, meso-centrality and network efficiency, in order to assess the network characteristics and the strategic importance of individual ports. It was found that simplifying the complex relationships in port network data through principal component regression (PCR) was effective in capturing the main sources of variation and identifying the key factors affecting port network efficiency. In addition, the application of Pearson's correlation coefficient reveals the correlation between port investment and performance indicators, providing a scientific basis for quantifying the impact of investment on port network connectivity and centrality. The contribution of this study lies in the in-depth revelation of the structural characteristics of the port network through empirical analyses of 15 major Maritime Silk Road port cities and the provision of a scientific basis for port investment decisions. The findings are not only important for promoting regional economic integration, global competitiveness and economic growth, but also highlight the need to bring sustainable development opportunities to countries and regions along the Belt and Road through scientific investment strategies and network optimisation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:49:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583922</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Customs and Transport and Logistics Infrastructure in Russia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a dynamically changing external environment, international economic integration is a powerful and stimulating tool for the national economy development in Russia at all levels and increasing its competitiveness in world markets. Modern integration processes contribute to the successful interaction of both individual states and their economic processes. This format makes it possible to move to a qualitatively new level of relations. World experience confirms that a modern state cannot function outside of any regional association or union, however, in different regions, integration processes develop in different ways, depending on various historical, economic, cultural and other factors. The decisive role in the integration processes implementation is played by the customs and transport and logistics infrastructure of the country, region, territory. The length of transport system communication lines of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2020 was 87.05 thousand km of public railways, 55.01 thousand km of industrial railway transport; 1.666.02 thousand km of motor roads, including 1508.03 thousand km of general use; 2.51 thousand km of tram lines; 542 km of subways, 5.21 thousand km of trolleybus lines; 101.01 thousand km of inland waterways; more than 600 thousand km of air lines served by a unified air traffic management system, trunk lines: gas pipelines - 180.02 thousand km, oil pipelines - 53.04 thousand km, oil product pipelines - 17.03 thousand km (Statistics data of 2020). Every day about 50.61 million passengers and 22.12 million tons of cargo are transported in Russia by all types of transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:32:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilience in the Face of Disruptions: Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Geopolitical Conflicts on Global Airport Connectivity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic and rising geopolitical tensions have severely disrupted global air transport, significantly impacting airport connectivity. This study analyzes the evolving patterns of global airport connectivity in response to these overlapping crises. On top of using a refined Global Airport Connectivity Index (GACI) applied at quarterly intervals from 2019 to 2024, the authors develop an international GACI metric to evaluate changes and regional disparities across distinct stages of disruption and recovery. The findings reveal that, while global airport connectivity has largely returned to pre-pandemic levels, recovery trajectories varied markedly across regions due to different pandemic response strategies, vaccination timelines, and conflict-related airspace closures. Specifically, the Middle East and North Africa experienced rapid recovery, whereas Northeast Asia and Eastern Europe lagged, hampered by prolonged border restrictions and geopolitical conflicts respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that medium-sized and emerging international airports played a significant role in the overall market recovery. The study provides important insights into emerging structural shifts in the global air transport network, underscoring the necessity for adaptive, coordinated policies to enhance resilience against future disruptions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:56:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of operational leanness and resilience on managing geopolitical risks: The moderating role of demand uncertainty and betweenness centrality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S.-China trade war significantly impacts global supply chain security and stability. This study delves into a particular policy enacted by the U.S. amid the U.S.-China trade war context, targeting foreign investment in China. The authors focus is on examining its repercussions on the stock market of relevant high-tech industries in China, and they explore how operational leanness and operational resilience hedge the impact, as well as environmental and network factors moderate these effects based on the complex adaptive systems (CASs) perspective. This study adopts the event study method to analyze the impact of the U.S. investment restriction event in China on the shareholder value of Chinese listed firms. To test their model, they collected data from 812 Chinese listed firms. The U.S. investment restriction event adversely affects the shareholder value of targeted industries in China. Furthermore, they observe a negative correlation between operational leanness and cumulative abnormal returns, while operational resilience exhibits a positive association with cumulative abnormal returns. They also delve into the impact of demand uncertainty and betweenness centrality on these two moderating effects. Their findings reveal that demand uncertainty weakens the positive influence of operational resilience, whereas betweenness centrality strengthens it. However, neither demand uncertainty nor betweenness centrality influences the efficacy of operational leanness. This research enriches the geopolitical risk literature by focusing on a significant investment restriction act. Their study contributes to the different roles of operational leanness and resilience in mitigating geopolitical risks as well as their boundary conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 09:19:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geopolitical risks and airlines stock return — Implications to the financial stability of European airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2557133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study utilizes a time-varying Granger causality test to investigate the causal relationship between geopolitical risks and stock return of main carriers in Europe. While the overall estimations from the entire dataset reveal limited evidence supporting causality between these variables, the rolling-window bootstrapping Granger causality test presents a dynamic pattern that a time-varying causality running from geopolitical risks to airline stock returns. However, within this fluctuating analytical framework, airline stock returns fail to reliably predict geopolitical risks. Finally, the authors offer significant policy implications to the financial stability of European airlines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2557133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategic conflicts in the aviation industry: Evolution and impact analysis using Graph Model with application to airspace conflict between European Countries and Russia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a general framework of analyzing strategic conflicts in aviation industry is proposed based on Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR). The ongoing conflict regarding the mutual closure of airspace between Russia and the European countries (EUC) and the nationalization of leased aircrafts by Russia are investigated using GMCR for the first time. Outcomes at five possible scenarios are analyzed by calculating the equilibria in which decision makers (DM) behave with different preferences, or with new choice of actions. The evolution analysis is further carried out at each scenario to demonstrate how the conflict could evolve from the starting state to the calculated equilibria. Amidst the ongoing military conflict, it can be suggested whether the conflicts regarding the airspace closure and the nationalization of aircraft can be solved at various scenarios and under what conditions, through convenient modeling and rigorous computation. The calculation result indicates that negotiation could help solve the conflict, while sanctions along could not force Russia to reopen its airspace. This research can provide an enhanced understanding of the conflict regarding airspace sanctions between Russia and the EUC and the guidance of actions for concerned decision makers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>European Aviation Environmental Report 2025</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is published every three years with the purpose of providing an objective, clear, and accurate source of information on the environmental performance of the aviation sector at the European level. The 2025 edition begins with an overview of the current aviation sector in Europe. In-depth analyses of the following topics are then presented: aviation environmental impacts; technology and design; air traffic management and operations; airports; sustainable aviation fuels; and market-based environmental protection measures. The importance of international cooperation to achieving agreed-upon goals is emphasized. Given the increasing urgency of climate change, the aviation sector in Europe must make environmental protection a key strategic priority.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 13:59:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The International Maritime Organization’s Crucial Role in the Coast Guard’s Prevention Mission</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550831</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The United States Coast Guard's prevention mission seeks to ensure the safety of seafarers, thwart marine casualties and property losses, minimize security risks, and protect the marine environment through the development of standards and regulations. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is comprised of 175 member states, which share the common goal of increased safety and security alongside enhanced environmental stewardship, while also promoting energy efficiency and innovation in the maritime industry. Three instruments form the foundation of the IMO’s technical requirements: the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which includes the International Ship and Port Facility Code; the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL); and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping. The Coast Guard has led the U.S. delegations to the IMO since the IMO Convention entered into force over 50 years ago. The Coast Guard’s regulatory framework is expected to evolve with emerging maritime challenges, such as increasing ship traffic, technological advancements, and climate change impacts. The IMO’s ongoing development of new conventions, codes, and amendments will continue to shape the service’s approach to maritime regulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550831</guid>
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