<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7SW50ZXJuYWwgb3JnYW5zJnF1b3Q7IiBvcmlnaW5hbF92YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7SW50ZXJuYWwgb3JnYW5zJnF1b3Q7IiAvPjwvZmlsdGVycz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Abdominal Visceral Dynamics during Whole-Body Vibration Using a Human Body Finite Element Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, we investigated the abdominal visceral dynamics under whole-body vibration using a human body finite element model. The model incorporated muscle activity to maintain a seated posture and adopted an implicit solver to enhance the computational efficiency of long-duration simulations. The simulation results indicated that the abdominal viscera underwent compressive and tensile deformation owing to phase differences between the thoracic and external excitation displacements, with peak deformation observed at approximately 5 Hz. Such deformations may induce the neural activation of mechanoreceptors within the abdominal viscera, potentially contributing to abdominal discomfort in moving vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:53:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684156</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing the Transport of Organs for Transplantation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an organ becomes available for transplantation, a recipient must be selected. Usually, donor and recipient are geographically apart. Therefore, the transport of the organ must be planned and executed within the time window imposed by the maximum preservation time of the organ, which can impact recipient selection. The Cold Ischemia Time - CIT, that is the time elapsed between the surgical removal of the organ and its transplantation, must be the minimum possible to improve the transplantation success. In this sense, the air transport becomes the best option and, sometimes, it is the only way to deliver the organ before perishing. The planning of an organ transportation means choosing, among thousands of possible sequences of flights, the option that delivers the organ faster to its destination. This problem can be modeled as a resource constrained shortest path. Given the urgency and importance of this task, which is solved manually in Brazil, the authors present a labeling algorithm to find the optimal sequence of flights. Computational tests performed on 25 Brazilian real cases showed a reduction, on average, of 37,46% for the CITs and 44,17% for the transport times.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:56:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483740</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Refined Bird Model Considering Soft and Skeletal Tissues for Bird Impact Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2409523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To more accurately characterize the load characteristics of birds under the impact of aviation structures, this study conducted computed tomography scanning of a 1-kg chicken and proposed a geometric model of the bird, including bones, muscles, viscera, and cavities. The constitutive model of fluid dynamics was used to describe the rheological properties of muscle viscera, and a bilinear follow-up plastic model with failure was proposed to describe the mechanical behavior of bones under high-speed impact, and then the bone and muscle/viscera models were assembled into a refined bird model to establish a finite element model. The model was verified with bird impact testing on a rigid target. By comparing and analyzing the impact pressure with the traditional bird model, it was found that the initial impact pressure and stagnation flow pressure of the CT scan refined bird model were lower than those of the traditional bird model and were close to the experimental values. The reason for this phenomenon is that the CT scan refined bird model to some extent reproduces the response of the real structure inside the bird body during the impact process, the high strength level of the bone part model will reduce the material’s movement speed after the bird body model rheological changes, and it well demonstrates the phenomenon of reduced mixing density after rheological deformation during simulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Sep 2024 10:25:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2409523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inhalation of subway fine particles induces murine extrapulmonary organs damage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2171262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of its speed and convenience, the subway has become the first choice for travel by many residents. However, the concentration of fine particles (PM₂.₅) in the air of a subway platform is higher than that of the ground level or carriage. Moreover, the composition and source of subway PM₂.₅ differ from those of atmospheric PM₂.₅. Currently, there is insufficient research on the impact of subway PM₂.₅ on health. In this study, intratracheally subway PM₂.₅-inoculated wild type (WT) and Rag1⁻/⁻ mice, lacking functional T cells and B cells, were used to investigate the potential of subway PM₂.₅ exposure to cause extrapulmonary organ injuries. Subway PM₂.₅ increased inflammatory cells infiltration, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, as well as monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 gene and protein expression, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB levels in liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus in a dose-dependent fashion in WT mice. Subway PM₂.₅ exposure resulted in slight macrophage (F4/80⁺) and neutrophil (Ly6G⁺) infiltration and caused no increase in the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, or COX-2 in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and thymus of Rag1⁻/⁻ mice. These results demonstrate a dose-response manner between subway PM₂.₅ exposure and inflammatory injuries of extrapulmonary organs, which could be related to the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Subway PM₂.₅-induced extrapulmonary organ damage was dependent on T cells and B cells; this finding may provide insight for research on the mechanisms responsible for the health hazards posed by air pollution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 09:49:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2171262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Organ donation and departments of motor vehicles: Multiple messages, implementations, and replications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertake to assess the influence of several Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)-based media campaigns on organ donor registration. The authors evaluated campaigns that were implemented in 8 (Studies 1-3) or 9 (Study 4) New Mexico DMVs for impact on donor registration. The messages were predicated on three theories: efficacy, altruism, or vested interest.  Efficacy messages are designed to help people understand how easy it is to become an organ donor and how few barriers exist for organ donation.  Altruism messages focus on how organ donation can save lives.  Vested interest messages focus on family benefits and personally important aspects of organ donation.  The majority of the study findings showed that both efficacy and altruism campaigns resulted in significantly more registrations than either the control condition of the vested interest campaign.  However, newer versions of the vested interest campaign demonstrated improved results.  The authors conclude that donor registration rates can be increased through DMV-based media campaigns; however, the appeal used, and the implementation of that appeal, can determine the likelihood of success.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:10:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876132</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The pattern of orthopedic fractures and visceral injury in road traffic crash victims, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background Road Traffic crash injury is one of the main public health problems resulting in premature death and disability particularly in low-income countries. However, there is limited evidence on the crash fractures in Ethiopia. Objective The study was conducted to assess the magnitude of road traffic crash fractures and visceral injuries. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 fracture patients. Participants were randomly selected from Addis Ababa City hospitals. The study was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020. Data were collected using a questionnaire and record of medical findings. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was carried out. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board. Confidentiality of participants’ information was maintained. Results The study found out that the majority 265 (63. 1%) of fracture cases were younger in the age group of 18 to 34 years. Males were more affected—311(74.0%). The mortality rate was 59(14.1%), of those 50(85.0%) participants were males. The major road traffic victims were pedestrians—220(52.4%), mainly affected by simple fracture type -105(53.3%) and compound fracture type—92(46. 7%). Drivers mainly suffered from compound fracture type -23 (59.0%). One hundred eighty-two (43.3%) of fracture patients had a visceral injury. Homeless persons who sit or sleep on the roadside had a higher risk of thoracic visceral injury compared to traveler pedestrians (AOR = 4.600(95%CI: 1.215–17.417)); P = 0.025. Conclusion Visceral injury, simple and compound fractures were the common orthopedic injury types reported among crash victims. Males, pedestrians, and young age groups were largely affected by orthopedic fracture cases. Homeless persons who sited or slept on the roadside were significant factors for visceral injury. Therefore, preventing a harmful crash and growing fracture care should be considered to reduce the burden of crash fracture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 17:15:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881362</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>System for Transporting Human Organs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1769430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, the human organ transportation plan in Brazil uses free resources available on the Internet, such as maps and search sites aiming at providing the necessary tools for creating a database which assists in the decision making phase of the transportation plan elaboration. The process in question is labor intensive and even significantly time consuming. The use of land transportation is prioritized mainly due to the operational costs involved. Multimodal combinations are used, whenever necessary and aiming at extending the coverage radius to collect organs, reduce loss and enable transplant procedures within a shorter displacement time. After a review of common practices and protocols in force in other countries, this research aims at developing a national system that elaborates transport plans for medical teams, as well as for human organs between donors and recipients, taking into account ischemia time and the applicable legislation. The system - which is called EOS (an allusion to the ancient Greek goddess of the dawn in Greek Mythology) - analyses the displacement options for the harvested organs and medical teams, taking into account single and multimodal transportation combinations and the ischemia time. The system has been developed and tested against the data collected in the State of São Paulo and by using low cost API (Application Programming Interfaces) from Google to get the displacement time between couples of target points of interest, based upon real data extracted from the referred system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:43:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1769430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vertical vibration modelling and vibration response analysis of Chinese high-speed train passengers at different locations of a high-speed train</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To study the vibration of a passenger's head and internal organs at different locations of a high-speed train, a 9-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) model of seated passengers is proposed in this paper, and its parameters of the damping coefficients and stiffnesses are identified. Next, the response of the head and internal organs is simulated by applying the vibrational stimulation generated by a 27-DOF vehicle model under track irregularity. Moreover, by applying the measured vibration signal, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the weakest response is detected at the centre of the compartment of the wagon, and a stronger response is detected at the centre of the bogie, with the rolling motion having a greater effect 1 m away from the centre of the bogie; (2) the response of the human internal organs is stronger than that of the head under stimulation with a lower frequency of less than 3 Hz, and a similar conclusion can be drawn in the range of 5 to 8 Hz. However, if the frequency is in the range between 8 and 15 Hz, the situation is entirely different. The responses of both the head and internal organs are reduced at frequencies over 20 Hz; (3) from the real application, it can be inferred that the greatest response can be detected at approximately 3 Hz for internal organs and at 8 Hz or higher for the head.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Feb 2021 16:56:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762065</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abdominal Injuries in Frontal Crashes: Influence of Occupant Age and Seating Position</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: This study investigated the incidence of abdominal injuries in frontal crashes by occupant age and seating position. It determined the risk for abdominal injury (AIS 2+) by organ and injury source.         Methods: 1997-2015 NASS-CDS was analyzed to estimate the occurrence of abdominal injuries in non-ejected, belted occupants involved in frontal crashes. Vehicles were included with 1997+ model year (MY). The annual incidence and rate for different types of abdominal injury were estimated with standard errors. The sources for abdominal injury were determined.         Results: 77.8% of occupants were drivers, 16.7% were right-front passengers and 5.4% were rear passengers. Rear passengers accounted for 77.1% of 8-11 year old (yo) and 17.2% of 12-17 yo group. The risk for moderate abdominal injury (MAIS 2 + abdo) was 0.30% ± 0.053% in drivers, 0.32% ± 0.086% in right-front passengers and 0.38% ± 0.063% in rear occupants. The risk of MAIS 2 + abdo was highest at 0.76% ± 0.30% in the 60-84 yo group for right-front passengers and in the 85+ yo group and 8-11 yo children for rear passengers. The liver and spleen had the highest abdominal injury risk in drivers, the spleen in right-front passengers and the digestive system in rear passengers. The leading source for injury was the seatbelt at 38.6% in the drivers, 73.9% in right-front passenger and 96.2% in rear passengers. The NASS-CDS case review identified lap-belt loading on the abdomen and improper seatbelt use as injury mechanisms for rear seated children.         Conclusions: The risk of abdominal injury was high in lap-shoulder belted 8-11 yo children and 60+ yo adults in the rear in frontal crashes. There was an association between abdominal injury and the seatbelt.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Dec 2019 14:03:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A study on the optimal aircraft location for human organ transportation activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1549967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The donation-transplant network’s complexity lies in the need to reconcile standardized processes and high levels of urgency and uncertainty due to organs’ perishability and location. Both punctuality and reliability of air transportation service are crucial to ensure the safe outcome of the transplant. To this scope, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model is here proposed to determine the optimal distribution of aircraft in a given set of hubs and under the demand extracted from the Italian transplant database. This is an application of uncapacitated facility location problems, where aircraft are facilities to be located and organ transportation requests represent the demand. Two scenarios (two hubs versus three hubs) are tested under the performance point of view and over different time periods to assess the influence of variations in demand pattern and time period length on the solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:24:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1549967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Human Body FE Model Including Discrete Internal Organs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A human body finite element (FE) model including discrete internal organs and whole body muscles was developed to elucidate injury mechanisms of occupant internal organs in real-world automotive accidents. The discrete internal organ models were validated against experimental test data using porcine specimens while the whole body FE model was validated against five cadaver test data on frontal impacts. In addition, the human FE model with and without a braced condition was applied to frontal impact analysis. Simulation results suggest that occupant postures could alter according to muscle activation level and have some effects on occupant internal organ injury mechanisms.実事故の乗員内臓傷害メカニズムを解明するため，内臓個別臓器を含む人体有限要素モデルを開発した．個別内臓モデルは食用ブタ内臓の実験データに対し，全身モデルは献体実験データに対して検証した．さらに筋活動を変えた前突乗員解析の結果，筋活動による乗員姿勢の変化が内臓衝撃にも影響を及ぼす可能性が示唆された．]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2018 16:47:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1500173</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>‘Let’s Have Some Music’: Sound, Gender and Car Mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper draws on a visceral approach to explore the role of sound/music for people who drive cars. The authors examine the ways in which gendered subjectivities emerge from the pleasures associated with listening to sound/music during short car trips. The first part of the paper reviews the recent literature on ‘feelings for cars’. The authors highlight why gender is often absent from the literature before offering a conceptual lens drawing on geographical feminist thinking to consider sound/music, feelings, gender and mobility. The authors draw on driving ethnographies to explore the role of sound/music in how gender is assembled with the flow of connections between bodies, spaces and affects/emotions. Considering the contextual pleasures of listening to sound/music on these trips and emergent gender subjectivities the authors provide a more nuanced interpretation of why people choose to drive cars. To conclude, the authors point to the implications for applied research for new context-specific transport and climate change policy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2017 14:40:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abdominal injury analysis of a 6-year-old pedestrian finite element model in lateral impact</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A previously developed finite element (FE) model of a 6-year-old pedestrian abdomen was used to analyse internal organs injuries in lateral impact tests in conjunction with scaling methods. The model was applied to reconstruct adult abdominal cadaver experiments in lateral impact to verify its biofidelity by comparing simulation results with scaled experimental response corridors. Simulation results showed that the abdominal force-deformation curves were well matched with the scaled experimental corridors in different impact speeds. The maximum values of abdominal impact force, deformation and viscous criterion (VC) were proportional to impact velocity. In terms of compression and viscous criterion, the paediatric abdomen had a 25% probability risk of AIS4+ (Abbreviated Injury Scale) abdominal injury in impact velocities of 6.7 m/s and 9.4 m/s. Judging by the first principal strain, contusion or rupture of the left kidney, stomach and spleen appeared in simulations of 6.7 m/s and 9.4 m/s, while liver rupture appeared only in simulations of 9.4 m/s. Predicted internal organ injuries were found to be consistent among the force, deformation, and VC basis injury criteria. The maximum abdominal impact force was inversely proportional to the impact angle, while the abdominal deformation was proportional to the impact angle. Therefore, the model can be further applied to analyse abdominal injuries for a 6-year-old human in pedestrian impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:51:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Tetrahedral and Hexahedral Meshes for Organ Finite Element Modelling: An
Application to Kidney Impact</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1368061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hexahedral elements with a single integration point have been the solid elements of choice to represent organs in human finite element models for impact. While those elements have been known to be efficient in terms of stability and computational cost, they are difficult to generate and meshing represents a significant part of a model development time. The ever increasing level of details of biomechanical models further increases these meshing difficulties. In recent years, computing power has become affordable and new formulations of tetrahedral elements – that can be generated automatically even for complex shapes – have been introduced in the explicit finite element codes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two meshing approaches – semiautomatic hexahedron meshing vs. automatic tetrahedron meshing – for a simple biomechanical application. In this study, a kidney model was build based on the geometry from Visible Human Project dataset. Five types of three dimensional (3D) solid elements (8 node bricks with a single and 8 integration points, 20 node bricks, 4 and 10 node tetrahedrons) and two material laws (linear visco-elastic, hyperelastic viscous) were used to simulate a kidney blunt impact described in Schmitt and Snedeker. While the drawbacks of tetrahedral elements were observed in particular in terms of computing cost, the difference in model response was found to be acceptable in a biomechanical characterized by large specimen to specimen variability. Furthermore, the tetrahedral element stability was found to be excellent. For more complex shapes, the increased computing cost may be largely outweighed by the advantages of an automatic meshing approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2015 16:19:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1368061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-Scale Biomechanical Characterization of Human Liver and Spleen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to present a multiscale approach for the biomechanical characterization of the human liver and spleen. A four step approach was taken to quantify the injury mechanism, biomechanical response, and rate dependent constitutive material models for each organ. First, the CIREN and NASS-CDS databases were examined to determine the crash characteristics which result in liver and spleen injuries. From this data, the injury mechanism relative to loading directions and loading rates could be approximated. Second, whole fresh human organs were tested with in 48 hours of death using indenter-style compression tests. Sub-failure tests, up to 20% compression, were performed at multiple loading rates, followed by a failure test. Third, fresh human organs were processed into either dog-bone tension coupons or cylindrical compression coupons and tested within 48 hours of death at multiple strain rates to the point of failure. Fourth, an optimization routine and FEM of the coupons tests was developed to determine the best constitutive model for each organ. The data from this study shows that the response of human liver and spleen is both non-linear and rate dependent. It is anticipated that the data from this research will enhance the understanding of internal organ injuries and provide a foundation for future human internal organs finite element models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2015 15:47:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360231</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>