<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Percolation-based resilience assessment of intercity multimodal public transportation systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to imbalanced infrastructure development and uneven travel demand distribution, the operational states of stations in the intercity multimodal public transportation system (IMPTS) are highly dynamic. Here, we propose a percolation-based resilience evaluation framework for IMPTS consisting of aviation, high-speed rail, and intercity bus networks, aiming to quantify the impacts of operational heterogeneity on system resilience. In this framework, the influence of passengers’ transfer behavior on resilience is examined through four key factors: transfer time, node receiving capacity, relative comfort, and relative cost. Meanwhile, interference is evaluated using impact intensity and system sensitivity. By applying our proposed framework to a real case of 19 typical urban agglomerations (covering 233 cities) in China, we find that: (1) The positive effect on IMPTS resilience brought by modal coupling varies with the influence of transfer behavior. (2) Percolation-oriented restoration facilitates recovery of service capacity by addressing system heterogeneity, whereas transfer-oriented restoration enhances resilience by improving topological connectivity and efficiency. (3) Proactive transfer guidance and fairness-efficiency balanced restoration strategy are key to mitigating heterogeneity effects on system resilience. These findings provide decision-makers with practical insights for improving large-scale transportation system resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:43:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676651</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated optimization of ride-pooling and shared micro-mobility services with meeting points</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studies the integrated optimization of ride-pooling and micro-mobility services within a multimodal transportation network to enhance the likelihood of ride-pooling, reduce the waiting time for passengers, and improve the platform’s profit. We consider an integrated platform that simultaneously provides ride-pooling and micro-mobility services. Instead of door-to-door ride-pooling services, we consider inter-modal transfer at meeting points, where riders can access or egress nearby pickup or dropoff (PUDO) points using micro-mobility vehicles and then get picked up and dropped off at these meeting points by ride-pooling vehicles. We investigate the real-time operational strategies of such a multimodal system taking into account the availability of micro-mobility vehicles at meeting points. In view that riders’ PUDO choices are interdependent in the integrated services, we devise a new dual-graph-based method that enables the decomposition of ride-pooling vehicle routing decisions and assignment decisions. We develop several interconnected subproblems that consider the mutual impacts between ride-pooling and micro-mobility services while we jointly determine rider-vehicles assignment, PUDO selection, ride-pooling vehicle routing decisions, micro-mobility vehicles repositioning decisions, and the transportation of micro-mobility vehicles on ride-pooling vehicles along with riders. We devise efficient algorithms for constructing graphs, identifying feasible trips, and making routing decisions for ride-pooling vehicles based on dynamic programming. The proposed models and algorithms are validated using real-world ride-hailing and bike-sharing data from Manhattan, New York City. The tests demonstrate that our algorithms can efficiently compute optimal matching. The results suggest that jointly operating ride-pooling and micro-mobility services can enhance rider shareability and reduce the repositioning costs of micro-mobility vehicles, thus benefiting both systems. Compared to door-to-door services, the integrated services can increase the number of served riders by more than 10 % while reducing repositioning costs by more than 50 % in the morning peak hour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis on the Applicability of Unit Cargo Packaging Standards under the Background of Reducing Costs and Increasing Efficiency in Transportation and Logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Logistics is a critical component of the smooth circulation of the national economy. One of the most important modes of modern logistics is containerized unit transportation. As an integral part of containerized unit transportation, the degree of standardization of transport packaging directly impacts the efficiency of mechanized operations, thereby influencing overall logistics efficiency and costs. This study focuses on the standardization and scaling of container transport packaging. By investigating the status of cargo container transport packaging, analyzing domestic and international standards for cargo container transport packaging, and evaluating the applicability of international standards, this research aims to enhance the standardization of container units. This will promote improvements in logistics connectivity and conversion efficiency across different transport modes and operational links, ultimately supporting modern logistics in reducing costs and increasing efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Ground Public Transport Transfer Strategies under the Failure of Key Stations in Urban Rail Transit Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613210</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the continuous development of urban public transportation, rail transit networks are becoming more integrated. However, emergencies that damage key stations, which connect multiple lines and handle large passenger flows, can paralyze the entire system, severely disrupting travel. This study focuses on the Xixian New Area rail network. A node importance evaluation model based on topology and passenger flow characteristics is developed, incorporating objective weighting and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for station ranking. The paper also simulates failure scenarios of key stations and proposes a bidirectional multi-mode transfer model. Compared to traditional single-mode transfer models, the multi-mode approach reduces overall costs by 6.44%, optimizing the bus transfer strategy. This work provides scientific support for improving the resilience of critical stations in urban rail networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613210</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Method for Assessing the Quality of Intermodal/Interagency Connections and Service Integration at Suburban Rail Stations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Connections or transfers are an important part of public transport journeys. However, transfers can be an inconvenient part of a passenger’s journey compared with direct trips, especially when connecting between low-frequency routes such as commuter rail and suburban bus services. With long headways, a missed or badly timed connection can significantly lengthen one’s commute by up to a service’s headway. Transfer optimization has been considered and applied to varying degrees, but with most emphasis on station design and intra-agency timetable coordination rather than inter-agency timetable coordination. Most reliability metrics do not consider how connections are affected by delays on intersecting routes. In this paper, global best practices employed by railways and transport authorities to measure the performance of connections are reviewed. Regional public transport governance approaches supporting timetable coordination and service integration are also synthesized. A metric of connection convenience was developed inspired by the limited academic literature and best practices. The metric is then applied to evaluate the convenience and coordination of connections between GO Transit rail services and connecting bus services in Ontario, Canada, based on walking time between stops. This research is important for informing service integration policies seeking to improve multimodal and inter-agency connections. Agencies can use this metric along with transfer demand data to help prioritize services for improved scheduling such as application of timed transfer system pulsing and better interchange facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:29:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying Users Transferring Between Transportation Modes: A Stable Matching Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Travel data containing personal identification information needs to be anonymized before being shared and analyzed for privacy considerations. While this approach protects personal privacy, it makes it difficult for researchers and planners to identify the same traveler from different databases and to construct complete multi-modal trips, which greatly reduces the value of data. To address this challenge, this paper develops TBLink, a method to match individual travelers between different modes. The underlying idea is that if a traveler makes a transfer, the spatiotemporal signatures of the previous and next trips will be similar and must satisfy certain conditions. When this pattern occurs for two travelers in the two datasets repeatedly, we can infer that the two travelers are actually the same person. The matching of travelers is regarded as a stable matching problem, and the Gale-Shapley algorithm is used to solve the problem. TBLink is demonstrated using metro and bus trip data from Chengdu City between January and March 2021. The results show that the precision, recall, and recovery rate of user matching are 80.83%, 92.82%, and 10.56% respectively, and the matching is more reliable as the dataset increases. Sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of several model parameters on the matching performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 09:39:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553301</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ridepooling and Public Transit: How Pricing Schemes Reveal the Tradeoff between Intermodality and On-Demand Efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The largest on-demand ridepooling (DRT; demand-responsive transport) service in a single European city has officially been part of Hamburg’s public transit system since 2023. Policy makers, practitioners, and planners aim to provide a holistic mobility offering and by doing so, reduce the dependency on private car usage. Against this background, an agent-based simulation is presented and deployed to investigate how various pricing schemes influence the ridership of DRT service, with a particular focus on connections to/from traditional public transit (PT). This involves a novel process that addresses a common problem of service overcrowding while simulating fixed-size DRT fleets with a low mode share in agent-based transport models. The results suggest that a DRT discount for PT season ticket holders significantly increased overall ridership, whereas the number of intermodal trips remained constant. Similar results were observed for PT-quality-dependent pricing schemes, in which DRT was surcharged if parallel PT connections were relatively good, or discounted if they were relatively poor or nonexistent. In contrast, a direct discount for intermodal trips increased the share and the absolute number of intermodal trips, which tended to replace direct DRT trips. Most importantly, the results indicated a tradeoff between operator revenue (or the need for subsidies) and the share of intermodal trips.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2025 08:55:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying supply chain actors’ barriers to implementing synchromodality through an operational perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the spare capacity of inland waterways, roadway transport remains the predominant mode of freight movement. It has been facing several issues, including bottlenecks and environmental concerns. While both multimodality and synchromodality aim to combine different modes of transport for greater efficiency and sustainability, synchromodality uniquely considers real-time information to select the most efficient and cost-effective transport modes. It presents a promising solution for optimising freight transport systems but faces significant implementation challenges, particularly in fostering collaboration among multiple actors and ensuring coordinated planning and operations. This study examines the main factors hindering mode shift. It evaluates the level of collaboration among supply chain actors in implementing a more flexible and collaborative freight transport system, mainly focusing on inland waterways. The methodology of this paper involves a literature review, survey development, data collection, and data analysis; 68 supply chain stakeholder perspectives are explored, and the challenges and opportunities of synchromodal transport are explored. The findings reveal the importance of cost, service quality, distance and infrastructure availability in mode choice processes. The perception of supply chain actors on the level of integration among transport modes and collaboration across stakeholders was also targeted, highlighting critical barriers to the implementation of synchromodality. The research underscores the need for targeted policy interventions, such as promoting stakeholder collaboration, enhancing traffic management systems, and clarifying to the stakeholders the benefits of the shift toward more efficient and sustainable freight transport solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Approach to Analyze Commuters’ Transfer Characteristics on the Public Transportation Network in an Incomplete Data Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyzed commuters’ transfer characteristics on public transportation networks in an incomplete data environment where only smartcard data could be accessed. A frequent-patterns-mining method was proposed, and a case study was given in Shenzhen, China. Specifically, commuters were firstly identified by using smartcard data based on their bus-riding regularity on workdays. Then, frequent correlations between bus routes/metro lines used in long-term rush hours were measured for each commuter. A two-level minimum threshold framework was proposed to evaluate the correlations, and then determine whether commuting trips containing transfers. The results indicated that non-transfer commuting trips accounted for nearly 72% of the total, among which about 87% were taking buses. Moreover, 14% of identified commuters were having commuting trips through one transfer, where interchanges within the same transportation mode were the majority, such as transfers from bus to bus, and transfers between metro lines. It reflected that the efficiency and convenience of transfers from bus to metro needed to be improved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2025 08:51:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>May info-mobility solutions contribute to increase sustainable transport connectivity? Lessons learned from the E-CHAIN project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The tourist cruise industry moves thousands of people every year all over the world by ships and ferries, but the land-sea modal shift during passenger boarding activities often entail critical operational issues. Reason for this is the early arrival of tourists at the port waterfront to comply with the cruise travel schedule, which implies undesired waiting times and traffic congestion. In this context, the INTERREG Italy-Croatia Project called E-CHAIN (Enhanced Connectivity and Harmonization of data for the Adriatic Intermodal Network) aimed at the design, development and implementation of an info-mobility platform to improve passenger connectivity between the two involved countries, promoting an intermodal network to enhance the efficiency, quality, safety and environmental sustainability of maritime and land transport services. The project involved a variety of stakeholders, namely transport companies, public authorities and research institutes, who participated according to their own perspective and goals. Considering the great diffusion of many mobility-related ICT tools, the paper questions the capability of the developed platform to actually support stakeholders in improving tourists’ travel experience according to a multimodal and sustainable point of view. To this end, insights from interviews to stakeholders and data collected during one month of operation of the platform were analyzed and discussed against existing Mobility-as-a-Service best practices. The comparison revealed barriers in the implementation process both on the supply and demand side, including lacks in shared vision and cooperation among public and private operators, and low users’ acceptance of new information systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Syncrolift dry dock scheduling with a capacitated ship transfer system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the rapidly increasing maintenance demand driven by an aging fleet and the growth of global fleet size, optimizing dry dock operations remains an underexplored area in academic research. This study addresses this gap by focusing on enhancing efficiency through improved dry dock scheduling, aiming to alleviate the growing disparity between maintenance needs and limited dry dock resources. The authors propose a practical syncrolift dry dock scheduling problem that incorporates a capacitated ship transfer system, which requires determining the optimal sequence of ship maintenance services to minimize total waiting time. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to effectively tackle the challenges of this problem, particularly the ship transfer system—a critical bottleneck involving the syncrolift and railways—by modeling it as a series of segments with varying capacities and transfer restrictions. The model accommodates the complexities of the scheduling process, such as limited transfer capacity, diverse segment characteristics, bidirectional ship transfer flows, ship compatibility constraints, and sequence-dependent setup times. Recognizing the NP-hard nature of the problem, the authors introduce a novel column-generation-based heuristic method to solve the MILP model efficiently. The efficacy of the proposed solution method is validated through extensive numerical experiments using real operational data from the NOSCO shipyard. Results demonstrate significant improvements in operational efficiency, with ship waiting times reduced by 32.5% compared to first-come-first-served scheduling solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554442</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unraveling Influence of Psychological Heterogeneity on Intercity Travelers’ Last-Mile Mode Choice Based on Mixture Regression Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation hubs are significant nodes for intercity travel and urban connection transport. They provide last-mile connection services and are essential in dispersing arriving passengers. Understanding the differences in travelers’ psychological demands and mode choices can assist in improving the provision of successive transport services. This study tested the psychological heterogeneity of arriving travelers to better understand their successive modes of preferences and needs with different psychological traits. A survey was conducted considering the perceived importance and satisfaction with service for connection modes. Subsequently, a mixture regression model was established to reveal travelers’ differences and analyze their preferences and significant factors for mode choice. Three types of passengers were identified: high satisfaction–low perceived importance (HS–LPI), eclectic, and low satisfaction–high perceived importance (LS–HPI) groups. Public transportation is the preferred choice of the HS–LPI group, whereas nonpublic transportation modes are more popular with the LS–HPI group, and comfort is pivotal to both types of travelers. Eclectic travelers express greater concern about travel time than the other groups. Interestingly, LS–HPI travelers focus on more than the comfort of the travel mode; they also prioritize the number of transfers involved. Additionally, scenario conditions and individual factors have unique effects on travelers’ preferences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 16:59:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of human error probability in helicopter to ship transfer operation under an evidential reasoning extended CREAM approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although the helicopter to ship transfer operation is rarely applied in ports around the world, some of the hub ports have encouraged it. The operational process poses challenges to safety due to the nature of the work to be completed by the ship crew. This article performs a systematic human error prediction to ensure safe helicopter to ship transfer operations under different circumstances since the human factor is becoming a significant contributor to maritime accidents. To accomplish this, the article addresses a cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) under the evidential reasoning (ER) approach. In the proposed approach, the CREAM provides a comprehensive human error prediction tool and ER is capable of supporting experts’ judgment in decision-making. The findings of the research show that ‘Secure the loose objects within or adjacent to the operating area’ poses a high human error probability (4.50E–02) during helicopter to ship transfer operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2025 12:24:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Berth Allocation for Sea-Rail Intermodal Container Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seaports are where the container transshipment is completed with efforts from both port and railway. The time or volume cohesion problem can happen between seaport and railway and causes containers to stay longer in port, while extra time and costs are increased. This paper introduced the collaborative problem of key resources at the seaports. The objective of the study is to minimize the total dwelling time and berth deviations of all vessels. A multi-objective integer programming model is proposed for the integrated scheduling of berth allocation under the time constraint of both trains and vessels. The model considers capacity restrictions, vessel priorities, and desired berth positions. To solve the multi-objective model, the combination of ideal point method and adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed. The main idea of this algorithm is to transform the multi-objective model into a single-objective model by the ideal point method and then solve it by adaptive genetic algorithm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 10:37:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475570</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors influencing bus-to-subway transfer duration at subway stations: Evidence from large-scale smart card data in Seoul</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2420314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In numerous contemporary megacities and their peripheries, subways play an indispensable role within the public transportation system. These cities have established transit networks that revolve around each subway station by means of bus connections. To ensure the subway system's effectiveness, it is imperative for passengers to transfer seamlessly from buses without significant delays.This study utilized large-scale data collected from smart card tags, as well as other infrastructural statistics both within and in proximity to subway stations. The authors employed accelerated failure time-based multilevel duration modeling techniques to quantitatively examine the correlation between the built environment and transfer duration.Their analysis revealed that proximity to bus stations and access to a greater number of connectable bus routes were associated with reduced transfer durations, underscoring the significance of frequent and well-connected intermodal hubs around subway stations to facilitate rapid transfers. Furthermore, subway stations constructed underground tended to increase transfer durations due to the extended vertical and horizontal distances from adjacent bus stops. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between roadway density and transfer duration, suggesting pedestrian congestion stemming from significant bus disembarkation on wider roads or delays on densely populated but narrow roadways.These findings offer valuable insights for the design and construction of subway stations, with the goal of providing swift access for passengers transferring from buses. This study contributes to the overall enhancement of the efficiency and serviceability of metropolitan transit systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 08:43:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2420314</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>