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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Mounting position effect on hydraulic cylinder subjected to impulse force</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2143976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydraulic cylinders are commonly used in mechanical systems to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy to realize linear motion where high forces and robust operation is required. They are used in truck mounted guns to support the outriggers or spades which transmitted the impulse forces resulting from firing to the ground to protect the truck suspension and chassis. The total stiffness of a hydraulic cylinder and the transmit stress waves are affected by its mounting direction. In this paper the effect of mounting position of cylinders subjected to impulse force from firing was studied. It was found that the direction of mounting plays a significant rule on stress waves effects acting on both cylinder rod and cylinder barrel when subjected to impulse force. Results show that mounting position of cylinder barrel load case is better than mounting position of rod load case to withstand the stress waves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:54:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2143976</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Using impulse response testing to examine ballast fouling of a railway trackbed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increase in freight and passenger rail travel has driven demand for more efficient and rapid investigation of railway trackbed ballast. One of the current approaches to evaluating the stiffness of railway ballast is to use a falling weight deflectometer (FWD). Whilst this is effective to establish overall track stiffness, it requires the rails to be unclipped from the sleepers – thus, it is very intrusive and expensive. The FWD technique does not measure ballast fouling.This paper focuses on using the impulse response (IR) testing method with a 12 lb instrumented hammer to excite a railway trackbed ballast composed of variously fouled ballast, with response measured using a geophone – in order to estimate ballast fouling.Finally, the impulse response results are successfully correlated with the assessed Fouling Index of the ballast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:21:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762698</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Radar technique application in structural analysis and identification of interlayer bonding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Evaluation of the asphalt pavement interlayer bonding quality with the use of GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) techniques are discussed in this paper. Synthetic samples representing the idealized models of horizontal delamination were collected using a single 2 GHz, air-coupled, impulse antenna (in the simple reflection configuration), and laboratory measurements were performed. These measurements provided estimations of the antenna resolution in detecting cracks under dry and wet conditions. As the analysis of the "double reflection" is a distinguishing feature of delamination, this allowed the formulation of an important conclusion as to the critical limitations of the measuring system and as to the adequate methods of signal processing and interpretation. The field investigations consisted of GPR measurements (using the same antenna) along selected road sections and collecting drilling cores at locations associated with strong double reflections. Some insight was provided upon preliminary inspection of the drilling cores as to what laminas causing the double reflections actually are in real world road surfaces. They are not necessarily thin horizontal cracks, but often are deterioration zones of a few centimeters' thickness associated with weathering (mineral changes and erosion of the aggregates, stripping off the asphalt matrix).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Jul 2011 08:10:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104777</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Vehicle-to-Ground Impacts during a Rollover with an Impulse-Momentum Impact Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/872764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the accuracy of a planar, impulse-momentum impact model in representing the dynamics of three vehicle-to-ground impacts that occurred during a SAE J2114 dolly rollover test. The impacts were analyzed using video analysis techniques in order to obtain the actual velocity conditions, accelerations, impact force components and the energy loss for each of the impacts. Next, these same impacts were analyzed using the known initial velocity conditions and the subject impact model. The equations of this impact model yielded calculated values for the velocity changes and energy loss for each impact. These calculated results were then compared to the actual dynamics data from the video analysis of the impacts to determine the accuracy of the impact model results. For all three vehicle-to-ground impacts considered in this study, the impact model results for the velocity changes and energy loss showed excellent agreement with the video analysis results for these parameters. These results suggest that it is reasonable to use this impact model to examine the influence of various factors on rollover dynamics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2008 12:39:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/872764</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Impact Pulse-Restraint Energy Relationship and Its Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/872458</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an energy relationship between vehicle impact pulses and restraint systems and will also apply the relationship to formulations of response factors for linear and nonlinear restraints. It also applies the relationship to derive optimal impact pulses that minimize occupant response for linear and nonlinear restraints. The relationship offers a new viewpoint to impact pulse optimization and simplifies the process mathematically. In addition, the effects of different vehicle impact pulses on the occupant responses with nonlinear restraints are studied. Finally, concepts of equivalent pulses and equal intensity pulses are presented for nonlinear restraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2008 12:39:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/872458</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenges in Nondestructive Testing of Post-Tensioned Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/864937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Through the use of quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) programs established by the responsible agency, abnormal situations that do not meet the project specifications are identified. In most cases, visual evidence such as excessive honeycombing or cracking of the structure can initially raise a concern. If those defects are not visible then hammer sounding is used to detect locations with delamination. If an anomaly is suspected then additional testing is required using nondestructive techniques such as impact-echo, radar and radiography. Furthermore to confirm the results of the nondestructive testing, semi-destructive and destructive methods such as the drilling of small holes and observation with a borescope, and removing cores may be necessary. The paper describes the experience in using the nondestructive and destructive methods to detect delamination, voids in the grout, and condition of the anchorages in post-tensioned bridges. In addition, the paper identifies limitations and challenges for the techniques imposed by unique design of post-tensioned bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 08:10:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/864937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NIOSH Impulsive Noise Measurement System (NIMS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developed a measurement and analysis tool for accurately capturing and measuring impulsive noise parameters. In the 1998 NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard for Occupational Noise Exposure, impulsive noise and hearing protectors were identified as research needs. The paper discusses how the NIOSH Impulsive-Noise Measurement System (NIMS) was primarily developed to help evaluate the effect of impulsive noise on the auditory system. The NIMS tool uses a graphical user interface (GUI) built in MATLAB to display time domain waveform, frequency spectrum, and (1/1) and (1/3) octave band spectra of the captured impulse noise event. Additionally, parameters such as peak pressure level, equivalent average level, kurtosis, time duration, number of impulses, and temporal spacing between impulses are also calculated and displayed. A detection routine was developed to isolate and identify the location of impulsive events embedded in a waveform. The time-domain impulse analysis requires a high signal-to-noise ratio to identify events which exceed a user-defined threshold. The frequency-domain impulse analysis estimates the spectrum of a user-supplied background noise and then applies a spectral threshold to windowed samples of the target waveform. Once the impulsive events have been identified, the program uses the three major damage risk criteria that are in use today: (1) A-weighted equivalent 8-hour average level (LAeq-8hr); (2) Department of Defense MIL-STD 1474D; and (3) the Auditory Hazard Analysis Algorithm for Humans (AHAAH) based on Price/Kalb ear modeling technique to determine the limits for exposure to a particular impulsive noise event.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jul 2007 11:26:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Corrosion Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/783355</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current inspection procedures used to assess bridge conditions subjected to corrosion of reinforcing steel involve the use of sounding technique (e.g. chain drag for bridge decks), half-cell potential test, chloride analysis and depth of cover measurement. However, other nondestructive testing methods are available whose implementation in the evaluation process of bridge members subjected to corrosion provides a more comprehensive, scientific, and quantitative assessment of bridge conditions. It also provides the information needed to design and select the optimum rehabilitation system. Impulse-response technique and ground penetrating radar (GPR) are used in assessing the delamination of concrete at the concrete-steel interface. GPR is also used to provide depth of cover profile across the bridge member rather than measuring depth at selected points using Pachometer. Use of corrosion rate measurement using linear polarization technique gives a more realistic indication of corrosion activity of reinforcement compared to half-cell potential measurement. In addition to chloride measurements at the level of steel which are currently part of the conventional inspection, chloride profile at different depth levels is obtained and used for calculating the diffusion coefficient of concrete. These data are used in computer models to predict the service life of the bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jul 2006 07:08:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/783355</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Circulation and Mixing in Tidal Wetlands of the Santa Ana River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The tidal wetlands of the Santa Ana River in Orange County, California are a combination of engineered flood control channels and partially restored salt marshes.  The tidal channels extend several kilometers inland with depths comparable to the amplitude of the tides which force circulation, roughly one meter.  As is typical of tidal wetlands, there is extensive wetting and drying of sand-bars and mudflats which is a challenge to resolve with numerical models.  This paper reports on the application of an unstructured-grid version of an explicit, high-resolution, monotonicity preserving Godunov-type finite volume scheme to solve depth-integrated equations and predict circulation and mixing.  Finite volume methods have proven advantageous for applications involving surges and shocks in terms of conservation, monotonicity, stationarity properties, but little has been reported on tidal applications.  The paper finds that predictions of water level and velocity at a number of monitoring stations compare well with field measurements, and model predictions of a dispersing dye cloud compare well with measured values when physically meaningful mixing coefficients are used.  The model accurately predicts the flooding and drying mudflats without loss of fluid mass, but artificial dilution of dissolved scalars is predicted at the wet/dry interface.  The model uses a mall time step consistent with the CFL condition and this contributes towards its ability to resolve sharp fronts and impulse loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761910</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Wave Loads on Coastal Structures: Analysis of Impulsive and Pulsating Wave Loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/759761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is accepted that dynamic loads and structural responses must be analyzed in design of large offshore structures.  Recent studies in Europe and Japan have shown that it is unsafe to ignore high intensity short duration loads in design of caisson breakwaters and related harbor structures.  Dynamic effects of wave loads are however seldom included in structural analysis of coastal structures, leading to designers ignoring short-duration wave loads, perhaps contributing to damage to a range of breakwaters, seawalls or suspended decks.  This paper reports recent advances in knowledge on impulsive wave loads, describes analysis of dynamic responses, and illustrates a range of prediction methods to include these important effects in design.  It compares measurements of impulsive and pulsating loads from physical models of coastal structures, to quantify their magnitude and relative importance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2005 07:26:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/759761</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRIVING ANGER, SENSATION SEEKING, IMPULSIVENESS, AND BOREDOM PRONENESS IN THE PREDICTION OF UNSAFE DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/750650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine whether sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness would provide incremental validity beyond the driving anger scale (DAS) in the prediction of unsafe driving.  To maximize comparability of the results with previous DAS literature, the dependent measures included an earlier driving survey as well as an earlier driving anger expression inventory.  These instruments permitted the evaluation of the incremental validity of sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in predicting crash related conditions, agressive driving, risky driving, and driving anger expression.  The findings demonstrated that the addition of other personality traits generally improved the prediction of unsafe driving behavior beyond driving anger alone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/750650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF IMPULSE RESPONSE TESTS OF EMBEDDED CONCRETE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For a concrete beam resting on a bed of sand, an analytical solution technique is derived by which the mobility can be identified. To achieve realistic predictions, significant damping in the bed needs to be introduced. The modest damping of the concrete has little effect on the mobility for small frequencies whereas it has a significant effect for higher frequencies. An imperfection in the bed in terms of a void increases the mobility dramatically for low frequencies whereas the mobility for higher frequencies is almost unchanged. An imperfection in the beam in terms of honeycombing of the concrete, conversely, manifests itself by increasing the mobility for high frequencies while leaving the mobility for small frequencies less influenced. These latter conclusions are in good agreement with field experience for concrete slabs resting on soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TO SUBWAY TUNNEL SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subway tunnel condition assessment presents significant challenges for engineers and managers and is becoming increasingly important as the systems continue to age.  Tunnels are in constant heavy use in an aggressive environment.  Tunnel systems are vast, dark, and noisy.  The national investment in subway tunnels is enormous, and careful maintenance and management are necessary to protect this investment. Technologies that can rapidly and accurately access the condition of subway tunnels without interfering with the normal operation of the system were studied.  First, issues and problems in subway tunnel maintenance were reviewed through the literature and by interviewing transit agency managers and engineers.  Next, different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods including spectral analysis of surface waves, impact echo, ground-penetrating radar, and impulse response were evaluated to determine the advantages and limitations of these methods on different problems like water leakage, corrosion, and cracks in subway tunnel systems.  Issues of data and infrastructure management were also considered.  NDE technologies have considerable potential for improving the maintenance and management of transit infrastructure.  However, to fully realize that potential, further development is needed.  It is necessary to distinguish between methods that require interruption of subway traffic from those that do not.  Rapid screening NDE methods must be researched to develop clear signals of delamination, moisture-related damage, and other issues of concern.  It is also necessary to develop automated procedures to process the vast amounts of data generated during extensive NDE testing.  Case studies and demonstration projects must be developed and documented to convince managers of the utility of this approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MECHANISMS AND FACTORS INVOLVED IN HIP INJURIES DURING FRONTAL CRASHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/733392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this paper was to collect data and gain insights relative to the mechanisms and factors involved in hip injuries during frontal crashes and to study the tolerance of hip injuries from this type of loading.  Another objective of the paper was to minimize the occurrence of femoral shift fractures so that tolerance data can be derived for pure pelvis complex-related injuries.  Unembalmed cadavers were seated on a standard reinforced automotive seat and subjected to knee impact test using a pendulum to each lower extremity at 4.3 to 7.6 m/s. Varying combinations of flexion and adduction/abduction were used for initial alignment and pre-positioning.  The impact was directed along the global anteroposterior axis.  Peak impact forces ranged from 2,450 to 10,950 N associated with loading rates from 123 to 7,664 N/msec.  Impulse values ranged from 12.4 to 31.9 Nsec.  Pelvic trauma without accompanying distal femur or proximal tibia-fibula complex injuries occurred in five out of eight specimens that exhibited injuries.  These findings underscore the importance of initial pre-positioning on the production of trauma to the pelvic region of the lower extremity because of knee impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/733392</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF MASONRY BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper outlines new and sophisticated digital non-destructive testing techniques available in both the time and frequency domains.  The techniques include digital sonic time domain testing, digital sonic frequency domain testing and digital time domain radar testing.  The new non-destructive evaluation techniques are described in relation to applications to masonry bridges and retaining wall structures.  A comparison of the techniques with those applied to concrete structures is made. It is shown that the techniques of digital sonic impulse hammer testing and digital impulse radar testing are complementary in nature and can be used to cost effectively identify the geometries of masonry bridges in addition to fault detection, location and quantification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711261</guid>
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