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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HUMAN AND PRIMATE HEAD AND NECK TO +GY IMPACT ACCELERATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report presents the first study of human and chimpanzee response to lateral (+Gy) impact acceleration with three dimensional inertial instrumentation of the head and of the first thoracic vertebral (T1) body. Thirty-four human experiments using six volunteers are reported. The experiments ranged from 2 G to 7.5G peak sled acceleration. Twelve chimpanzee experiments with head and T1 measurement systems identical to those used on human subjects were conducted, and ranged from 6 G to 20 G peak sled acceleration. The data for all experiments are presented. The human lateral response is considerably different from the -Gx response previously reported. There are also major differences between human and chimpanzee response. The implications of the data for modeling and the validation of such models are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57807</guid>
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      <title>ANALYSIS OF ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT ERRORS IN MOUNTING LINEAR ACCELEROMETERS TO ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Linear accelerometers are regularly mounted to anatomical subjects, such as cadavers and primates, in biomechanical impact tests to measure the acceleration of selected points on the anatomy, such as on the head, sternum and ribs. They are mounted as single elements or in biaxial or triaxial combinations. Statistical correlations are then established between injury patterns and the measured accelerations. Linear accelerometers are also used to compare motions during impacts, such as between cadavers and dummies and between human volunteers. The analyses in this report are based on mathematical statistics. They show by probability transformations how the accuracy of linear accelerometer measurements depends on the accuracy to which the linear accelerometers, especially when used as single elements, are angularly aligned during mounting relative to a suitable anatomical reference frame. Often an anatomical reference frame is not well defined thereby making accurate angular alignment difficult. When used as a single element, the inaccuracy increases as the component of acceleration perpendicular to the accelerometer's principal axis increases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57690</guid>
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      <title>COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PA-31-350 CHIEFTAIN (N44LV) ACCIDENT AND NASA CRASH TEST DATA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A full scale, controlled crash test to simulate the crash of a Piper PA-31-350 Chieftain airplane is described. Comparisons were performed between the simulated crash and the actual crash in order to assess seat and floor behavior, and to estimate the acceleration levels experienced in the craft at the time of impact. Photographs, acceleration histories, and the tested airplane crash data is used to augment the accident information to better define the crash conditions. Measured impact parameters are presented along with flight path velocity and angle in relation to the impact surface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144064</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BIRD IMPACT FORCES AND PRESSURES ON RIGID AND COMPLIANT TARGETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/82654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Birds and aircraft occupy the same air space and collisions between the two are inevitable. As aircraft speeds have increased, the severity and importance of bird/aircraft impact have also increased. As a result, efforts have been made to reduce the probability of collision by controlling the movement of birds and by changing the flight paths of aircraft. These actions can and have reduced the probability of collision but have not eliminated it. Therefore, the Air Force has initiated programs designed to increase birdstrike resistance of aircraft and aircraft components. This report describes a program which was conducted to establish the loads which birds exert on aircraft transparencies in collisions. The loads as derived in this program were to be used as input for the structural analysis computer code of windshield response to bird impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/82654</guid>
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      <title>REVIEW OF HEAD ROTATIONAL MEASUREMENTS DURING BIOMECHANICAL IMPACT TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report reviews methods used to measure head rotation during biomechanical impact tests. It reviews the nine linear accelerometer configuration to measure angular acceleration, and discusses angular velocity sensors as alternatives to the nine accelerometer configuration. These methods will be evaluated in terms of weight and of accuracy in establishing angular acceleration, velocity and displacement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56712</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MATHEMATICAL MODELLING, SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF BIOMECHANICAL SYSTEM CRASH RESPONSE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/28508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review of mathematical models simulating biodynamic response to impact acceleration is given along with the associated experimental validation studies that have been performed. The types of models surveyed include gross motion simulators, head injury models, and spinal and thoracic models. Sufficient details are provided to indicate to potential users their applicability and relative cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/28508</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BASIC RESEARCH IN CRASHWORTHINESS II. LOW SPEED IMPACT TESTS OF MODIFIED VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/9529</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A series of twelve low speed frontal impact tests were performed with ten structurally modified automobiles, that consisted of seven impacts into a flat barrier and five impacts into a fixed pole obstacle.  The vehicle sizes ranged from subcompacts to large luxury-type vehicles. Impact velocities were within a range of 5 MPH to 11 MPH. The purpose of these tests was to determine if there were any significant differences in occupant responses between the modified vehicles and conventional cars.  Unrestrained instrumented anthropometric dummies were on-board each test vehicle in the right front passenger seat.  In two particular tests, and additional dummy was placed in the driver's seat position.  Passenger compartment accelerations are  presented along with accelerations recorded in the head, chest and pelvic areas of the dummies.  The primary conclusion of the investigation is that there are essentially no differences in occupant accelerations between passengers of the modified and the conventional vehicles. Dummy response data were also compared briefly with human tolerance criteria which showed all of the occupant data to be below the presently established limits for serious injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/9529</guid>
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      <title>BASIC RESEARCH IN CRASHWORTHINESS II-LARGE DEFLECTION DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PLANE ELASTO-PLASTIC FRAME STRUCTURES INCLUDING THE CASES OF COLLISION INTO A POLE OR FLAT BARRIER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/9503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The pre- and post-collapse dynamic response of a plane ideal, elasto-plastic frame structure subjected to large dynamic forces is studied in a general manner.  It is assumed that the rigid frame structure is composed of uniform straight beam members made of ideal, elasto-plastic material; 'strains' are everywhere small except at 'joints' where large plastic deformation (flow) may occur; masses are pumped and external forces are applied at a finite number of structural points; the effects of axial forces on material yielding and resulting plastic deformations are negligible when compared with those of bending moments, and the frame structure may undergo large rigid body motion (translations and rotations).  The analysis is applied to the cases of a movable frame structure colliding into a narrow rigid obstacle and symmetrically into a massive rigid flat barrier (or into another identical frame structure).  In this application, it is assumed that there is no sliding motion between the structure and the obstacle.  (Modified author abstract)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/9503</guid>
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